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CAS NUMBER: 67-48-1
EC NUMBER: 200-655-4
MOLECULAR FORMULA: C5H14NO.Cl
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 139.62
Choline chloride appears as white crystals.
Practically neutral aqueous solution.
Choline chloride is a quaternary ammonium salt with choline cation and chloride anion.
Choline chloride has a role as an animal growth promotant.
Choline chloride is a chloride salt and a quaternary ammonium salt.
Choline chloride contains a choline.
Choline chloride is an organic compound with the formula [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]Cl.
Choline chloride is bifunctional, containing both quaternary ammonium salt and an alcohol.
The cation is choline, which occurs naturally.
Choline chloride is a white, water-soluble salt used mainly in animal feed.
Choline is a constituent of sphingomyelin and lecithin.
Choline chloride is a precursor of acetylcholine.
Choline plays a vital role in methyl group metabolism, carcinogenesis and lipid transport.
Choline deficiency is associated with fatty liver.
Choline chloride maintains cell structural integrity and cell signalling.
Choline is implicated in the synthesis of phospholipids.
Choline chloride acts as a potent biomarker for ischemic heart disease.
Choline Chloride is an acyl group acceptor and choline acetyltransferase substrate.
Choline chloride is a quaternary amine salt, it dissociates in water into the corresponding positively charged quaternary hydroxyl alkylammonium ion and the negatively charged chloride ion.
Data using different amounts of choline chloride show that the lowest pH value of 4 was determined at 100 mg/L.
Even if choline chloride of different specifications was used, choline chloride can be stated to be a weak acid.
Choline Chloride can be used as a clay stabilizer, whose function it is to prevent clay swelling in the shale rocks and minimize the migration of clay fines and can replace materials such as quaternary ammonium salts and KCl.
Choline chloride is an essential nutrient commonly found in eggs, chicken, and number of other foods.
Choline chloride is an organic compound and a quaternary ammonium salt, an acyl group acceptor and choline acetyltransferase substrate, also is an important additive in feed especially for chickens where it accelerates growth.
Choline chloride carbamate is nonspecific inits action on muscarinic receptor subtypes.
The pharmacologicalactivity of carbachol is similar to that of ACh.
Choline chloride isan ester of choline and thus possesses both muscarinic andnicotinic properties by cholinergic receptor stimulation.
Choline chloride can also act indirectly by promoting release of ACh and byits weak anticholinesterase activity.
Choline chloride is nutrient similar to the B vitamins.
Choline chloride can be made in the liver.
Choline chloride is also found in foods such as meats, fish, nuts, beans, vegetables, and eggs.
Choline chloride is most commonly used for a build up of fat in the liver (hepatic steatosis) in people receiving nutrition through the vein.
Choline chloride is also used for memory, mental function, preventing certain birth defects, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support many of these uses.
Choline chloride is a plant growth regulator.
Choline chloride is highly soluble in water, is not volatile or persistent in soil systems. Based on its physico-chemical properties it has potential to leach to groundwaters.
Choline chloride tends not to be highly toxic to biodiversity although available data is limited.
Choline chloride has a low mammalian toxicity and whilst it may be a skin and eye irritant no evidence has been found to suggest exposure may cause chronic health conditions.
Choline chloride is an indispensible fundamental component in humans and animal body, often referred to as B vitamins or vitamin B4, and is a necessary low-molecule organic compound for maintaining physiological function off animal body.
Choline chloride can be synthesized inside animal body but still often need to be supplied to dietary and is a kind of vitamin in maximal usage amount.
Inside animal cells, Choline chloride can be used to adjust the in vivo metabolism and conversion of fats, preventing the fat deposition and tissue degeneration of liver and kidney, and then promote the regeneration of amino acids, enhance utilization of amino acids as well as save some part of methionine.
Choline chloride is the most commonly used as well as most economical form of synthetic choline and is a water soluble vitamin, and is the component for constituting of acetylcholine, lecithin, and nerve phospholipids of biological tissue.
Moreover, Choline chloride can save methionine and is an important material required for livestock, poultry, and fish.
Inside animal body, Choline chloride can be used for adjusting in vivo metabolism and conversion of fats and can prevent the deposition in liver and related tissue degeneration.
As a methyl donor, Choline chloride can promote the re-formation of amino acids and improve the utilization of amino acids.
Choline chloride is mainly used as an additive for being mixing into the animal feed.
During the exact usage process, in addition to prevent moisture deliquescence, you should also note that all kind of feeds usually take the addition of choline chloride as the last step.
Because of its destruction effects on other vitamins, especially its rapid destruction on vitamin A, D, K in the presence of metal elements, multi-dimensional formulation should not include choline.
Daily feed supplied with Choline chloride should be used as soon as possible after the addition.
Tests have showed that choline chloride is especially important for chicken poultry.
Choline chlorides synthetic amino acids and lecithin can be delivered to various locations inside chicken bodies, being able to prevent the fat deposition in the liver and kidney and accelerate the growth of chickens and increase egg production and hatchability.
USES OF CHOLINE CHLORIDE:
Choline chloride is customary classified as a vitamin.
Choline chloride belongs to the family of water soluble B-vitamins.
Choline chloride was formerly known as the vitamin B4.
Like other vitamins, Choline chloride plays a significant role in nutrition, but its daily requirement seems to be hundreds of times greater than that of other vitamins.
Choline chloride can be supplied to tissue culture media, animal feed additive and used in clinical anti-fatty liver agent.
Choline chloride can be used for treating fatty liver and cirrhosis.
Choline chloride can also be used as the feed additive which is capable of stimulating ovaries for giving birth to more eggs and farrowing.
Choline chloride can also facilitate the weight gaining process of livestock, fish, etc.
Choline chloride is effective in the prevention and treatment of the fat deposition and tissue degeneration in the organs of livestock and poultry.
Choline chloride can also promote the absorption and synthesis of amino acids.
Moreover, Choline chloride can enhance physical fitness and disease resistance of livestock, promote their growth and development, and improve poultry laying rate.
The usage amount is 1-2 g/kg.
As a kind of feed additive, choline chloride has the following physiological effects: it can prevent the accumulation of the fat in liver and the kidney and tissue degeneration; it can promote recombination of amino acids; it can improve the utilization efficiency of amino acids, especially the essential amino acid methionine in vivo. In Japan, 98% of the applied choline chloride is used as the feed additives of chickens, pigs, cattle and fish and other animal. Most of them have been processed into powder; the preparation process of 50% powder is that: first add an appropriate excipient of certain particle size into the mixer is prepared by previously adding an appropriate particle size of the excipient, and then add drop wise of aqueous solution of choline chloride, after mixing, drying to derive it.
Some powder products are also blended with vitamins, minerals, and drugs.
Choline chloride has been used:
-in choline release assay
-as an endogenous agonist of sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1Rs)
-as a standard to analyse interrelationships between methionine and choline metabolism
APPLICATION OF CHOLINE CHLORIDE:
Choline chloride is an important additive in feed especially for chickens where it accelerates growth.
Choline chloride forms a deep eutectic solvent with urea, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and many other compounds.
Choline chloride is also used as a clay control additive in fluids used for hydraulic fracturing.
Choline chloride is a standard component of cell culture media that serves as a phospholipid precursor for the cells.
BENEFITS OF CHOLINE CHLORIDE:
-Fully compatible with typical drilling muds and hydraulic fracturing fluids
-High performing clay stabilizer for water-based fluids 3 times more effective than KCl
-Safe chemical with excellent environmental profile
PROPERTIES OF CHOLINE CHLORIDE:
-Quality Level: 200
-biological source: synthetic
-assay: ≥99%
-form: powder
-color: white
-melting point: 302-305 °C (dec.) (lit.)
-SMILES string: [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCO
-InChI: 1S/C5H14NO.ClH/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7;/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3;1H/q+1;/p-1
-InChI key: SGMZJAMFUVOLNK-UHFFFAOYSA-M
PHYSCICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CHOLINE CHLORIDE:
-Physical state: white crystalline solid Liquid, colorless, amine-like odor
-Melting point: 247°C
-Boiling point: not applicable due to decomposition on heating
-Relative density: 1.1g/cm3 at 20°C
-Viscosity: 21 mPa*s at 20°C year the study was performed
-Vapor pressure: 0.0000000657 Pa at 25°C
-Water solubility: ca. 650 g/l
-Partition coefficient noctanol/water (logKow): -3.77 at 25°C
-Henry’s law constant: 2.06*10E-11 Pa*m³/mole at 25°C
-logKoc: 0.37
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CHOLINE CHLORIDE:
Choline chloride is white hygroscopic crystal and is odorless with fish stench.
Choline chlorides melting point of 240 ℃.
Choline chlorides 10% aqueous solution has a pH 5-6.
However, Choline chloride is unstable in alkaline solution.
This product is easily soluble in water and ethanol but insoluble in ether, petroleum ether, benzene and carbon disulfide.
Choline chloride has a low toxicity with LD50 (rat, oral) being 3400 mg/kg.
ACTIONS OF CHOLINE CHLORIDE:
The enzymatic activities of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1), two serum enzymes synthesized by the liver and related with inflammation, were decreased in a sepsis animal model injected with LPS.
Choline chloride administered intravenously at 20 mg/kg body weight prevents the LPS-mediated decreases in the activities of these two enzymes .
Choline is an essential nutrient, commonly grouped with the B complex vitamins, that plays key roles in many biological processes.
Choline serves as a precursor component to two major cell membrane components: phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin.
In addition, choline functions as a methyl group donor to several different substrates.
STORAGE OF CHOLINE CHLORIDE:
Separated from strong oxidants.
SYNONYM:
Hepacholine
Biocolina
Biocoline
Lipotril
2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride
Paresan
(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride
Luridin chloride
Choline hydrochloride
Bilineurin chloride
Hormocline
Neocolina
Choline, chloride
Cholinium chloride
Chloride de choline
Choline chlorhydrate
