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CAS NO: 50-78-2
EC/LIST NO: 200-064-1
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid , also known as aspirin, is a medication used to reduce pain, fever, or inflammation.
Specific inflammatory conditions which aspirin is used to treat include Kawasaki disease, pericarditis, and rheumatic fever.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid given shortly after a heart attack decreases the risk of death.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is also used long-term to help prevent further heart attacks, ischaemic strokes, and blood clots in people at high risk.
For pain or fever, effects typically begin within 30 minutes.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and works similarly to other NSAIDs but also suppresses the normal functioning of platelets.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid often used as an analgesic, anti-pyretic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is able to have an anti-platelet effect by inhibiting the COX activity in the platelet to prevent the production of thromboxane A2 which acts to bind platelets together during coagulation as well as cause vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction.
Evidence suggests that Acetyl Salsicylic Acid as a chemoprotective agent may reduce overall cancer incidence and mortality in colorectal, esophageal, and prostate, breast, and lung cancer. A review of randomised control trials showed that doses between 75 and 300 mg daily reduced overall cancer incidence by 12% after three years and also demonstrated a 33% reduction in mortality and 25% reduction in the incidence of colorectal cancer with a median follow up of 18.3 years.
One common adverse effect is an upset stomach.
More significant side effects include stomach ulcers, stomach bleeding, and worsening asthma.
Bleeding risk is greater among those who are older, drink alcohol, take other NSAIDs, or are on other blood thinners.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is not recommended in the last part of pregnancy.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is not generally recommended in children with infections because of the risk of Reye syndrome.
High doses may result in ringing in the ears.
A precursor to Acetyl Salsicylic Acid found in leaves from the willow tree (genus Salix) has been used for its health effects for at least 2,400 years.
In 1853, chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt treated the medicine sodium salicylate with acetyl chloride to produce acetylsalicylic acid for the first time.
For the next 50 years, other chemists established the chemical structure and devised more efficient production methods.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is one of the most widely used medications globally, with an estimated 40,000 tonnes (44,000 tons) (50 to 120 billion pills) consumed each year.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is available as a generic medication.
In 2019, it was the 38th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 18 million prescriptions.
Also known as Aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a commonly used drug for the treatment of pain and fever due to various causes.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid has both anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects.
This drug also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of blood clots stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI) Label.
Interestingly, the results of various studies have demonstrated that long-term use of acetylsalicylic acid may decrease the risk of various cancers, including colorectal, esophageal, breast, lung, prostate, liver and skin cancer .
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is classified as a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor and is available in many doses and forms, including chewable tablets, suppositories, extended release formulations, and others .
Acetylsalicylic acid is a very common cause of accidental poisoning in young children.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid should be kept out of reach from young children, toddlers, and infants
Other indications
ASA is also indicated for various other purposes, due to its ability to inhibit platelet aggregation. These include:
Reducing the risk of cardiovascular death in suspected cases of myocardial infarction (MI) Label.
Reducing the risk of a first non-fatal myocardial infarction in patients, and for reducing the risk of morbidity and mortality in cases of unstable angina and in those who have had a prior myocardial infarction Label.
For reducing the risk of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and to prevent atherothrombotic cerebral infarction (in conjunction with other treatments) Label.
For the prevention of thromboembolism after hip replacement surgery Label.
For decreasing platelet to platelet adhesion following carotid endarterectomy, aiding in the prevention of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) Label.
Used for patients undergoing hemodialysis with a silicone rubber arteriovenous cannula inserted to prevent thrombosis at the insertion site
Acetylsalicylic acid is hydrolyzed in the plasma to salicylic acid.
Plasma concentrations of Acetyl Salsicylic Acid following after administration of the extended-release form are mostly undetectable 4-8 hours after ingestion of a single dose.
Salicylic acid was measured at 24 hours following a single dose of extended-release acetylsalicylic acid
Salicylate is mainly metabolized in the liver, although other tissues may also be involved in this process Label.
The major metabolites of acetylsalicylic acid are salicylic acid, salicyluric acid, the ether or phenolic glucuronide and the ester or acyl glucuronide.
A small portion is converted to gentisic acid and other hydroxybenzoic acids
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid was the first of this class of drug to be discovered.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid contains salicylate, a compound found in plants such as the willow tree and myrtle.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid use was first recorded around 4,000 years agoTrusted Source.
Hippocrates used willow bark for relieving pain and fevers, and some people still use willow bark as a natural remedy for headaches and minor pain.
NSAIDs are a class of drug with the following effects:
relieving pain
reducing fever
lowering inflammation, in higher doses
These drugs are not steroids.
Steroids often have similar benefits to NSAIDs, but they are not appropriate for everyone and can have unwanted side effects.
As analgesics, NSAIDs tend to be non-narcotic.
This means that they do not cause insensibility or a stupor.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is a trademark owned by the German pharmaceutical company Bayer.
The generic term for aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid has many uses, including relieving pain and swelling, managing various conditions, and reducing the risk of cardiovascular events in people with a high risk.
Below, we describe these uses in more details.
Acetylsalicylic acid preparations specifically intended for use as antithrombotic agents are classified in this group.
This exception from the basic principle of only one code for each route of administration is made because of the extensive use of acetylsalicylic acid both as an antithrombotic agent and as an analgesic.
Whether an acetylsalicylic acid product should be classified in this group or in N02BA, should be decided at the national level based on the main indication of the product.
Lysine acetylsalicylate is classified at the same 5th level as acetylsalicylic acid.
Sulfinpyrazone is classified in M04AB. Alprostadil is classified in C01EA and G04BE.
Combinations of acetylsalicylic acid and statins are classified in C10BX.
Combinations of acetylsalicylic acid, ACE inhibitors and statins are classified in C10BX.
Combinations of acetylsalicylic acid and beta blocking agents are classified in C07FX.
Prostaglandines are classified in this group while other agents used for pulmonary arterial hypertension are classified in C02KX or in G04BE.
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a potent, irreversible inhibitor of platelet aggregation but loses its action after first-pass deacetylation to salicylic acid ( SA).
Acetylsalicylic acid was launched into the pharmacy industry more than 100 years ago.
While initially conceived as an analgesic, doctors soon discovered that it had many other medicinal benefits.
The German chemist Felix Hoffman entered the Bayer Pharmaceutical Company in 1894.
In pursuit of a drug to ease the discomfort of his father’s arthritis, he looked again at Brugnatelli and Fontana’s salicin, which had been further modified by chemists to create pure salicylic acid.
By adding a buffer to the salicylic acid to produce acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), Hoffman developed a compound that was better tolerated and had fewer gastrointestinal side effects.
In 1899, acetylsalicylic acid was released on the market and sold as “aspirin.”
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is used to treat discomfort, nausea, and swelling of various symptoms such as lower back and neck discomfort, measles, chronic colds, burns, menstrual pain, depression, migraines, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, sprains and strains, joint damage, toothache, shoulder pain and bursitis.
Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is widely used as a pain relief for mild aches and discomfort and to alleviate fever.
This is also an anti-inflammatory drug that can be used as a blood thinner.
People with a high risk of blood clots, stroke, and heart disease can use aspirin at low doses in the long term.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid’s chemical name is 2-Acetoxybenzoic acid.
Aspirin, a chemical called acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is widely used worldwide as an anti-inflammatory and antipyretic drug.
Formula and structure: the molecular formula for acetylsalicylic acid is C9H8O4 and the expanded formula is CH3COOC6H4COOH.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid was introduced as an analgesic (pain-relieving agent) in the late nineteenth century by chemists at Bayer, a German pharmaceutical company.
Acetylsalicylic acid is a prodrug and is transformed in the body to salicylate, the active form of the drug.
Salicylates are also anti-inflammatory (i.e., prevent swelling and phenomena related to swelling associated with trauma or allergic response).
Salicylates were initially isolated from white willow ( Salix alba ) bark, from which the name of the drug is derived.
Indeed, ancient Greek physicians, notably Hippocrates and Dioscorides, suggested chewing on willow bark to relieve pain.
Although Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is chiefly extolled for its analgesic properties, it has other equally important therapeutic benefits.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is an antipyretic (feverreducing) agent and is used to reduce elevated body temperature.
Since the 1980s Acetyl Salsicylic Acid has been prescribed for the prevention of heart attack and stroke.
Recent studies suggest that Acetyl Salsicylic Acid may guard against colon cancer.
Acetylsalicylic Acid, also known by trade name Aspirin, is an acetyl derivative of salicylic acid that is a white, crystalline, weakly acidic substance, with melting point 137°C.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is useful in the relief of headache and muscle and joint aches.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is also effective in reducing fever, inflammation, and swelling and thus has been used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, and mild infection.
Large doses cause acid-base imbalance and respiratory disturbances and can be fatal, especially in children. Acetaminophen (known by trade name Tylenol), which does not cause gastric irritation but does lower fever and relieve pain, is often substituted for Aspirin.
In 1897, scientists at the Bayer company began studying acetylsalicylic acid as a less-irritating replacement medication for common salicylate medicines.
69–75 By 1899, Bayer had named it "Aspirin" and sold it around the world.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid popularity grew over the first half of the 20th century, leading to competition between many brands and formulations.
The word Acetyl Salsicylic Acid was Bayer's brand name; however, their rights to the trademark were lost or sold in many countries.
The name is ultimately a blend of the prefix a(cetyl) + spir Spiraea, the meadowsweet plant genus from which the acetylsalicylic acid was originally derived at Bayer + -in, the common chemical suffix.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid decomposes rapidly in solutions of ammonium acetate or the acetates, carbonates, citrates, or hydroxides of the alkali metals.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is stable in dry air, but gradually hydrolyses in contact with moisture to acetic and salicylic acids.
In solution with alkalis, the hydrolysis proceeds rapidly and the clear solutions formed may consist entirely of acetate and salicylate.
Like flour mills, factories producing Acetyl Salsicylic Acid tablets must control the amount of the powder that becomes airborne inside the building, because the powder-air mixture can be explosive.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit in the United States of 5 mg/m3 (time-weighted average).
In 1989, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) set a legal permissible exposure limit for aspirin of 5 mg/m3, but this was vacated by the AFL-CIO v. OSHA decision in 1993.
The synthesis of Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is classified as an esterification reaction.
Salicylic acid is treated with acetic anhydride, an acid derivative, causing a chemical reaction that turns salicylic acid's hydroxyl group into an ester group (R-OH → R-OCOCH3).
This process yields Acetyl Salsicylic Acid and acetic acid, which is considered a byproduct of this reaction.
Small amounts of sulfuric acid (and occasionally phosphoric acid) are almost always used as a catalyst.
This method is commonly demonstrated in undergraduate teaching labs.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is a weak acid, and very little of it is ionized in the stomach after oral administration.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is quickly absorbed through the cell membrane in the acidic conditions of the stomach.
The increased pH and larger surface area of the small intestine causes Acetyl Salsicylic Acid to be absorbed more slowly there, as more of it is ionized.
Owing to the formation of concretions, Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is absorbed much more slowly during overdose, and plasma concentrations can continue to rise for up to 24 hours after ingestion.
About 50–80% of salicylate in the blood is bound to human serum albumin, while the rest remains in the active, ionized state; protein binding is concentration-dependent.
Saturation of binding sites leads to more free salicylate and increased toxicity.
The volume of distribution is 0.1–0.2 L/kg. Acidosis increases the volume of distribution because of enhancement of tissue penetration of salicylates.
As much as 80% of therapeutic doses of salicylic acid is metabolized in the liver.
Conjugation with glycine forms salicyluric acid, and with glucuronic acid to form two different glucuronide esters.
The conjugate with the acetyl group intact is referred to as the acyl glucuronide; the deacetylated conjugate is the phenolic glucuronide.
These metabolic pathways have only a limited capacity.
Small amounts of salicylic acid are also hydroxylated to gentisic acid.
With large salicylate doses, the kinetics switch from first-order to zero-order, as metabolic pathways become saturated and renal excretion becomes increasingly important.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid are excreted mainly by the kidneys as salicyluric acid (75%), free salicylic acid (10%), salicylic phenol (10%), and acyl glucuronides (5%), gentisic acid (< 1%), and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid.
When small doses (less than 250 mg in an adult) are ingested, all pathways proceed by first-order kinetics, with an elimination half-life of about 2.0 h to 4.5 h.
When higher doses of salicylate are ingested (more than 4 g), the half-life becomes much longer (15 h to 30 h), because the biotransformation pathways concerned with the formation of salicyluric acid and salicyl phenolic glucuronide become saturated.
Renal excretion of salicylic acid becomes increasingly important as the metabolic pathways become saturated, because it is extremely sensitive to changes in urinary pH. A 10- to 20-fold increase in renal clearance occurs when urine pH is increased from 5 to 8.
The use of urinary alkalinization exploits this particular aspect of salicylate elimination.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid was found that short-term aspirin use in therapeutic doses might precipitate reversible acute kidney injury when the patient was ill with glomerulonephritis or cirrhosis.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid for some patients with chronic kidney disease and some children with congestive heart failure was contraindicated.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is prepared by chemical synthesis from salicylic acid, through acetylation with acetic anhydride.
The molecular weight of aspirin is 180.16g/mol.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is odourless, colourless to white crystals or crystalline powder.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is an oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and the small intestine.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is a non-selective NSAID as it irreversibly inhibits both cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes involved in converting arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and thromboxane3.
Prostaglandins are found throughout the body and are made to help manage injury or infection.
Prostaglandins upregulate the sensitivity of pain receptors.
As a control mechanism, they act locally at the site of synthesis which limits the extent of their activity.
They are also broken down rapidly by the body.
The enzymes that produce prostaglandins are cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), they have diverse roles and are widely dispersed throughout body tissue.
Cox-1 has a protective role for the stomach lining and COX-2 is involved in pain and inflammation.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid binds to and acetylates serine (an amino acid used by the body to make proteins) residues in the active site of cyclooxygenase enzymes, leading to reduced production of prostaglandin.
This in turn mediates aspirin’s effect of reduced inflammation and pain in affected tissues.
Additionally, Acetyl Salsicylic Acid acts on prostaglandins in the hypothalamus to reset and reduce a raised body temperature.
Importantly, Acetyl Salsicylic Acid does not decrease normal body temperature.
From a cardiovascular perspective aspirin also has an important role:
Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is a lipid that stimulates new platelet formation and increases platelet aggregation.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid inhibits the production of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) by stopping the conversion of arachidonic acid to TXA2.
This Acetyl Salsicylic Acid effect is mediated via COX-1 inhibition within platelets and helps stop the platelets from sticking to each other or to plaques within the artery therefore reducing the risk of blood clot (thrombus) formation within the blood stream.
In this way Acetyl Salsicylic Acid can help lower the risk of future myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke1,3.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid therefore, has an analgesic (reduces pain), anti-inflammatory (reduces redness and swelling), anti-platelet (reduces blood clots) and antipyretic (temperature reduction) effects.
In cancer, Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is believed to impact a number of cancer signalling pathways and may induce or upregulate cancer suppressor genes.
Because Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is a non- selective COX- 1 and COX-2 inhibitor, as well as its beneficial analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet and antipyretic effects its use can also result in peptic ulcer development and gastric bleeding.
Taking aspirin and alcohol together can increase the risk of gastric bleeding .
Inside the body, Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is converted into its active metabolite salicylate.
This happens mostly in the liver.
Peak concentration of salicylate in the plasma occurs approximately 1-2 hours after ingestion.
Excretion from the body is mainly through the kidney.
Alkaline urine speeds up the excretion of Acetyl Salsicylic Acid
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid takes about 48 hours to excrete an aspirin completely.
The half-life of aspirin in the blood stream is 13-19 minutes and the half-life of its metabolite salicylate is around 3.5-4.5 hours.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid’s inhibition of COX-1 results in reduced platelet aggregation for the 7-10-day average lifespan of platelets1.
There is a 60% structural similarity between COX-1 and COX-2 active sites: The active site of COX-2 is larger and this allows the precursor of prostaglandins, arachidonic acid, to be able to bypass aspirin molecules at lower doses.
Therefore, a higher dose of Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is required for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in comparison to its antiplatelet action1.
The fact that COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes have different levels of sensitivity to aspirin and recover their cyclooxygenase activity post aspirin at different rates helps explain the different dosing regimens for aspirins varying clinical indications1.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid should not be used in children as it can produce a rare but dangerous Reye’s syndrome resulting in coma and liver damage that can prove fatal1
Some drug interactions can occur when aspirin is given with other medicines.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid can displace drugs from their plasma binding-sites and in this way may increases the effects of anticoagulant drugs and oral hypoglycaemics.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid can also inhibit urate secretion and should be avoided in gout3
Acetyl Salicyclic acid (ASA) is an acetyl derivative of salicylic acid and its common name is Aspirin.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is used in the treatment of pain, fever, and inflammation.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid or acetylsalicylic acid is perhaps the most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic medication worldwide.
Reference standards of Acetylsalicylic Acid API, and its pharmacopeial, non pharmacopeial impurities, and stable isotopes are listed below.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid (Acetylsalicylic acid) is a potent and selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) with a broad range of pharmacological activities including anti-inflammation and pain relief.
Multiple studies have accumulated sufficient evidence to establish the association between the use of aspirin and a reduced risk of cancers including prostate cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid suppresses ovarian cancer cells harboring COX-1 by acting as histone deacetylase inhibitors to up-regulate cell cycle arrest protein p21.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid also inhibits the expression of COX-2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes resulting in reduced PG production and the down-regulation of ERK and NF-KB respectively.
Product Number :A2262
Purity / Analysis Method :>98.0%(GC)(T)
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight :C9H8O4 = 180.16
Physical State (20 deg.C) :Solid
CAS RN :50-78-2
Reaxys Registry Number :779271
PubChem Substance ID :87561583
Merck Index (14) :851
MDL Number :MFCD00002430
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is a general medication used for pain, fever, inflammation, heart attacks etc.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is commonly prescribed because of its properties such as anti – inflammatory, anti – coagulatory, fever reducing and pain relieving.
The major component of Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is acetylsalicylic acid which gives it all these properties.
This is the reason Aspirin is also known as acetylsalicylic acid.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid molecular formula is C9H8O4.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is NSAID (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) but it suppresses the normal functioning of platelets.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is not recommended during pregnancy and to children with infections.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid has various side effects as well such as high dose may result in the ringing of ears, Reye syndrome, nausea, upset stomach, headache etc.
Acetylsalicylic acid was first produced by Alsatian Chemist Charles Frederic Gerhardt in 1853 from sodium salicylate and acetyl chloride.
Soon the drug became famous and Bayer (a drug and dye firm) started producing it at large scale. Bayer named it Aspirin.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid was Bayer’s brand name for the drug.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid popularity declined in 1962 after the synthesis of drugs like paracetamol and ibuprofen. ,
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is used in the treatment of a number of conditions, including fever, pain, rheumatic fever, and inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, pericarditis, and Kawasaki disease.
Lower doses of aspirin have also been shown to reduce the risk of death from a heart attack, or the risk of stroke in people who are at high risk or who have cardiovascular disease, but not in elderly people who are otherwise healthy.
There is some evidence that aspirin is effective at preventing colorectal cancer, though the mechanisms of this effect are unclear.
In the United States, low-dose aspirin is deemed reasonable in those between 50 and 70 years old who have a risk of cardiovascular disease over 10%, are not at an increased risk of bleeding, and are otherwise healthy
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is an effective analgesic for acute pain, although it is generally considered inferior to ibuprofen because aspirin is more likely to cause gastrointestinal bleeding.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is generally ineffective for those pains caused by muscle cramps, bloating, gastric distension, or acute skin irritation.
As with other NSAIDs, combinations of aspirin and caffeine provide slightly greater pain relief than aspirin alone.
Effervescent formulations of aspirin relieve pain faster than aspirin in tablets, which makes them useful for the treatment of migraines.
Topical Acetyl Salsicylic Acid may be effective for treating some types of neuropathic pain.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid either by itself or in a combined formulation, effectively treats certain types of a headache, but its efficacy may be questionable for others.
Secondary headaches, meaning those caused by another disorder or trauma, should be promptly treated by a medical provider.
Among primary headaches, the International Classification of Headache Disorders distinguishes between tension headache (the most common), migraine, and cluster headache.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid or other over-the-counter analgesics are widely recognized as effective for the treatment of tension headache.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid especially as a component of an aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine combination, is considered a first-line therapy in the treatment of migraine, and comparable to lower doses of sumatriptan.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is most effective at stopping migraines when they are first beginning.
Like its ability to control pain, aspirin's ability to control fever is due to its action on the prostaglandin system through its irreversible inhibition of COX.
Although Acetyl Salsicylic Acid's use as an antipyretic in adults is well established, many medical societies and regulatory agencies, including the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Food and Drug Administration, strongly advise against using aspirin for treatment of fever in children because of the risk of Reye's syndrome, a rare but often fatal illness associated with the use of aspirin or other salicylates in children during episodes of viral or bacterial infection.
Because of the risk of Reye's syndrome in children, in 1986, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required labeling on all aspirin-containing medications advising against its use in children and teenagers
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is an important part of the treatment of those who have had a heart attack.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is generally not recommended for routine use by people with no other health problems, including those over the age of 70.
For people who have already had a heart attack or stroke, taking aspirin daily for two years prevented 1 in 50 from having a cardiovascular problem (heart attack, stroke, or death), but also caused non-fatal bleeding problems to occur in 1 of 400 people.
Data from early trials of aspirin in primary prevention suggested low dose aspirin is more beneficial for people <70 kg and high dose aspirin is more beneficial for those ≥70 kg.
However, more recent trials have suggested lower dose aspirin is not more efficacious in people with a low body weight and more evidence is required to determine the effect of higher dose aspirin in people with a high body weight.
The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), in 2016, recommended initiating low-dose aspirin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and colon cancer in adults aged 50 to 59 years who have a 10% or greater 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, are not at increased risk for bleeding, have a life expectancy of at least 10 years, and are willing to take low-dose aspirin daily for at least 10 years.
However, in 2021, the USPSTF recommended against the routine use of daily aspirin for primary prevention in adults in their 40s and 50s, citing the fact that the risk of side effects outweighs the potential benefits.
Individuals under 60 should first consult a healthcare provider before initiating daily aspirin.
In those with no previous history of heart disease, aspirin decreases the risk of a non-fatal myocardial infarction but increases the risk of bleeding and does not change the overall risk of death.
Specifically over 5 years it decreased the risk of a cardiovascular event by 1 in 265 and increased the risk of bleeding by 1 in 210.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid appears to offer little benefit to those at lower risk of heart attack or stroke—for instance, those without a history of these events or with pre-existing disease.
Some studies recommend Acetyl Salsicylic Acid on a case-by-case basis while others have suggested the risks of other events, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, were enough to outweigh any potential benefit, and recommended against using aspirin for primary prevention entirely.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid has also been suggested as a component of a polypill for prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Complicating the use of aspirin for prevention is the phenomenon of aspirin resistance.
For people who are resistant, aspirin's efficacy is reduced.
Some authors have suggested testing regimens to identify people who are resistant to aspirin.
After percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs), such as the placement of a coronary artery stent, a U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality guideline recommends that aspirin be taken indefinitely.
Frequently, aspirin is combined with an ADP receptor inhibitor, such as clopidogrel, prasugrel, or ticagrelor to prevent blood clots.
This is called dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT).
Duration of DAPT was advised in the United States and European Union guidelines after the CURE and PRODIGY studies .
In 2020, the systematic review and network meta-analysis from Khan et al.
showed promising benefits of short-term (< 6 months) DAPT followed by P2Y12 inhibitors in selected patients, as well as the benefits of extended-term (> 12 months) DAPT in high risk patients.
In conclusion, the optimal duration of DAPT after PCIs should be personalized after outweighing each patient's risks of ischemic events and risks of bleeding events with consideration of multiple patient-related and procedure-related factors.
Moreover, Acetyl Salsicylic Acid should be continued indefinitely after DAPT is complete.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is thought to reduce the overall risk of both getting cancer and dying from cancer.
This effect is particularly beneficial for colorectal cancer (CRC) but must be taken for at least 10–20 years to see this benefit.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid may also slightly reduce the risk of endometrial cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer.
Some conclude the benefits are greater than the risks due to bleeding in those at average risk.
Others are unclear if the benefits are greater than the risk.
Given this uncertainty, the 2007 United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines on this topic recommended against the use of aspirin for prevention of CRC in people with average risk.
Nine years later however, the USPSTF issued a grade B recommendation for the use of low-dose aspirin (75 to 100 mg/day) "for the primary prevention of CVD [cardiovascular disease] and CRC in adults 50 to 59 years of age who have a 10% or greater 10-year CVD risk, are not at increased risk for bleeding, have a life expectancy of at least 10 years, and are willing to take low-dose aspirin daily for at least 10 years".
A meta-analysis through 2019 said that there was an association between taking aspirin and lower risk of cancer of the colorectum, esophagus, and stomach.
In 2021, the U.S. Preventive services Task Force raised questions about the use of aspirin in cancer prevention.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid notes the results of the 2018 ASPREE (Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly) Trial, in which the risk of cancer-related death was higher in the aspirin-treated group than in the placebo group
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is a first-line treatment for the fever and joint-pain symptoms of acute rheumatic fever.
The therapy often lasts for one to two weeks, and is rarely indicated for longer periods.
After fever and pain have subsided, the aspirin is no longer necessary, since it does not decrease the incidence of heart complications and residual rheumatic heart disease.
Naproxen has been shown to be as effective as aspirin and less toxic, but due to the limited clinical experience, naproxen is recommended only as a second-line treatment.
Along with rheumatic fever, Kawasaki disease remains one of the few indications for aspirin use in children in spite of a lack of high quality evidence for its effectiveness.
Low-dose aspirin supplementation has moderate benefits when used for prevention of pre-eclampsia.
This benefit is greater when started in early pregnanc
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid along with several other agents with anti-inflammatory properties, has been repurposed as an add-on treatment for depressive episodes in subjects with bipolar disorder in light of the possible role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of severe mental disorders.
However, meta-analytic evidence is based on very few studies and does not suggest any efficacy of aspirin in the treatment of bipolar depression.
Thus, notwithstanding the biological rationale, the clinical perspectives of aspirin and anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of bipolar depression remain uncertain
Acetylsalicylic Acid is used in analgesics, anti-inflammatories, antipyretics, anticoagulants and anti-rheumatics.
Acetyl Salsicylic Acid is also used as an additive in food, animal feed, drug and cosmetic.
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs); chemically heterogeneous large groups of drugs which suppress inflammation in a manner similar to steroids, but less side effects of sedation, respiratory depression, or addiction than steroids.
They are widely used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and painful conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis, painful menstruation, and headache.
They are effective in the relief of pain and fever.
NSAIDs inhibit the cyclooxygenase (COX) activity resulting in decreased synthesis of prostaglandin, leukotriene and thromboxane precursors such as the ubiquitous enzyme which catalyzes the initial step in the synthesis of prostanoids.
Prostanoid is any of a group of C-20 fatty acids complex with an internal five or six carbon rings such as prostaglandins, prostanoic acid, prostacyclins, and thromboxane; derived from arachidonic acid (C-20 polyunsaturated fatty acid with four cis double bonds).
The action or the synthesis of prostanoids are involved in the modulation of a variety of pathophysiologic processes including inflammation, hemostasis, thrombosis, cytoprotection, ulceration, hemodynamics and other the progression of kidney diseases.
Thus, NSAIDs as non-selective inhibitors of the cyclooxygenases (both the cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 isoenzymes) may have beneficial as well as untoward effects on a variety of human diseases.
Low stomach prostanoid levels caused by COX-1 inhibitors can result in ulceration and internal bleeding and perforation.
The selective COX-2 inhibitors such as oxicam, meloxicam, and coxibs (celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib and etoricoxib) do not interfere with COX-1.
The most prominent NSAID is aspirin.
Nonaspirin NSAIDs can be classified based on chemical structures.
IUPAC NAME :
2-(acetyloxy)-benzoic acid
2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid
2-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid
2-Acetoxybenzoesäure
2-Acetoxybenzoic acid
2-acetoxybenzoic acid
2-acetyloxybenzoic acid
Acetilszalicilsav
SYNONYMS:
Aspirin [BAN] [JAN] [JP15] [USP]
2-(acetyloxy)-benzoic acid
2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid
200-064-1
2-Acetoxybenzenecarboxylic acid
2-Acetoxybenzoesäure
2-Acetoxybenzoic acid
2-Acetyloxybenzoic acid
2-Carboxyphenyl acetate
4-10-00-00138
