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ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE

Aluminium hydroxide is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite) and its three much rarer polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite, and nordstrandite. 
Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric, i.e., it has both basic and acidic properties.

CAS Number: 21645-51-2
EC Number: 244-492-7
IUPAC Name: Trihydroxidoaluminium
Chemical Formula: Al(OH)3

Other names: Hydrated alumina, aluminum;trihydroxide, aluminum hydrate, Dried aluminium hydroxide, ALternaGEL, Aluminium hydroxide, dried, Alu-Cap, Alcoa C 30BF, Aluminum(III) hydroxide, Aluminum hydroxide, dried, Al(OH)3, ALGELDRATE ANHYDROUS, Dried aluminum hydroxide gel, 5QB0T2IUN0, Aluminum hydroxide gel, dried, Aluminium hydroxide gel, dried, ALUMINUM (AS HYDROXIDE), DTXSID2036405, AS04 COMPONENT ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, FOAMCOAT COMPONENT ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, FOAMICON COMPONENT ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, GAVISCON COMPONENT ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE (II), ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE [II], ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE (MART.), ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE [MART.], Alum Adjuvant, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE (USP IMPURITY), ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE [USP IMPURITY], ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, DRIED (USP IMPURITY), ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, DRIED [USP IMPURITY], DermaMed, Alumina hydrated, Aluminumhydroxide, aluminum hyroxide, Aluminio hidroxido, Alumina, Hydrated, aluminum trihydrate, Hydroxide, Aluminum, aluminium trihydroxide, ASTONEAGRAN, TENDERGRAN, 8064-00-4, Aluminum oxide hydrate, Hydroxyde d' aluminium, Amberol St. 140F, Aluminium oxide, hydrate, ALUMINII HYDROXIDUM, ALUMINUM OXIDE-3H2O, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE [MI], DTXCID0016405, NIOSH/BD0708000, ALUMINUM OXIDE, TRIHYDRATE, Di-mu-hydroxytetrahydroxydialuminum, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE [VANDF], ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL, DRIED, ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE DRIED GEL, ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE [WHO-DD], ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE [WHO-IP], AKOS015904617, Aluminum, di-mu-hydroxytetrahydroxydi-, DB06723, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE [ORANGE BOOK], ALUMINUM (AS HYDROXIDE) [VANDF], ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, DRIED [HSDB], ALUMINII HYDROXIDUM [WHO-IP LATIN], ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL, DRIED [II], ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL, DRIED [VANDF], BD07080000, DRIED ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL [USP-RS], ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE COMPONENT OF FOAMCOAT, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE COMPONENT OF FOAMICON, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE COMPONENT OF GAVISCON, ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE GEL, DRIED [WHO-DD], Q407125, J-014205, 8012-63-3

Closely related are Aluminium hydroxide and aluminium oxide or alumina (Al2O3), the latter of which is also amphoteric. 
These compounds together are the major components of the aluminium ore bauxite.

Aluminium hydroxide is a naturally occurring mineral. Aluminum hydroxide is an antacid.
Aluminum hydroxide is used to treat heartburn, upset stomach, sour stomach, or acid indigestion. 
Aluminum hydroxide is also used to reduce phosphate levels in people with certain kidney conditions.
Aluminum hydroxide may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

Aluminium hydroxide is made of aluminate solution through Bayer process, and is filtered.
Aluminum hydroxide is an inorganic salt used as an antacid. 
Aluminium hydroxide is a basic compound that acts by neutralizing hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions. 
Subsequent increases in pH may inhibit the action of pepsin. 

An increase in bicarbonate ions and prostaglandins may also confer cytoprotective effects.
Aluminium hydroxide is an antacid, which means that it neutralises excess stomach acid associated with indigestion. 
Aluminium hydroxide also helps to protect the lining of your stomach from acid irritation.
Aluminium hydroxide can also reduce the amount of phosphate which your body absorbs from the food you eat. 

Aluminium hydroxide combines with phosphate in your stomach, and this is then removed instead of being absorbed. 
Although aluminium hydroxide is sometimes prescribed for this purpose in people with certain kidney diseases, other medicines are usually used in preference to it.

Aluminum Hydroxide is an orally active main form of aluminum used as an adjuvant. 
Aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvant researches including the repository effect, pro-phagocytic effect, and activation of the pro-inflammatory NLRP3 pathway.

Aluminium hydroxide is the most widely used inorganic flame retardant in the World. 
Aluminium hydroxide is cost effective and non toxic flame retardant can be used in wide variety of molding compounds such as rubber, polyster and epoxy composites, polyurethane foams, latex based formulations, silicone, wall coverings, wire and cables. 

Aluminum hydroxide is an inorganic salt used as an antacid. 
Aluminium hydroxide is a basic compound that acts by neutralizing hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions.

Subsequent increases in pH may inhibit the action of pepsin. 
An increase in bicarbonate ions and prostaglandins may also confer cytoprotective effects.

Aluminium hydroxide with amorphous structure and with a high specific BET surface area value. 
Aluminium hydroxide is produced by chemical precipitation in aqueous medium and has an alkali content of less than 2% (Na2O)

Aluminium hydroxide has various uses, primary among which is medical application.
Aluminum hydroxide is a ground or finely crystallized, water-insoluble solid. 

Aluminium hydroxide is used especially for telecommunication and data cables, but also for cables of household appliances as flame-retardants. 
Aluminium hydroxide is particularly their smoke-reducing and non-toxic properties that make them one of the most popular flame retardants.

Aluminium hydroxide is regarded as being the most important mineral flame retardant in the world and, thanks to its freedom from halogens, it is environmentally friendly and is characterized by its high efficiency as a smoke gas suppressant. 
This mineral is made from bauxite in accordance with the Bayer process. 

Besides the flame retardant property, the excellent features of aluminium hydroxide are its high degree of whiteness and low degree of hardness. 
In addition, dehydration takes place at 200°C.

Aluminum hydroxide is an antacid available in over-the-counter (OTC) medicines that relieve heartburn, acid indigestion, sour stomach, and upset stomach. 
Aluminum hydroxide can be found in heartburn medicines that contain more than one antacid active ingredient. 

Aluminium hydroxide can also be found in medicines that treat other symptoms, such as gas.
Aluminium hydroxide (Aluminic), found in nature as the mineral gibbsite, is amphoteric (i.e., it has both basic and acidic properties). 

Aluminium hydroxide is used to treat symptoms of increased stomach acid, such as heartburn, upset stomach, sour stomach, or acid indigestion; also reduce phosphate levels in people with certain kidney conditions.
Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3, is the most stable form of aluminium in normal conditions. 

Aluminium hydroxide is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite). 
Closely related are aluminium oxide hydroxide, AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide, Al2O3, differing only by loss of water. 

These compounds together are the major components of the aluminium ore bauxite.
Aluminum Hydroxide is a highly water insoluble crystalline Aluminum source for uses compatible with higher (basic) pH environments. 

Aluminium hydroxide is commonly present in nature and is one of the most widely studied molecules in physical chemistry. Hydroxide compounds have diverse properties and uses, from base catalysis to detection of carbon dioxide. 
Aluminum hydroxide, white solid, is a typical amphoteric hydroxide that is insoluble in water but soluble in acid or alkali. 

Aluminium hydroxide can be transformed into alumina after heated in the air for dehydration, which is important for alumina production. 
Aluminum hydroxide is a widely used chemical product, and it is mainly used as plastic and polymer fillers, blanket flame retardant and binder, epoxy resin filler, toothpaste fillers, glass ingredients as well as paper color fillers and coatings. 

Aluminium hydroxide can be also used to product sulfuric acid Aluminum, alum, aluminum fluoride and sodium aluminate, and to synthesize molecular sieve. 
The gel and drying gel of aluminum hydroxide can be used in medicine as antacids to neutralize gastric acid and protect ulcer surface for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer disease and hyperacidity.

USES OF ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE:
Aluminum hydroxide has many advantages including large-scale production, adequate raw materials, high product purity and good solubility in acid. 
Therefore, aluminum hydroxide can be used as an important raw material for the preparation of aluminum salts, such as barium aluminate, aluminum sulfate and so on.

Aluminum hydroxide powder is commonly regarded as an ideal flame retardant filler for plastics, unsaturated polyester, rubber and other organic polymers because of its filling, flame retardant and smoke-eliminating functions and non-toxic property. 
Flame retardant mechanism of aluminum hydroxide is as follows: when the temperature exceeds 200 ℃, the aluminum hydroxide begin to perform endothermic decomposition and release three crystal water, and its decomposition rate reaches the largest at 250℃.

This reaction is a strong endothermic reaction, thereby inhibiting the polymer temperature rise, reducing its decomposition rate and only producing water vapor, not generating toxic and harmful gases.
Aluminum hydroxide can transform into alumina, which has high thermal chemical stability, thermal strength, creep resistance and dielectric properties and low thermal expansion coefficient. 

Alumina is an important material for the synthesis of ceramics. 
In the process of ceramic synthesis, we can control the phase formation of the composite by aluminum hydroxide activation and crystallization process controlling.

Aluminum hydroxide exists in water mainly in form of Al(OH)4-, which can precipitate toxic heavy metals in sewage by coprecipitation method to achieve the effect of water purification after further filter. 
Aluminum hydroxide has a high specific surface area, and can adsorb colloid, suspended solids, dyes and organic substances in sewage on its surface.

Aluminum hydroxide can neutralize gastric acid and is non-toxic, for which it is always used as the traditional medicine for the treatment of stomach. 
The aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant can also improve the immunogenicity of the vaccine, the action mechanism of which is as follows: aluminum hydroxide adsorbs antigen on its surface to allow the antigen slow release so that it can play the role of extending efficacy.

In the preparation of aluminum hydroxide, we can obtain various target products with diffrernt surface area, pore volume, pore structure and crystal structure by controlling the temperature, concentration and pH of the reactants, which can be effectively used as a catalyst carrier for the hydrogenation of unsaturated carbonyl compounds and the preparation of fullerenes and the like.

Aluminum hydroxide has high whiteness, ultrafine particle size as well as complete crystal form, and has a strong compatibility with brightening agent. 
Aluminum hydroxide, as an additive coating and resin, can effectively improve the whiteness, opacity, smoothness and ink absorption of coated paper.

Fire retardant filler:
Aluminium hydroxide also finds use as a fire retardant filler for polymer applications. 
Aluminium hydroxide is selected for these applications because it is colorless (like most polymers), inexpensive, and has good fire retardant properties.

Magnesium hydroxide and mixtures of huntite and hydromagnesite are used similarly. 
Aluminium hydroxide decomposes at about 180 °C (356 °F), absorbing a considerable amount of heat in the process and giving off water vapour. 
In addition to behaving as a fire retardant, it is very effective as a smoke suppressant in a wide range of polymers, most especially in polyesters, acrylics, ethylene vinyl acetate, epoxies, PVC and rubber.

Precursor to Al compounds:
Aluminium hydroxide is a feedstock for the manufacture of other aluminium compounds: speciality calcined aluminas, aluminium sulfate, polyaluminium chloride, aluminium chloride, zeolites, sodium aluminate, activated alumina, and aluminium nitrate.
Freshly precipitated aluminium hydroxide forms gels, which are the basis for the application of aluminium salts as flocculants in water purification.

This gel crystallizes with time. Aluminium hydroxide gels can be dehydrated (e.g. using water-miscible non-aqueous solvents like ethanol) to form an amorphous aluminium hydroxide powder, which is readily soluble in acids. Heating converts it to activated aluminas, which are used as desiccants, adsorbent in gas purification, and catalyst supports.

Pharmaceutical:
Under the generic name "algeldrate", aluminium hydroxide is used as an antacid in humans and animals (mainly cats and dogs). 
Aluminium hydroxide is preferred over other alternatives such as sodium bicarbonate because Al(OH)3, being insoluble, does not increase the pH of stomach above 7 and hence, does not trigger secretion of excess acid by the stomach. 

Aluminium hydroxide reacts with excess acid in the stomach, reducing the acidity of the stomach content, which may relieve the symptoms of ulcers, heartburn or dyspepsia. 
Such products can cause constipation, because the aluminium ions inhibit the contractions of smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract, slowing peristalsis and lengthening the time needed for stool to pass through the colon.

Some such products are formulated to minimize such effects through the inclusion of equal concentrations of magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate, which have counterbalancing laxative effects.
This compound is also used to control hyperphosphatemia (elevated phosphate, or phosphorus, levels in the blood) in people and animals suffering from kidney failure. 

Normally, the kidneys filter excess phosphate out from the blood, but kidney failure can cause phosphate to accumulate. 
The aluminium salt, when ingested, binds to phosphate in the intestines and reduce the amount of phosphorus that can be absorbed.

Precipitated aluminium hydroxide is included as an adjuvant in some vaccines (e.g. anthrax vaccine). 
One of the well-known brands of aluminium hydroxide adjuvant is Alhydrogel, made by Brenntag Biosector.

Aluminium hydroxide strongly attracts certain types of monocytes which differentiate into dendritic cells. 
Aluminium hydroxide appears to contribute to induction of a good Th2 response, so is useful for immunizing against pathogens that are blocked by antibodies. 
However, it has little capacity to stimulate cellular (Th1) immune responses, important for protection against many pathogens, nor is it useful when the antigen is peptide-based.

APPLICATION OF ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE:
Aluminum hydroxide has plenty of applications; some people believe that these uses are really endless. 
Just to illustrate the broadness of the uses, we can say that aluminum hydroxide is used as mordant in dyes, purifier for water, ingredient for cosmetics, and even in as an element for processes in photography. 

There are also applications of minor character in ceramics and construction. 
But the most important field where aluminum hydroxide is applied is medicine.
Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant is used in parenteral human and veterinary vaccines.
Aluminium hydroxide activates Th2 immune responses, including IgG and IgE antibody responses. 

Aluminium hydroxide is also used for the isolation of certain serum components such as blood clotting factors.
Aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) has several medical applications. 
Aluminium hydroxide is used as an antacid for treating heartburn as well as acid indigestion (reflux oesophagitis). 
Aluminium hydroxide is also known to have healing properties of peptic ulcers. 

In patients suffering from kidney failure, who show elevated serum phosphate levels (hyperphosphataemia), Al(OH)3 is used as a phosphate binder.
Al(OH)3 is an amphoteric compound , which means it can react as a base or as an acid. 
In its application as an anti-acid, Al(OH)3 reacts with any excess stomach acid (mainly HCl) with the formation of AlCl3 and water.

Used for preparing waterproof fabrics, inks, glass, paper fillers, mordant, purifying agent, various aluminum salts, etc.
Widely used for plastics, rubber, resin, paint, paint and so on
Used for supporting catalyst and separating the vapor liquid

Used in the industries of petroleum, chemical, fertilizer, natural gas and environmental protection for increasing the gas or liquid distribution points and protecting the low-strength catalyst.
Used as mordants and analysis reagents.
Used as the thickener for ink and the raw materials for manufacturing aluminum salt, enamel, ceramics, glassware and lubricant. 

Also used for the preparation of various catalyst carrier. 
Aluminum hydroxide gel can be used for the treatment of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and hyperacidity embolism. 
In addition, also used in waterproof fabrics, paper fillers, mordant and purifying agent.

Used for printing inks, painting pigments, crayons and rubber packing.
Uses in waterproof fabric, ink, glassware, paper packing, mordant, purifying agent and also used in aluminum salt, lubricant manufacture.
Used for the gravimetric determination of potassium content. 

Used as adsorbents, emulsifiers, ion exchangers, chromatographic analytes and mordants. 
Used for the preparation of refractory, glass and pottery, as well as precipitation pigment and waterproof fabric. 
Also used for the manufacture of aluminum salts.

Applications in medicine:
Given that aluminum hydroxide is able to neutralize acids, it serves as a natural antacid. 
Aluminum hydroxide also has a very useful property as it stimulates the immune system of human. 

Besides, various vaccines, including those that are used to treat hepatitis B, hepatitis A, and tetanus, are prepared using aluminum hydroxide. 
Aluminium hydroxide can be also used for the treatment of kidney patients who have high level of phosphates in blood due to renal failure. 

This useful feature exists due to the ability of aluminum hydroxide to bind with phosphates. 
After binding with aluminum hydroxide, phosphates are flushed out of the human body easily.

Cosmetics application:
There are various applications for aluminum hydroxide in the field of cosmetics. 
Aluminum hydroxide is most frequently used for the production of lipsticks, make-ups, and other products for skin care. 

Aluminium hydroxide is used there because Aluminium hydroxide is totally stable and non toxic for people. 
Sometimes aluminum hydroxide manufacturers of cosmetics also use aluminum hydroxide to produce cleansers for skin, suntan products, body lotions, and moisturizers. 

Personal care products, for example, shampoos, toothpastes, deodorants and many others, also involve using of aluminum hydroxide. 
Aluminum hydroxide is also sometimes used for protection of human skin.

Application in industry:
Concrete could not be produced without aluminum hydroxide. On the stage of production of concrete aluminum hydroxide is added to cement. 
Aluminium hydroxide is also very useful because cement with aluminum hydroxide addition dries rapidly if it is being exposed to heat. 

Ceramics and glass of both industrial and home application is manufactured using aluminum hydroxide. 
The most useful feature of aluminum hydroxide when Aluminium hydroxide is added to glass consists in the fact that Aluminium hydroxide makes glass heat-resistant. 

Aluminium hydroxide is possible because, as have been already mentioned, aluminum hydroxide is not flammable and has high melting point. 
Aluminum hydroxide combined with polymers appears to be a very good fire retardant.

Use in textile field:
Don’t forget that aluminum hydroxide doesn’t dissolve in water. 
For this reason, Aluminium hydroxide can be applied in textiles by adding Aluminium hydroxide in order to produce waterproof clothes. 

Besides, when Aluminium hydroxide is needed to bind colors of vegetable dyes to fabric, aluminum hydroxide will also be very useful. 
In this case, aluminum hydroxide is used as a mordant. 

Any mordant is used in cases when fabrics are resistant to dyes. 
In such situations, a mordant allows penetrating fabric by the dye. 
Another instance of aluminum hydroxide usage is when Aluminium hydroxide is used to make some dyes fire-resistant.

Other field of applications:
Given how actively aluminum hydroxide is used in various fields we could not omit other field of its applications. 
Apart from what we have already mentioned above, aluminum hydroxide, as well as any other aluminum compound, is used to purify water in order to remove particles and various kinds of impurities. 

In manufacturing of inks aluminum hydroxide acts as an extender and preservative. 
Aluminum hydroxide can be also used as chromatography in laboratories in order to separate chemicals into different compounds.

PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE:
The purified aluminum hydroxide has form of bulky powder of white color or granules with density nearly 2.42 g per mL. 
Aluminum hydroxide won’t dissolve in water, but will dissolve only in bases and acids. 

Aluminum hydroxide acts as an amphoteric substance in water. 
If a strong base is present, aluminum hydroxide will act as an acid. 

And if a strong acid is present, it will act as a strong base.
Aluminum hydroxide should be handled with caution because its exposure can cause irritation. 

However, only minor and residual injuries will be present. 
As for flammability, aluminum hydroxide is not flammable and will not burn. 
Besides, aluminum hydroxide is not reactive, therefore, it is stable in both fire and water conditions.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE:
There are many different forms of aluminum oxide, including both crystalline and non-crystalline forms. 
Aluminium hydroxide’s an electrical insulator, which means Aluminium hydroxide doesn’t conduct electricity, and Aluminium hydroxide also has relatively high thermal conductivity. 

In addition, in its crystalline form, corundum, Aluminium hydroxides hardness makes it suitable as an abrasive. 
The high melting point of aluminum oxide makes Aluminium hydroxide a good refractory material for lining high-temperature appliances like kilns, furnaces, incinerators, reactors of various sorts, and crucibles. 

The chemical formula for aluminum hydroxide is Al(OH)₃.
Aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3, also known as aluminum trihydroxide, aluminum trihydrate, aluminum hydrate, hydrated alumina, and hydrated aluminum oxide, is a white to whitish-yellow water-insoluble powder with a specific gravity of 2.42. 

Aluminum hydroxide is used as a baseforpigments, as a water repellent in textile coatings, and as an antacid in medicine. 
Aluminum hydroxide is soluble in hydrochloric or sulfuric acids or in sodiumhydroxide.
Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant is a white hydrogel that sediments slowly and forms a clear supernatant.

STRUCTURE OF ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE:
Aluminium hydroxide is built up of double layers of hydroxyl groups with aluminium ions occupying two-thirds of the octahedral holes between the two layers.
Four polymorphs are recognized.

All feature layers of octahedral aluminium hydroxide units, with hydrogen bonds between the layers. 
The polymorphs differ in terms of the stacking of the layers. 

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE:
Aluminum hydroxide is a basic inorganic salt that acts by neutralizing hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions. 
Aluminum hydroxide is slowly solubilized in the stomach and reacts with hydrochloric acid to form aluminum chloride and water. 
Aluminium hydroxide also inhibits the action of pepsin by increasing the pH and via adsorption. 

STORAGE OF ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE:
Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant is stable for at least 2 years when stored at 4–308℃ in well-sealed inert containers. 
Aluminium hydroxide must not be allowed to freeze as the hydrated colloid structure will be irreversibly damaged.

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