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COBALT OXIDE

EC / List no.: 215-154-6
CAS no.: 1307-96-6
Mol. formula: CoO


Cobalt Oxide is a metallic coloring oxide that produces blue in glazes at all temperatures (unless in very high percentages where it will be black). 
Black Cobalt Oxide is a key source of Cobalt Oxide used in glazes, glass, and enamels. 
Cobalt is the most powerful ceramic colorant and it is stable in most systems, it appears in many recipes at 1% or lower. 
Like copper, it melts very actively in oxidation. 
If it is mixed into a fluid frit base in high enough a percentage, it will completely crystallize during cooling. 
Cobalt is also useful as a body and slip stain (see the oxide Cobalt Oxide oxide for more information). 
However, cobalt materials are very expensive, this severely limits its practical use in many things.

Understanding exactly what cobalt oxide powder is and how it decomposes is complicated. 
Suppliers stock a product normally referred to as 71% Cobalt (or similar), this refers to the amount of Co metal. 
This product of commerce is theoretically Co3O4 (although possibly somewhere between Cobalt Oxide and Co2O4). 
Pure Cobalt Oxide, however, would be 78.6% cobalt metal. 
The difference is thus the extra oxygen in the Co3O4 that is liberated during firing. 
For this reason the chemistry defined here has a loss on ignition. 
Additionally, raw cobalt oxide powder does not decompose to actual Cobalt Oxide during glaze melting unless the kiln is fired in reduction. 
These complications will simply necessitate a small adjustment in the percentage to adjust color when needed (e.g. when switching brands).

Cobalt(II) oxide is a product of Co2O3 cobalt oxide decomposing at 900 °C. 
Cobalt Hydroxide occurs in ores with nickel, arsenic, sulfur, and manganese in deposits in Canada, Morocco, and southern Africa. 
During the roasting process toxic by-products of arsenic and sulfur are produced. 
The associated ores may contaminate the Co3O4 to some extent (i.e. with Na2CO3). 
Cobalt Oxide can also be made by heating the carbonate. 
Some people have tried roasting the ore themselves in a kiln, however as noted this can be hazardous, not to mention that if fired too high the ore can melt and eat through the container walls.

This material can be found in technical and ceramic grades. 
Commercial ceramic grades of cobalt oxide will often produce glaze specking if not thoroughly sieved or ball milled (depending on whether the particles are a product of agglomeration or are simply unground). 
Also, there is some inconsistency in commercial products, different batches or materials from different suppliers can vary in the amount of specking. 
Cobalt carbonate tends to disperse better in glazes to give even blue coloration because it is not as powerful and can produce some glaze blistering problems (as already notes).
Consider a cobalt blue stain for the most consistent and reliable results.

The theoretical carbonate form has 63% Cobalt Oxide while this has 93%. 
So if you want to switch from the oxide to the carbonate in a recipe, multiply by 93 and divide by 63. To switch from carbonate to oxide multiply by 63 and divide by 93. 
But remember that this will be approximate (for the reasons discussed above), you will likely need to fine tune the amount based on fired results. 
In addition, the quality of the color may be different.

Cobalt oxide is a family of chemical compounds consisting of cobalt and oxygen atoms.

Compounds in the cobalt oxide family include:

Cobalt(II) oxide (cobaltous oxide), Cobalt Oxide
Cobalt(III) oxide (cobaltic oxide), Co2O3
Cobalt(II,III) oxide, Co3O4


Cobalt(II,III) oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Co3O4. 
Cobalt Hydroxide is one of two well characterized cobalt oxides. 
Cobalt Hydroxide is a black antiferromagnetic solid. 
As a mixed valence compound, its formula is sometimes written as CoIICoIII2O4 and sometimes as CoO•Co2O3.

Structure
Co3O4 adopts the normal spinel structure, with Co2+ ions in tetrahedral interstices and Co3+ ions in the octahedral interstices of the cubic close-packed lattice of oxide anions.

Synthesis
Cobalt(II) oxide, Cobalt Oxide, converts to Co3O4 upon heating at around 600–700 °C in air.
Above 900 °C, Cobalt Oxide is stable.
These reaction are described by the following equilibrium:

2 Co3O4 ⇌ 6 CoO + O2

Applications
Cobalt(II,III) oxide is used as a blue coloring agent for pottery enamel and glass, as an alternative to cobalt(II) oxide.
Cobalt(II,III) oxide is used as an electrode in some lithium-ion batteries, possibly in the form of cobalt oxide nanoparticles.


Cobalt(II) oxide is an inorganic compound that has been described as an olive-green or gray solid. 
Cobalt Hydroxide is used extensively in the ceramics industry as an additive to create blue colored glazes and enamels as well as in the chemical industry for producing cobalt(II) salts. 
A related material is cobalt(II,III) oxide, a black solid with the formula Co3O4.

Structure and properties
Cobalt Oxide crystals adopt the periclase (rock salt) structure with a lattice constant of 4.2615 Å.
Cobalt Hydroxide is antiferromagnetic below 16 °C.

Preparation
Cobalt(II) oxide is prepared by oxidation of cobalt powder with air or by thermal decomposition of cobalt(II) nitrate or the carbonate.

Cobalt(II,III) oxide decomposes to cobalt(II) oxide at 950 °C:

2 Co3O4 → 6 CoO + O2
Cobalt Hydroxide may also be prepared by precipitating the hydroxide, followed by thermal dehydration:
CoX2 + 2 KOH → Co(OH)2 + 2 KX
Co(OH)2 → CoO + H2O

Applications
Cobalt(II) oxide has for centuries used as a coloring agent on kiln fired pottery. 
The additive provides a deep shade of blue named cobalt blue. 
The band gap (Cobalt Oxide) is around 2.4 eV.
Cobalt Hydroxide also is used in cobalt blue glass.

Cobalt(II) oxide (Cobalt Oxide) can be used as a catalytic material in the form of nanorods in oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE).

Cobalt oxides (CoOx), despite its wide applications, are notoriously complex on structure, in particular under experimental reduction/oxidation conditions. 
Here, using the newly developed machine learning method, stochastic surface walking global optimization in combination with global neural network potential, we are able to, for the first time, explore the global potential energy surface (PES) of CoOx at different Co/O ratios. 
Rich information on the thermodynamics and kinetics of CoOx is thus gleaned from more than 107 PES data, which helps to resolve the long-standing puzzles on CoOx chemistry. 
We show that (i) only CoO and Co3O4 are thermodynamically stable compositions in CoOx, whereas Co3O4 is the most stable phase.
The trivalent Co2O3, although having a well-defined global minimum, tends to decompose to Co3O4 and O2 at finite temperatures.
The solid phase transition between wurtzite CoO (h-CoO) and rock salt CoO (c-CoO) follows the reconstructive phase transition mechanism with a high barrier.
Because a high temperature is required for transition, the strong preference of structural defects inside c-CoO instead of h-CoO contributes to the one-way solid-phase transition from h-CoO to c-CoO. 
Cobalt Hydroxide is c-CoO that can achieve a coherent interface with Co3O4 in forming a biphasic junction, which implies the reversibility of Co3O4 and c-CoO transition under reduction/oxidation conditions. 
Our results demonstrate the power of global neural network potential in material discovery for fast exploration of polymorphism and transition kinetics and lay the structural foundation for understanding CoOx applications.


Metal: Cobalt
Metal content: 72%
Physical state: Powder
Colour: Black
Technology: Pigment
Application: Coatings
Product segment: Cobalt Oxide

Cobalt(II) Oxide (CoO) is a highly insoluble thermally stable Cobalt source suitable for lithium ion batteries and other applications. 
Oxide compounds are not conductive to electricity. 
However, certain perovskite structured oxides are electronically conductive finding application in the cathode of solid oxide fuel cells and oxygen generation systems. 
They are compounds containing at least one oxygen anion and one metallic cation. 
They are typically insoluble in aqueous solutions (water) and extremely stable making them useful in ceramic structures as simple as producing clay bowls to advanced electronics and in light weight structural components in aerospace and electrochemical applications such as fuel cells in which they exhibit ionic conductivity. 
Metal oxide compounds are basic anhydrides and can therefore react with acids and with strong reducing agents in redox reactions. 
Cobalt Oxide is also available in pellets, pieces, powder, sputtering targets, tablets, and nanopowder
High Purity (99.999%) Cobalt Oxide (Co3O4) Powder (from American Elements' nanoscale production facilities). 
Cobalt Oxide is generally immediately available in most volumes. 
Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards. Nanoscale elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered. 
Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available.


About Cobalt Oxide
Helpful information
Cobalt Oxide is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 tonnes per annum.

Cobalt Oxide is used in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Cobalt Oxide is most likely to be released to the environment.

Article service life
Release to the environment of Cobalt Oxide can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).
Other release to the environment of Cobalt Oxide is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).
Cobalt Oxide can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: electrical batteries and accumulators and machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines).
Cobalt Oxide can be found in products with material based on: metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery).

Widespread uses by professional workers
Cobalt Oxide is used in the following products: coating products.
ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using Cobalt Oxide. Other release to the environment of Cobalt Oxide is likely to occur from: outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives) and indoor use.
Formulation or re-packing
Cobalt Oxide is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, coating products and laboratory chemicals.
Cobalt Oxide has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Release to the environment of Cobalt Oxide can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.
Uses at industrial sites
Cobalt Oxide is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, pH regulators and water treatment products, semiconductors and coating products.
Cobalt Oxide has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Cobalt Oxide is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Cobalt Oxide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and electrical, electronic and optical equipment.
Release to the environment of Cobalt Oxide can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in the production of articles, as processing aid and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Manufacture
Release to the environment of Cobalt Oxide can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and formulation in materials.


Uses    
Cobalt(II) oxide is used as a pigment for ceramics and paints; for drying paints, varnishes and oils; for coloring glass; as a catalyst; and for preparation of other cobalt salts. The commercial product is a mixture of cobalt oxides.

Preparation    
Cobalt(II) oxide is prepared by heating cobalt(II) carbonate, CoCO3, cobalt(III) oxide, Co2O3 or tricobalt tetroxide, Co3O4, at high temperatures in a neutral or slightly reducing atmosphere:
CoCO3 → CoO + CO2

Description    
This is obtained as an olive-green powder by heating the metal in air or steam or by thermal decomposition of the hydroxide, carbonate or nitrate. 
Cobalt Hydroxide has the sodium chloride lattice and is antiferromagnetic below 292°K. When heated in oxygen above 400° the black oxide Co3O4 is obtained. 
This oxide is isomorphous with magnetite Fe3O4, and has tetrahedrally surrounded cobalt(II) ions and octahedrally surrounded cobalt(III) ions. 
Both these oxides are readily reduced to the metal by heating in hydrogen or with carbon. The reactions of CoO with silica, alumina and zinc oxide are used to form pigments in the ceramic industry.

Chemical Properties    
Black powder

Physical properties    
The commercial product is usually dark grey powder, but the color may vary from olive geeen to brown depending on particle size; density 6.44 g/cm3, which also may vary between 5.7 to 6.7 g/cm3, depending on the method of preparation; melts around 1,830°C; insoluble in water; soluble in acids and alkalis.

Uses    
In pigments for ceramics; glass coloring and decolorization; oxidation catalyst for drying oils, fast-drying paints and varnishes; preparation of cobalt-metal catalysts, Co powder for binder in sintered tungsten carbide; in semiconductors.


Cobalt oxide (CoO or Co3O4) is a consistent, reliable oxide and a common colorant in pottery. 
Cobalt Hydroxide is available in powdered form and is blackish in color. 
Cobalt Hydroxide is a very strong oxide, and using very small quantities yields bright, intense blues. 
In ceramics, cobalt oxide is used mainly in slips, washes and glazes and can be applied through brushwork, decals or other surface decorating techniques. 
Cobalt Hydroxide can also be added to porcelain or stoneware clay. 
Because cobalt oxide is not as finely powdered as cobalt carbonate, cobalt oxide is more likely to create blue specks, a quality that we believe can be quite beautiful!

Because of the strength of this oxide as a colorant, glazes containing cobalt can produce halos and flashing during firings. 
Suggested concentrations for preparation of slips and glazes are as follows:

In slips: 0.25 - 2%
In glazes: 0.25 - 1%

When mixed with magnesium in the proper concentrations, cobalt oxide can produce purples and lavenders. When properly combined with titanium, greens can result. 
Additional colors and effects can be achieved using cobalt oxide, and we recommend that you consider consulting some of the many wonderful glaze books available.

In its powdered form, Cobalt oxide can be very hazardous if ingested and can cause skin, eye and/or respiratory system irritation. 
Please use proper precautions, including protective coverings, when working with this substance. 
If inappropriate contact does occur, seek medical attention immediately.

What is cobalt oxide colour used for? What is difference between cobalt oxide and cobalt carbonate? How do you use oxides in ceramics?
Co3O4

Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) is a consistent, reliable oxide and a common colorant in pottery. 
Cobalt Hydroxide is available in powdered form and is blackish in color. 
Cobalt Hydroxide is a very strong oxide and using very small quantities yields bright, intense blues. 
In ceramics, cobalt oxide is used mainly in slips, washes, and glazes and can be applied through brushwork, decals, or other surface decorating techniques. 
Cobalt Hydroxide can also be added to porcelain or stoneware clay. 
Because cobalt oxide is not as finely powdered as cobalt carbonate, cobalt oxide is more likely to create blue specks, a quality that we believe can be quite beautiful!

All pigments for ceramics are intermixable so why not get creative and experiment by mixing your own completely fresh color. 
During the firing process, the colors fuse extra vigorously creating purity, intensity, and brilliance. The colors are stronger, therefore, significantly less percentage is needed to create vivid colors making them excessively cost-effective.

How to use Cobalt Oxide Colour in the pottery?
Because of the strength of this oxide as a colorant, glazes containing cobalt can produce halos and flashing during firings. 
Suggested concentrations for preparation of slips and glazes are as follows:

In slips: 0.25 - 2%
In glazes: 0.25 - 1%

When mixed with magnesium in the proper concentrations, cobalt oxide can produce purples and lavenders. When properly combined with titanium, greens can result. 
Additional colors and effects can be achieved using cobalt oxide, and we recommend that you consider consulting some of the many wonderful glaze books available.

When using ceramic pigments in glazes, usually in concentrations of 1–10%, a little more care must be taken because some pigment systems react with materials in a glaze.

A metallic coloring oxide that produces blue in glazes at all temperatures. 
Black Cobalt Oxide (Co3O4) is the principle source of CoO used in glazes, glass, and enamels.


APPLICATION
 Potential to enhance immune response to vaccines against intracellular pathogens
 Use as an adjuvant where both Th1 and Th2 responses are needed to clear pathogens

Cobalt oxide produces an evenly textured blue glaze (1-3%) which is more intense than the carbonate. 
Cobalt almost always produces blues, which may vary somewhat with glaze composition, high zinc glazes tending to give greenish blues (especially if titanium is present) and high magnesium glazes tending to produce lilac or pink hues. 
Cobalt is quite soluble in glazes, consequently it has little or no opacifying effect in the amounts normally used (rarely more than 1-2%). 
Cobalt is an active flux and it may be necessary to take this into account when using it in some glazes, as it may increase their fusibility quite considerably.
Like other raw oxides (or carbonates) of copper, manganese and nickel, cobalt may cause blisters or bubbles in some glazes due to changing oxidation state during the firing cycle.

Cobalt Oxide Powder is oxides of Cobalt and is Inorganic Compounds. 
There are three oxides of cobalt.

They are as below:
1) Cobalt (II) oxide known as Cobaltous Oxide or Cobalt monoxide.
2) Cobalt (III) oxide known as the Cobaltic oxide or Dicobalt trioxide.
3) Cobalt (II, III) oxide known as Cobaltosic oxide, Tri Cobalt tetroxide, Cobalto-cobaltic oxide.
Cobalt (II) oxide CAS number [1307-96-6] has Molecular formula CoO, Mol. Wt.: 74.9326 gm. /mole. 
Cobalt Hydroxide is a blackish or grayish powder finds its application mainly in ceramic industries and also in chemical industries for preparing Cobalt (II) salts such as Cobalt (II) nitrate having Mol. 
Formula Co( NO3 )2.
Cobalt (III) oxide CAS number [1308-04-9] has Molecular formula Co2 O3, Mol. Wt.: 165.86 gm. / mole. Cobalt Hydroxide is a black colored powder.
Cobalt (II, III) oxide CAS number [1308-06-1] has Molecular formula Co3 O4, Molecular Wt.: 240.8 gm. /mole. 
Cobalt Hydroxide is available in black colored powder form, soluble in hot acids and alkali hydroxides. Cobalt (II, III) oxide is used mainly as a pigment in glass industries.

Cobalt oxide is an olive-green to red crystals or grayish or black powder in appearance, cobalt oxide is used extensively in the ceramics industry as an additive to create blue colored glazes and names as well as in the chemical industry for producing cobalt (II) salts.

Cobalt oxide is a metallic pigment that provides blue coloring in porcelains and glass. 
Various forms of cobalt oxide are changes to CoO at 850 – 900 C. 
CoO is a grayish brown powder that decomposes at 1935 C, insoluble in water. 
Cobalt Hydroxide is also used as a drying agent in inks and varnishes and as a feed and fertilizer additive.


CoO is a metallic coloring oxide that produces blue in glazes at all temperatures (unless in very high percentages where it will be black). 
Cobalt is also useful as a body and slip stain. 
Cobalt materials are very expensive, this severely limits its practical use in many things. 
Larger amounts are available.


IUPAC NAMES:
Cobalt (II) oxide powder
Cobalt monoxide
cobalt monoxide
Cobalt monoxide, Cobalt(II) oxide
Cobalt Oxide
Cobalt oxide
cobalt oxide
Cobalt Oxide
Cobalt oxide
cobalt oxide
Cobalt(2+) oxide
Cobaltoxid
oxocobalt


SYNONYMS: 
C.I. 77322
C.I. Pigment black 13
c.i.77322
c.i.pigmentblack13
ci77322
cipigmentblack13
Cobalt monooxide
Cobalt oxide (CoO)
Cobalt(2+) oxide
cobalt(2+)oxide
cobaltmonooxide
cobaltoxide(coo)
CoO
Monocobalt oxide
monocobaltoxide
Prepared cobalt oxide
Zaffre
COBALT OXIDE
COBALT MONOXIDE
COBALTOUS (II) OXIDE
COBALTOUS MONOXIDE
COBALTOUS OXIDE
COBALT(II) OXIDE
Cobalt(II) oxide, 99.999% (metals basis)
Cobalt (II) oxide, 95 %
COBALT(II) OXIDE, -325 MESH
COBALT(II) OXIDE, 99.99+%
Cobalt(Ⅱ)oxde
COBALT OXID
Cobalt(Ⅱ) oxide
COBALT(II) OXIDE POWDER
Black 13
Cobalt(II) oxide, -325 mesh, 99+%
ULTRAFINECOBALTOXIDE
C. I. Pigment Black 13 (77322)
1,2-Benzenedimethanethiol, 4,5-dimethyl-
Oxocobalt
COBALT(II) OXIDE, 99+%, -325 MESH
Cobalt(II) oxide,Cobaltous oxide
Cobalt(II) oxide, -325 Mesh, 99+% 10GR
Cobalt(II) oxideCobltous oxide
Cobalt(II) oxide, 99.998% (metals basis)
Cobalt(II) oxide, 99.995% (Metals basis)
Cobalt(II)oxi
Cobalt(II) oxide, 99.995% trace metals basis
Cobalt(II) oxide >=99.99% trace metals basis
Cobalt(II) Oxide Nanoparticles / Nanopowder
Cobalt oxide,99%

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