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CAS NO:10049-04-4
EC NO:233-162-8
Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula ClO2 that exists as yellowish-green gas above 11 °C, a reddish-brown liquid between 11 °C and −59 °C, and as bright orange crystals below −59 °C.
Chlorine dioxide does not hydrolyze when it enters water, and is usually handled as an aqueous solution. Potential hazards with chlorine dioxide include poisoning and the risk of spontaneous ignition or explosion on contact with flammable materials.
Chlorine dioxide is also commonly used as a bleach.
Chlorine dioxide was discovered in 1811 by Sir Humphry Davy and has been widely used for bleaching purposes in the paper industry, and for treatment of drinking water. More recent developments have extended its application into food processing, disinfection of premises and vehicles, mold eradication, air disinfection and odor control, treatment of swimming pools, dental applications, and wound cleansing.
Properties
Chemical formula ClO2
Molar mass 67.45 g·mol−1
Appearance Yellow to reddish gas
Odor Acrid
Density 2.757 g dm−3[1]
Melting point −59 °C (−74 °F; 214 K)
Boiling point 11 °C (52 °F; 284 K)
Solubility in water 8 g/L (at 20 °C)
Solubility soluble in alkaline and sulfuric acid solutions
Vapor pressure >1 atm[2]
Henry's law
constant (kH) 4.01×10−2 atm m3 mol−1
Acidity (pKa) 3.0(5)
Chlorine dioxide is a neutral chlorine compound.
Chlorine dioxide is very different from elemental chlorine, both in its chemical structure and in its behavior.One of the most important qualities of chlorine dioxide is its high water solubility, especially in cold water.
Chlorine dioxide does not react with water; it remains a dissolved gas in solution.
Chlorine dioxide is approximately 10 times more soluble in water than elemental chlorine but its solubility is very temperature-dependent.
Chlorine dioxide is a reddish-yellow gas at standard temperature and pressure.
Chlorine dioxide is somewhat unstable, and strong acids can decompose it into chlorine and oxygen. For this reason, it is dangerous to add sulfuric acid or any strong acid to a solid chlorate because of the production of chlorine dioxide.
Chlorine dioxide is a compound that can decompose extremely violently when separated from diluting substances. As a result, preparation methods that involve producing solutions of it without going through a gas-phase stage are often preferred. Arranging handling in a safe manner is essential.
Chlorine dioxide is used for bleaching of wood pulp and for the disinfection of municipal drinking water,: 4–1 treatment of water in oil and gas applications, disinfection in the food industry, microbiological control in cooling towers, and textile bleaching. As a disinfectant, it is effective even at low concentrations because of its unique qualities.
Bleaching
Chlorine dioxide is sometimes used for bleaching of wood pulp in combination with chlorine, but it is used alone in ECF (elemental chlorine-free) bleaching sequences.
Chlorine dioxide is used at moderately acidic pH (3.5 to 6). The use of chlorine dioxide minimizes the amount of organochlorine compounds produced.
Chlorine dioxide (ECF technology) currently is the most important bleaching method worldwide. About 95% of all bleached kraft pulp is made using chlorine dioxide in ECF bleaching sequences.
Chlorine dioxide has been used to bleach flour.
Chlorine dioxide is also superior to chlorine when operating above pH 7,: 4–33 in the presence of ammonia and amines and for the control of biofilms in water distribution systems.
Chlorine dioxide is used in many industrial water treatment applications as a biocide including cooling towers, process water, and food processing.
Chlorine dioxide may be used as a fumigant treatment to "sanitize" fruits such as blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries that develop molds and yeast.
Chlorine dioxide may be used to disinfect poultry by spraying or immersing it after slaughtering.
Chlorine dioxide may be used for the disinfection of endoscopes, such as under the trade name Tristel.
Chlorine dioxide is also available in a trio consisting of a preceding pre-clean with surfactant and a succeeding rinse with deionized water and a low-level antioxidant.
Chlorine dioxide may be used for control of zebra and quagga mussels in water intakes.: 4–34
Chlorine dioxide was shown to be effective in bedbug eradication.
Chlorine dioxide is a gas.
Chlorine dioxide is commonly used to disinfect drinking water. When used in very small quantities to disinfect water, it is safe and does not lead to health risks. But chlorine dioxide is a disinfectant similar to bleach. When used in large quantities, it can be dangerous.
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a chemical compound consisting of one chlorine atom and two oxygen atoms.
Chlorine dioxide is a reddish to yellowish-green gas at room temperature that dissolves in water.
Chlorine dioxide is used for a variety of antimicrobial uses, including the disinfection of drinking water.
Chlorine dioxide gas is usually produced onsite from sodium chlorate or sodium chlorite.
Chlorine dioxide chemistry is used in a wide variety of industrial, oil and gas, food and municipal applications:
Food and Beverage Production
Chlorine dioxide can be used as an antimicrobial agent in water used in poultry processing and to wash fruits and vegetables.
Paper Processing
Chlorine dioxide is used to chemically process wood pulp for paper manufacturing.
Medical Applications
In hospitals and other healthcare environments, chlorine dioxide gas helps to sterilize medical and laboratory equipment, surfaces, rooms and tools.
Chlorine dioxide hydrate, frozen is an orange colored solid, appearing as a block of ice, with a faint odor of chlorine.
Chlorine dioxide may only be shipped in the frozen state and then only by private or contract motor carrier. The melting point of the hydrate is around 30°F. If it should thaw and further warm up, chlorine dioxide gas is given off. The gas is toxic by inhalation. The gas and liquid are violently decomposed by organic materials. The gas will decompose explosively at temperatures below the boiling point of water.
Chlorine dioxide is used to bleach wood pulp, fats and oils; in processing flour, and for water purification.
Chlorine dioxide is a yellow to reddish gas or a red-brown liquid below 52 deg. F. with an unpleasant odor similar to chlorine.
Chlorine dioxide is a yellow to reddish-yellow manufactured gas.
Chlorine dioxide does not occur naturally in the environment. When added to water, chlorine dioxide forms chlorite ion, which is also a very reactive chemical.
Chlorine dioxide is used as a bleaching agent at paper manufacturing plants, and in public water treatment facilities to make water safe to drink. In 2001, chlorine dioxide and chlorite were used to decontaminate a number of public buildings following the release of anthrax spores in the United States.
Industry Uses
Bleaching agents
Oxidizing/reducing agents
Processing aids, not otherwise listed
Used to control Biological growth
Industry Processing Sectors
Paper manufacturing
Primary metal manufacturing
Chlorine dioxide is mainly used as a bleach. As a disinfectant it is effective even at low concentrations, because of its unique qualities.
Formula: ClO2
Molecular mass: 67.5
Boiling point: 11°C
Melting point: -59°C
Relative density (water = 1): 1.6 (liquid, 0°C)
Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20°C: 0.8
Vapour pressure, kPa at 20°C: 101
Relative vapour density (air = 1): 2.3
Explosive limits, vol% in air: >10
The major use of chlorine dioxide is as a bleach in a number of industries: in cleaning and de-tanning of leather, and as a bleaching agent for wood pulp, fats and oils, cellulose, flour, textiles, and beeswax.
Chlorine dioxide is registered as a bactericide, fungicide and algaecide.
Chlorine dioxide is used to disinfect human drinking water systems, commercial water cooling tower systems, and metal cutting fluids.
Chlorine dioxide may also be used to disinfect dairy farm animals and milking equipment, in eating establishments and food processing/handling areas and around the house.
Chlorine dioxide is used extensively in Europe for disinfecting drinking water, and its use there is increasing as well as in North America and Australia, as an alternative to chlorine due to lesser problems with disinfection by-products.
Physical properties
Chlorine dioxide is a strongly oxidising, yellow to reddish-yellow gas or liquid with a pungent, sharp odour. The odour is similar to that of chlorine and nitric acid. Soluble in water, alkaline, and sulfuric acid solutions.
Chlorine dioxide is normally supplied as a less than 10% solution in cold water.
Melting Point: -59°C
Boiling Point: 11°C
Specific Gravity: 3.09
Vapour Density: 2.3
1 ppm = 2.8 mg/m3
Formula mass 67.452
Chemical properties
Chlorine dioxide gas is flammable, and is violently explosive in air at concentrations over 10%.
Chlorine dioxide can be ignited by almost any form of energy, including sunlight, heat, or sparks.
Chlorine dioxide is strongly oxidising, and reacts violently with organic chemicals and can be detonated by sunlight, heat, or contact with mercury or carbon monoxide.
About this substance
Helpful information
Chlorine dioxide is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 000 to < 100 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Chlorine dioxide is used at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Biocidal Uses
Chlorine dioxide is being reviewed for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for: disinfection, disinfection, disinfection, disinfection, disinfection, veterinary hygiene, veterinary hygiene, veterinary hygiene, veterinary hygiene, food and animals feeds, food and animals feeds, food and animals feeds, food and animals feeds, drinking water, drinking water, drinking water, drinking water, drinking water, preservation of fibres, leather, rubber, or polymers, preservation for liquid systems, preservation for liquid systems, preservation for liquid systems, preservation for liquid systems, preservation for liquid systems, controlling slimes, controlling slimes, controlling slimes, controlling slimes, controlling slimes.
Consumer Uses
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which this substance is most likely to be released to the environment.
Article service life
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which this substance is most likely to be released to the environment. ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed.
Widespread uses by professional workers
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using this substance. ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which this substance is most likely to be released to the environment.
Formulation or re-packing
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which this substance is most likely to be released to the environment.
Uses at industrial sites
Chlorine dioxide is used in the following products: paper chemicals and dyes and water treatment chemicals.
Chlorine dioxide has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Chlorine dioxide is used for the manufacture of: pulp, paper and paper products.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: as processing aid.
Manufacture
Release to the environment of Chlorine dioxide can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Chlorine dioxide is a yellow to reddish-yellow gas that can decompose rapidly in air. Because it is a hazardous gas, chlorine dioxide is always made at the location where it is used.
Chlorine dioxide is used as a bleach at pulp mills, which make paper and paper products, and in public water-treatment facilities, to make water safe for drinking.
It has also been used to decontaminate public buildings.
Chlorine dioxide is soluble in water and will react rapidly with other compounds. When it reacts in water, chlorine dioxide forms chlorite ion, which is also a very reactive chemical. Because chlorine dioxide is very reactive, it is able to kill bacteria and microorganisms in water. About 5% of large water-treatment facilities (serving more than 100,000 persons) in the United States use chlorine dioxide to treat drinking water.
Chemical Properties
Chlorine dioxide,CI02, is a yellow-reddish gas.
Chlorine dioxide is a very effective bleaching and water treatment agent.
Chlorine dioxide is preparedby the reaction of chlorine and sodium chlorite.
Chlorine dioxide is quite unstable and is commonly prepared immediately before use.
Chemical Properties
Chlorine dioxide is a flammable, reddishyellow gas, or reddish-brown liquid (below 11C/52F) with an irritating odor like chlorine or nitric acid.
Physical properties
Yellow to red-yellow gas at room temperature; pungent chlorine-like odor; density 9.99 g/L at 11°C; liquefies to a reddish brown liquid at 11°C; liquid density 1.64 g/mL at 0°C; freezes at -59.5° C to red crystals (explodes); soluble in water, decomposes in hot water; soluble in alkalis and H2SO4.
Uses
Chlorine dioxide is used for several purposes,including its applications as a bleachingagent to bleach fats, oils, textiles, cellulose,paper pulp, flour, and leather.
Chlorine dioxide is also usedfor purifying water; as an oxidizing agent;as an antiseptic; and in the manufacture ofmany chlorite salts.
Uses
Bleaching cellulose, paper-pulp, flour, leather, fats and oils, textiles, beeswax; purification of water; taste and odor control of water; cleaning and detanning leather; manufacture of chlorite salts; oxidizing agent; bactericide, antiseptic and deodorizer.
Uses
Chlorine Dioxide is a gas used in bleaching and aging flour.
Chlorine dioxide acts on the flour almost instantly, resulting in improved color and dough properties. Because usage levels are low, the bleaching action is limited.
IUPAC names
anthium dioxide
CHLORINE DIOXIDE
Chlorine Dioxide
Chlorine dioxide
chlorine dioxide
chlorine dioxide ... %
Chlorine dioxide generated from sodium chlorate and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a strong acid
Chlorine dioxide generated from sodium chlorite and sodium bisulfate and hydrochloric acid
Chlorine dioxide generated from sodium chlorite and sodium persulfate
Chlorine dioxide generated from sodium chlorite by acidification
Chlorine dioxide generated from sodium chlorite by electrolysis
Chlorine dioxide generated from sodium chlorite by oxidation
chlorous acid
GLOBALEX OXYTAB Reaction mass of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and magnesium sulphate and silicon dioxide and sodium chloride and sodium hydrogensulphate and sodium sulphate and sodium chlorite and disodium carbonate, compound with hydrogen peroxide (2:3)
SYNONYMS:
Chlorine dioxide [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]
10049-04-4 [RN]
Chloranyl, dioxido- [ACD/Index Name]
Chlorosyloxidanyl
chlorosyloxy
ClO2(.)
Dioxido-λ5-chloranyl [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Dioxido-λ5-chloranyl [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Dioxydo-λ5-chloranyl [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
(OClO)(.)
1333-81-9 [RN]
155808-17-6 [RN]
233-162-8 [EINECS]
24518-47-6 [RN]
53839-08-0 [RN]
56310-06-6 [RN]
69049-77-0 [RN]
70134-37-1 [RN]
72061-90-6 [RN]
74296-11-0 [RN]
77546-17-9 [RN]
77546-18-0 [RN]
93085-22-4 [RN]
Alcide [Trade name]
chlorine oxide
chlorine peroxide
Chlorine(IV) oxide
chloroperoxyl
dioxidochlorine(.)
