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EC / List no.: 202-327-6
CAS no.: 94-36-0
Mol. formula: C14H10O4
Dibenzoyl peroxide is a chemical compound (specifically, an organic peroxide) with structural formula (C6H5−C(=O)O−)2, often abbreviated as (BzO)2.
In terms of its structure, the molecule can be described as two benzoyl (C6H5−C(=O)−, Bz) groups connected by a peroxide (−O−O−).
Dibenzoyl peroxideis a white granular solid with a faint odour of benzaldehyde, poorly soluble in water but soluble in acetone, ethanol, and many other organic solvents.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is an oxidizer, which is principally used as in the production of polymers.
As a bleach, Dibenzoyl peroxidehas been used as a medication and a water disinfectant.
In specialized contexts, the name may be abbreviated as BPO.
As a medication, Dibenzoyl peroxide is mostly used to treat acne, either alone or in combination with other treatments.
Some versions are sold mixed with antibiotics such as clindamycin.
Dibenzoyl peroxideis on the WHO List of Essential Medicines, and, in the US, Dibenzoyl peroxideis available as an over-the-counter and generic medication.
Dibenzoyl peroxideis also used in dentistry for teeth whitening.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is also used in the plastics industry and for bleaching flour, hair, and textiles.
History
Dibenzoyl peroxide was first prepared and described by Liebig in 1858.
Dibenzoyl peroxidewas the first organic peroxide prepared intentionally.
In 1901, J. H. Kastle and his graduate student A. S. Loevenhart observed that the compound made the tincture of guaiacum tincture turn blue, a sign of oxygen being released.
Around 1905, Loevenhart reported on the successful use of BPO to treat various skin conditions, including burns, chronic varicose leg tumors, and tinea sycosis.
He also reported animal experiments that showed the relatively low toxicity of the compound.
Treatment with Dibenzoyl peroxide was proposed for wounds by Lyon and Reynolds in 1929, and for sycosis vulgaris and acne varioliformis by Peck and Chagrin in 1934.
However, preparations were often of questionable quality.
Dibenzoyl peroxidewas officially approved for the treatment of acne in the US in 1960.
Medical uses
Acne treatment
Dibenzoyl peroxide is effective for treating acne lesions.
Dibenzoyl peroxidedoes not induce antibiotic resistance.
Dibenzoyl peroxidemay be combined with salicylic acid, sulfur, erythromycin or clindamycin (antibiotics), or adapalene (a synthetic retinoid).
Two common combination drugs include Dibenzoyl peroxide/clindamycin and adapalene/Dibenzoyl peroxide, an unusual formulation considering most retinoids are deactivated by peroxides.
Combination products such as Dibenzoyl peroxide/clindamycin and Dibenzoyl peroxide/salicylic acid appear to be slightly more effective than Dibenzoyl peroxide alone for the treatment of acne lesions.
The combination tretinoin/Dibenzoyl peroxide was approved in 2021.
Dibenzoyl peroxide for acne treatment is typically applied to the affected areas in gel, cream, or liquid, in concentrations of 2.5% increasing through 5.0%, and up to 10%.
No strong evidence supports the idea that higher concentrations of Dibenzoyl peroxide are more effective than lower concentrations.
Mechanism of action
Classically, Dibenzoyl peroxide is thought to have a three-fold activity in treating acne.
Dibenzoyl peroxideis sebostatic, comedolytic, and inhibits growth of Cutibacterium acnes, the main bacterium associated with acne.
In general, acne vulgaris is a hormone-mediated inflammation of sebaceous glands and hair follicles.
Hormone changes cause an increase in keratin and sebum production, leading to blocked drainage. C. acnes has many lytic enzymes that break down the proteins and lipids in the sebum, leading to an inflammatory response.
The free-radical reaction of Dibenzoyl peroxide can break down the keratin, therefore unblocking the drainage of sebum (comedolytic).
Dibenzoyl peroxidecan cause nonspecific peroxidation of C. acnes, making Dibenzoyl peroxidebactericidal, and Dibenzoyl peroxidewas thought to decrease sebum production, but disagreement exists within the literature on this.
Some evidence suggests that Dibenzoyl peroxide has an anti-inflammatory effect as well. In micromolar concentrations Dibenzoyl peroxideprevents neutrophils from releasing reactive oxygen species, part of the inflammatory response in acne.
Dosage
In the U.S., the typical concentration for Dibenzoyl peroxide is 2.5% to 10% for both prescription and over-the-counter drug preparations that are used in treatment for acne.
Other medical uses
Dibenzoyl peroxide is used in dentistry as a tooth whitening product.
Non-medical uses
Dibenzoyl peroxide is one of the most important organic peroxides in terms of applications and the scale of its production.
Dibenzoyl peroxideis often used as a convenient oxidant in organic chemistry.
Bleaching
Like most peroxides, Dibenzoyl peroxideis a powerful bleaching agent.
Dibenzoyl peroxidehas been used for the bleaching of flour, fats, oils, waxes, and cheeses, as well as a stain remover.
Polymerization
Dibenzoyl peroxide is also used as a radical initiator to induce chain-growth polymerization reactions, such as for polyester and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) resins and dental cements and restoratives.
Dibenzoyl peroxideis the most important among the various organic peroxides used for this purpose, a relatively safe alternative to the much more hazardous methyl ethyl ketone peroxide.
Dibenzoyl peroxideis also used in rubber curing and as a finishing agent for some acetate yarns.
Reactivity
The original 1858 synthesis by Liebig reacted benzoyl chloride with barium peroxide, a reaction that probably follows this equation:
2 C6H5C(O)Cl + BaO2 → (C6H5CO)2O2 + BaCl2
Dibenzoyl peroxide is usually prepared by treating hydrogen peroxide with benzoyl chloride under alkaline conditions.
2 C6H5COCl + H2O2 + 2 NaOH → (C6H5CO)2O2 + 2 NaCl + 2 H2O
The oxygen–oxygen bond in peroxides is weak.
Thus, Dibenzoyl peroxide readily undergoes homolysis (symmetrical fission), forming free radicals:
(C6H5CO)2O2 → 2 C6H5CO•2
The symbol • indicates that the products are radicals; i.e., they contain at least one unpaired electron.
Such species are highly reactive.
The homolysis is usually induced by heating. The half-life of Dibenzoyl peroxide is one hour at 92 °C.
At 131 °C, the half-life is one minute.[
About Dibenzoyl peroxide
Helpful information
Dibenzoyl peroxide is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Consumer Uses
Dibenzoyl peroxide is used in the following products: fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, adhesives and sealants and cosmetics and personal care products. Other release to the environment of Dibenzoyl peroxide is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance and outdoor use as reactive substance.
Article service life
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Dibenzoyl peroxide is most likely to be released to the environment. ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed.
Widespread uses by professional workers
Dibenzoyl peroxide is used in the following products: polymers.
ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using Dibenzoyl peroxide. Other release to the environment of Dibenzoyl peroxide is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance and outdoor use as reactive substance.
Formulation or re-packing
Dibenzoyl peroxide is used in the following products: polymers and adhesives and sealants.
Release to the environment of Dibenzoyl peroxide can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Uses at industrial sites
Dibenzoyl peroxide is used in the following products: polymers and adhesives and sealants.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is used in the following areas: scientific research and development.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is used for the manufacture of: plastic products and rubber products.
Release to the environment of Dibenzoyl peroxide can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and as processing aid.
Manufacture
Release to the environment of Dibenzoyl peroxide can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Chemical Properties
Formula
C14H10O4
Formula Weight
242.23
Storage & Sensitivity
Ambient temperatures.
Solubility
Soluble in ether and chloroform. Slightlysoluble in ethanol.
Insoluble in water.
Applications
Dibenzoyl peroxide is widely utilized as a radical initiator to induce polymerizations.
Dibenzoyl peroxide finds applications for acne treatment, for bleaching flour, hair and teeth and for cross-linking polyester resins.
Dibenzoyl peroxide also has major applications in antiseptic and bleaching properties.
Dibenzoyl peroxide serves as a catalyst for polyester thermoset resins and as a hardener to start the polymerization process.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is a peroxide with antibacterial, irritant, keratolytic, comedolytic, and anti-inflammatory activity.
Upon topical application, Dibenzoyl peroxide decomposes to release oxygen which is lethal to the bacteria Proprionibacterium acnes.
Due to its irritant effect, Dibenzoyl peroxide increases turnover rate of epithelial cells, thereby peeling the skin and promoting the resolution of comedones.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris.
Dibenzoyl peroxide appears as odorless white powder or granules. Sinks in water.
Dibenzoyl peroxide, [<= 77% with water] is a white, odorless powder. Moderately toxic. Keep in a cool place in isolation, out of the sunlight and away from heat.
Dibenzoyl peroxide acts as an antibacterial, irritant, keratolytic, comedolytic, and anti-inflammatory agent when applied topically to the human epithelium.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is a peroxide with an antibacterial, irritant, keratolytic, comedolytic, and anti-inflammatory activity.
Upon topical application, Dibenzoyl peroxide decomposes to release oxygen which is lethal to the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes.
Due to its irritant effect, Dibenzoyl peroxide increases the turnover rate of epithelial cells, thereby peeling the skin and promoting the resolution of comedones.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris.
Use and Manufacturing
Household & Commercial/Institutional Products
• Home Maintenance
• Inside the Home
• Personal Care
Uses
• General adhesives and binding agents for a variety of uses
• Additive for products to promote hardening, used in paints and varnishes, plastics, etc.
• Relating to agricultural, including the raising and farming of animals and growing of crops
• Related to animals (but non-veterinary) e.g., animal husbandry, farming of animals/animal production, raising of animals for food or fur, animal feed, products for household pets
• Products used on crops, or related to the growing of crops
• Arts and crafts supplies such as painting, beading/jewelry making, scrapbooking, needlecrafts, clay, etc.
• Relatived to the maintenance and repair of automobiles, products for cleaning and caring for automobiles (auto shampoo, polish/wax, undercarriage treatment, brake grease)
• Binding agents, used in paint, sand, etc
• General bleaching agents, bleaching agents for textiles (unclear if bleaching agents are for consumer or industrial use)
• Related to the building or construction process for buildings or boats (includes activities such as plumbing and electrical work, bricklaying, etc)
• Related to the building or repair of ships, pleasure boats, or sporting boats
• Bricks or related to bricklaying/masonry
• Plumbing, plumbing tools (home or industrial use)
• Materials used in the building process, such as flooring, insulation, caulk, tile, wood, glass, etc.
• Fillers for paints, textiles, plastics, etc
• Additive for products to promote hardening, used in paints and varnishes, plastics, etc.
• Flooring materials (carpets, wood, vinyl flooring), or related to flooring such as wax or polish for floors
• Insulating materials to protect from noise, cold, etc (such as used in homes or buildings), insulating materials related to electricity
• Caulk, mortar, or putty compounds
• Wall construction materials, or wall coverings
• Casting agents or molding compounds for plastics, sand, or metals
• Catalyst
• Modifier used for chemical, when chemical is used in a laboratory
• Related to products specifically designed for children (e.g. toys, children's cosmetics, etc)
• Term used for colorants, dyes, or pigments; includes colorants for drugs, textiles, personal care products (cosmetics, tatoo inks, hair dye), food colorants, and inks for printing
• Plastic products, industry for plastics, manufacturing of plastics, plastic additives
• Drug product, or related to the manufacturing of drugs; modified by veterinary, animal, or pet
• Fillers for paints, textiles, plastics, etc
• Pharmaceutical related
• Fixatives or fixing agents
• Includes antifoaming agents, coagulating agents, dispersion agents, emulsifiers, flotation agents, foaming agents, viscosity adjustors, etc
• Includes spices, extracts, colorings, flavors, etc added to food for human consumption
• Includes food packaging, paper plates, cutlery, small appliances such as roasters, etc.; does not include facilities that manufacture food
• Additive for products to promote hardening, used in paints and varnishes, plastics, etc.
• Related to the activity of hunting
• Term applied when source specifically indicates product is for industrial use, or use in the industrial sector
• Related to electrical work (such as wiring of a building), electric current insulation materials, or other electrical components
• General adhesives and binding agents for a variety of uses
• Wood used as a building material, wood preservatives
• Related to manufacturing for export
• Manufacturing of or related to machinery, for production of cement or food, air/spacescraft machinery, electrical machinery, etc
• Beverages for human consumption (e.g., juice, water, alcohol), or related to beverages for human consumption (e.g. machinery for production of beverages, or facilities serving beverages)
• Chemicals in cigarettes, or tobacco related products, or related to the manufacturing of tobacco products
• General medical instruments or medical facilities, spectacle lenses and optical instruments
• Related to metals - manufacturing of metals, casting of metals, production of metals, surface treatment of metals, etc
• Various types of paint for various uses
• Plastic products, industry for plastics, manufacturing of plastics, plastic additives
• Rubber products (e.g. tires) and their manufacture
• Relatived to the maintenance and repair of automobiles, products for cleaning and caring for automobiles (auto shampoo, polish/wax, undercarriage treatment, brake grease)
• Additive for products to promote hardening, used in paints and varnishes, plastics, etc.
• Personal care products, including cosmetics, shampoos, perfumes, soaps, lotions, toothpastes, etc
• Subcategory of personal_care, includes fragrances, shampoos, make-up, etc.
• Personal care products used on the face (includes facial treatments, oil and blemish control, make-up removers, facial cleansers)
• Chemicals on lists subject to restrictions of use (i.e. some use allowed, but use is limited) in Europe
• Substances used for preventing, destroying or mitigating pests
• Personal care products used on the face (includes facial treatments, oil and blemish control, make-up removers, facial cleansers)
• Inert ingredients in a pesticide
• Related to photography, film, photographic equipment, photographic laboraties, photochemicals, and developing of photographs
• Plastic products, industry for plastics, manufacturing of plastics, plastic additives
• Additive for products to promote hardening, used in paints and varnishes, plastics, etc.
• Accelerators, activators, oxidation agents, reducing agents, etc
• Vulcanizing agents and rubberizing materials
• Surface treatments for metals, hardening agents, corrosion inhibitors, polishing agents, rust inhibitors, water repellants, etc (surfaces to be applied to often not indicated in source description)
• Bleaching agent for flour, fats, oils, and waxes; polymerization catalyst; drying agent for unsaturated oils; pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes; rubber vulcanization without sulfur; burnout agent for acetate yarns; production of cheese; embossing vinyl flooring (proprietary).
• Source of free radicals for industrial processes. Oxidizing agent in bleaching oils, flour, etc.; catalyst in the plastics industry; initiator in polymerization.
• For Dibenzoyl peroxide (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 128964) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
Industry Uses
• Adhesives and sealant chemicals
• Fillers
• Intermediates
• Oxidizing/reducing agents
• Plasticizers
• Process regulators
• Processing aids, not otherwise listed
Consumer Uses
• Adhesives and sealants
• Arts, crafts, and hobby materials
• Automotive care products
• Personal care products
• Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere
Industry Processing Sectors
• Adhesive manufacturing
• All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
• Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing
• Miscellaneous manufacturing
• Paint and coating manufacturing
• Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
• Plastic material and resin manufacturing
• Plastics product manufacturing
• Rubber product manufacturing
• Services
About Dibenzoyl peroxide
Dibenzoyl peroxide is used to treat acne.
Dibenzoyl peroxide works as an antiseptic to reduce the number of germs (bacteria) on the surface of your skin.
Dibenzoyl peroxide comes as a gel or face wash containing 5% Dibenzoyl peroxide.
This is available to buy from pharmacies under the brand name Acnecide.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is sometimes mixed with potassium hydroxyquinoline sulfate.
This is an "antimicrobial" ingredient that kills micro-organisms on your skin.
It's sold in pharmacies as Quinoderm cream.
Some Dibenzoyl peroxide products are available on prescription only.
This is because they contain other active ingredients such as antibiotics or retinoids (exfoliants).
Many popular skincare brands also make products that contain Dibenzoyl peroxide, but at a lower strength. These are available to buy in pharmacies, supermarkets and shops.
Brands include Clean & Clear, Neutrogena and Clearasil.
Key facts
Dibenzoyl peroxide 5% takes around 4 weeks to start working.
You'll usually use it 1 or 2 times a day.
The most common side effect is skin irritation.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is better to use it less often at first, then build up as your skin gets used to it.
Pharmacy brands include Acnecide 5% gel and Acnecide Wash 5%.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is also an ingredient in Duac Once Daily (with clindamycin, an antibiotic) and Epiduo gel (with adapalene, a retinoid).
Who can and cannot use Dibenzoyl peroxide
Most adults and children over 12 years old can use Dibenzoyl peroxide.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is not suitable for some people.
To make sure Dibenzoyl peroxide is safe for you, tell your doctor before using this medicine if you:
are allergic to Dibenzoyl peroxide or other medicines.
have damaged or broken skin where you need to use the treatment.
have very bad acne with nodules (large, hard lumps that build up beneath the surface of the skin and can be painful) or cysts (large, pus-filled lumps that look similar to boils).
These need to be treated by a doctor to avoid scarring.
How and when to use it
Dibenzoyl peroxide is for use on your skin only.
Always wash your hands before and after using this medicine.
If your skin becomes dry or starts peeling, try using Dibenzoyl peroxide less often. Put it on once a day or once every 2 days, until your skin gets used to it.
Dibenzoyl peroxide can bleach or discolour your hair, as well as clothes, towels and bedding. Keep it away from hair and coloured fabrics.
How to use Dibenzoyl peroxide 5% gel
Wash the affected area with a mild skin cleanser and water.
Gently pat your skin dry.
Put a thin layer of gel on all the affected areas. If your whole face has acne, use a strip of gel (2.5cm long) each time.
You'll usually use the gel once or twice a day. If you have sensitive skin, use the gel once a day, before going to bed.
Try to avoid strong sunlight while using Dibenzoyl peroxide gel. Use an oil-free sunscreen, or a moisturiser or foundation with added SPF30. In stronger sunlight, use SPF30 or above. Ask a pharmacist to help you pick a sunscreen that's right for your skin type.
How to use Dibenzoyl peroxide 5% wash
Wet the area you want to treat.
Place a small amount of the product onto your hands.
Smooth it onto the affected area.
Keep the wash on your skin for no more than 1 to 2 minutes.
Rinse your face thoroughly with water.
Gently pat your skin dry.
You'll usually use the wash 1 or 2 times a day.
How long will I use it for?
Dibenzoyl peroxide depends on how quickly your condition improves.
Dibenzoyl peroxide will usually start to work within 4 weeks, but once your acne is under control you may want to keep using it to stop your acne coming back.
What if I forget to use it?
Dibenzoyl peroxide does not matter if you forget to use Dibenzoyl peroxide.
When you remember, start using it again once or twice a day in the same way as before.
What if I use too much?
If you use too much Dibenzoyl peroxide, your skin may become irritated. Wash off as much as you can and wait for the irritation to go away.
When your skin has calmed down again, you can start using Dibenzoyl peroxide again. Be careful to follow the instructions on the package.
Acne vulgaris
Although the precise cause of acne is unclear, it appears to be associated with at least four factors: increased sebum production, follicular keratinization, bacterial colonization, and inflammation.
The study suggests the prevalent bacterium implicated in the clinical course of acne is Propionibacterium acnes (P acnes), a gram-positive anaerobe that normally inhabits the skin and is implicated in the inflammatory phase of acne.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is mainly indicated in the treatment of mild to moderate acne and is often prescribed in conjunction with oral antibiotics (erythromycin or clindamycin) in the treatment of moderate to severe acne.
Active Ingredients for Acne Medications Dibenzoyl peroxide used in 2.5, 5, and 10 percent concentrations, depending on the acne severity.
Usually, these are in a gel spreading agent, but they can also be in a cream base or a drying paste. Dibenzoyl peroxide is keratolytic, which means “keratin-dissolving” and works by loosening dead cells stuck in the follicles. Dibenzoyl peroxide also releases oxygen in the follicle.
Because acne bacteria are anaerobic, they cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.
Dibenzoyl peroxide essentially works both as an interfollicular exfoliant and as an antibacterial.
Mode of action
Dibenzoyl peroxide is lipophilic that can penetrate the stratum corneum and enter the pilosebaceous follicle.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is rapidly broken down to benzoic acid and hydrogen peroxide and generates free radicals that oxidize proteins in bacterial cell membranes, exerting a bactericidal action.
In addition, it has been shown that Dibenzoyl peroxide can reduce the free fatty acid content of sebum, which provides a useful marker for bacterial activity.
Dibenzoyl peroxide has an anti-inflammatory action and vitro studies suggest that this action arises from its ability to kill polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN cells) in the pilosebaceous follicles and so prevent their release of reactive oxygen species such as peroxides which enhance tissue inflammation.
Involving equation about this process:
C6H5C(O)O-OC(O)C6H5 + H2O 2 C6H5COOH + ½ O2
Moreover, due to its irritant effect, Dibenzoyl peroxide increases the turnover rate of epithelial cells, thereby peeling the skin and promoting the resolution of comedones.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is used as a bleaching agent for certain foods, an oxidizing agent, a polymerizing initiator in the manufacture of plastics, a curing agent for silicone rubber, and an ingredient in various industrial processes.
Dibenzoyl peroxide, like most peroxides, is a powerful bleaching agent.
Dibenzoyl peroxide has a long history of use in the food industry as a bleaching agent added for flour, whey, and milk for cheese making.
Contact with fabrics or hair can cause permanent color dampening almost immediately.
Even secondary contact can cause bleaching.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is widely used as a catalyst in the polymerisation of molecules like styrene (phenylethene) to form polystyrene, which used to make many things from drinking cups to packaging material.
Dibenzoyl peroxide and Pregnancy
There are no studies looking at women who use topical Dibenzoyl peroxide during pregnancy.
When Dibenzoyl peroxide is applied topically, only 5% is absorbed through the skin, and then it is completely metabolized to benzoic acid within the skin and excreted unchanged in the urine.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is not likely to increase risk for birth defects or cause problems for the baby.
However, systemic effects on a pregnant woman and her child would not be expected and therefore use of this product during pregnancy would not be of concern.
Description
Dibenzoyl peroxide may affect workers in the electronics and plastics (epoxy resins and catalysts) industries, electricians, ceramic workers, dentists and dental technicians, laboratory technicians and bakers.
As it was contained in candles, it also induced contact dermatitis in a sacristan. However, some positive tests are of unknown occupational relevance.
Chemical Properties
white powder or crystals
Dibenzoyl peroxide is an odorless, white or colorless crystalline powder.
Uses of Dibenzoyl peroxide
Dibenzoyl peroxide is an antibacterial ingredient commonly used in acne treatments.
Dibenzoyl peroxide functions by forcing an oxidant (peroxide in this case) into the philosebaceous orifice where it releases oxygen, thereby diminishing the P. acnes population.
This reduces the level of free fatty acids and skin infection.
Dibenzoyl peroxide may cause skin irritation in people with sensitive skin.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is a colorless, crystalline solid with a faint odor of benzaldehyde resulting from the interaction of benzoyl chloride and a cooled sodium peroxide solution.
it is insoluble in water.
it is used in specified cheeses at 0.0002% of milk level.
it is used for the bleaching of flour, slowly decomposing to exert its full bleaching action, which results in whiter flour and bread.
vitamin B complex
Dibenzoyl peroxide is a widely used organic compound of the peroxide family.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is often used in acne treatments , bleaching and polymerizing polyester and many other uses.
Source of free radicals for industrial processes.
Oxidizing agent in bleaching oils, flour, etc.; catalyst in the plastics industry; initiator in polymerization.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is used as a source offree radicals in many organic syntheses andto initiate polymerizations of styrene, vinylchloride, vinyl acetate, and acrylics; to curethermoset polyester resins and silicone rubbers;in medicine for treating acne; and forbleaching vegetable oil, cheese, flour, and fats.
Indications
Dibenzoyl peroxide is a potent oxidizing agent that has both antimicrobial and comedolytic properties; its primary use is in treating acne vulgaris.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is converted in the skin to benzoic acid; clearance of absorbed drug is rapid, and no systemic toxicity has been observed.
The major toxicities are irritation and contact allergy.
Outgrowth of bacteria resistant to topical antibiotics used to treat acne can be reduced by the addition of Dibenzoyl peroxide in combination products such as erythromycin (Benzamycin) and clindamycin (Benzaclin).
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
Dibenzoyl peroxide products are used topically either as gels or in shampoos. Shampoos are generally used for seborrheas, greasy skin (seborrhea oleosa), or crusty pyodermas (such as seborrheic dermatitis/pyoderma commonly seen in Cocker Spaniels).
Gels may be useful for treating recurrent localized skin infections (e.g., chin acne), localized Demodex lesions, superficial and deep pyodermas (adjunctive therapy), seborrhea oleosa, and Schnauzer comedo syndrome.
Dibenzoyl peroxide possesses antimicrobial (especially antibacterial), keratolytic and antiseborrheic actions.
Dibenzoyl peroxide also is Dibenzoyl peroxide has some mild antipruritic activity and wound healing effects, and is thought to increase follicular flushing.
Dibenzoyl peroxide’s antimicrobial activity is due to the oxidative benzoyl peroxy radicals formed that disrupt cell membranes.
storage
Dibenzoyl peroxide should be stored in acool and well-ventilated area, isolated fromother chemicals and free of heating andelectrical installations.
Dry compound maybe shipped in polyethylene-lined paper bagsor fiber containers packed in wooden boxeso.
Purification Methods
Dissolve Dibenzoyl peroxide in CHCl3 at room temperature and precipitate it by adding an equal volume of MeOH or pet ether.
Similarly it is precipitated from acetone by adding two volumes of distilled water. Dibenzoyl peroxide has also been crystallised from 50% MeOH and from diethyl ether.
Dry it under vacuum at room temperature for 24hours.
Store it in a desiccator in the dark at 0o.
When purifying in the absence of water it can be EXPLOSIVE, and operations should be done on a very small scale with adequate protection. Large amounts should be kept moist with water and stored in a refrigerator. [Kim et al. J Org Chem 52 3691 1987, Beilstein 9 IV 777.]
Dibenzoyl peroxide is used to treat mild to moderate acne.
Dibenzoyl peroxide may be used in combination with other acne treatments.
When applied to the skin, Dibenzoyl peroxide works by reducing the amount of acne-causing bacteria and by causing the skin to dry and peel.
Check the ingredients on the label even if you have used the product before.
The manufacturer may have changed the ingredients.
Also, products with similar names may contain different ingredients meant for different purposes.
Taking the wrong product could harm you.
How to use Dibenzoyl peroxide Gel
Read the Patient Information Leaflet if available from your pharmacist before you start using this product and each time you get a refill.
If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
Before using this product for the first time, check if you are allergic to it.
To check, put a small amount on one or two small areas of acne for three days.
If you have an allergic reaction, stop using this product and get medical help right away (see the symptoms of an allergic reaction in the Side Effects section).
If you don't have an allergic reaction, you can use the product.
There are many Dibenzoyl peroxide products available.
Many can be purchased without a prescription. Some products (such as cleansers, foam, or lotions) may require a prescription.
Consult your doctor or pharmacist on the choice of the product that is best for you.
If you are using the over-the-counter product to self-treat, read and follow all directions on the product package before using this medication.
If you have any questions, consult your pharmacist.
If your doctor has prescribed this medication, use it as directed.
Some products require shaking before use.
Check your product package to see if your form of this medication needs to be shaken.
Apply Dibenzoyl peroxide to the areas of your skin affected by acne.
Avoid getting this medication into your eyes, inside your nose or mouth, or on any areas of broken skin since it may cause irritation.
If this occurs, flush the area with plenty of water.
Dibenzoyl peroxide may bleach hair or fabrics. Use carefully, and avoid contact with hair, clothing, and furnishings.
If using cleansers containing Dibenzoyl peroxide, wet the affected area.
Gently rub the cleanser into the skin for 10-20 seconds.
Work into a full lather and rinse thoroughly and then pat dry.
If too much drying occurs, you may need to rinse the cleanser off sooner or use it less often.
Consult your doctor or pharmacist for further details.
If you are using the liquid wash, cleansing pad, or cleanser bar, use it instead of soap once or twice a day.
Wet the skin before applying, gently work up a lather for 10 to 20 seconds, and rinse thoroughly.
Do not scrub the skin.
If using the shaving cream, first wet the area to be shaved.
Apply a small amount of the medication, gently rub into the area, and then shave.
If you are using a cream, foam, lotion, or gel, apply it to the affected area as directed, usually once or twice a day.
Before applying each dose, gently wash the affected area with a mild cleanser, then pat dry.
Apply a small amount of medicine to the affected area and rub in gently.
Some products may require rinsing off after application for a certain amount of time.
Check your product package to see if your form of this medication needs to be rinsed off.
If you are using the medicated pads or sponges, wash the affected skin with a mild cleanser, then pat dry.
Wipe the pad or sponge gently onto the skin to apply the medication, usually once or twice a day to the skin as directed.
The dosage is based on your medical condition and response to therapy.
Improvement in acne is usually seen after 3 weeks of use, and maximum benefit after 8-12 weeks of use.
Do not increase your dose or use this drug more often or for longer than directed.
Your condition will not improve any faster, and your risk of side effects will increase.
If your condition persists or worsens, or if you think you may have a serious medical problem, get medical help right away.
Dibenzoyl peroxide
Dibenzoyl peroxide is used, in particular, for external treatment of acne.
About 5% is absorbed (Leachman 2006).
To some extent, it is converted to benzoic acid in the skin.
Simultaneous topical therapy with retinoids increases the absorption.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is also used in the food and plastics industries.
There are insufficient epidemiological data for a risk assessment.
Despite the broad use, there are no indications of any teratogenic effects.
Acne is the common cause of spots.
Most people with acne are aged between 12 and 25, but some older and younger people are affected too.
Small sebaceous glands lie just under your skin surface and make an oil (sebum) that keeps your skin supple and smooth.
Tiny pores on your skin allow the sebum to come on to the surface of your skin.
In acne, some of these pores become blocked, causing small pimples, blackheads and whiteheads.
Dibenzoyl peroxide has three actions - it kills germs (bacteria), it reduces inflammation and it helps to unplug blocked pores. You can buy Dibenzoyl peroxide without a prescription at a pharmacy.
Dibenzoyl peroxide comes in different brand names and strengths - there is a 2.5%, 4%, 5% and 10% strength.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is also available in combination preparations used for acne.
Dibenzoyl peroxide can be combined with an antibiotic called clindamycin (brand name Duac® Once Daily), or with another medicine used for acne, called adapalene (brand name Epiduo®).
Both of these preparations need to be prescribed by a doctor, and should be used as directed by the doctor.
Before using Dibenzoyl peroxide
To make sure that this is the right treatment for you, before you start using Dibenzoyl peroxide it is important that your doctor or pharmacist knows:
If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, although Dibenzoyl peroxide is not known to be harmful in pregnancy.
If you are taking any medicines, or using any other skin preparations.
This includes any which are available to buy without a prescription, as well as herbal and complementary medicines.
If you have ever had an allergic reaction to a skin product.
How to use Dibenzoyl peroxide
Before you start the treatment, read the manufacturer's printed information leaflet from inside the pack.
Dibenzoyl peroxide will give you more information about Dibenzoyl peroxide and will provide you with a full list of the side-effects which you could experience from using it.
Dibenzoyl peroxide is recommended that you use Dibenzoyl peroxide once or twice each day.
When you first start using it, you will be recommended to use a 4% or 5% strength preparation.
This will help keep any skin irritation to a minimum.
If you find it does irritate then try the 2.5% strength once the irritation has settled.
These strength preparations often work as well as the higher 10% strength preparations and cause less skin irritation.
If necessary, you can increase the strength of the preparation as you go on, but do this gradually. A general point is that you should apply Dibenzoyl peroxide to all of the area where your spots occur and not just to each spot.
Creams and gels should be applied about 15 minutes or so after washing the area with soap and water and gently drying with a towel.
At first you may want to wash the preparation off after a few hours, but gradually try to increase the length of time you leave it on the skin.
When your skin is used to the preparation, aim to put it on twice a day and leave it on.
If you are using a 'wash', wet your skin and then pour some of the liquid wash on to your hands and use it to wash the affected areas.
Leave it on for a minute or so before you rinse it off.
Then dry the area gently with a towel.
As you apply Dibenzoyl peroxide, try to avoid getting it on the sensitive areas of your skin in or around your nostrils, your eyes and your mouth.
Do not apply it to any areas of skin which are irritated or sore.
Getting the most from your treatment
Dibenzoyl peroxide is recommended that you use a mild soap and lukewarm water to wash with.
You cannot clean off blackheads.
The black tip of a blackhead is actually a skin pigment and cannot be removed by cleaning or scrubbing.
If your skin becomes very dry, it may help to use a moisturising cream (preferably a fragrance-free and water-based cream).
Do not use ointments or oil-rich creams, as these could clog your pores again.
Try not to get any Dibenzoyl peroxide on your hair or clothing, as it can cause bleaching.
Dibenzoyl peroxide can cause some people's skin to become more sensitive to sunlight than normal.
Avoid strong sunlight, or use a sun cream with a high sun protection factor until you know how your skin reacts.
Do not use sunbeds.
Continue with the treatment for at least six weeks before deciding if it is working for you or not. The most common reason for treatment failure is giving up too soon, thinking that the treatment is not working.
If, however, your skin has not improved after two months then make an appointment to speak with your doctor who will advise you about other suitable preparations to try.
Once your spots have cleared, acne commonly flares up again if you stop treatment altogether, so it is common to carry on with a maintenance treatment.
You may find that one application every other day with a low-strength preparation is sufficient for this.
Can Dibenzoyl peroxide cause problems?
Along with their useful effects, most medicines can cause unwanted side-effects although not everyone experiences them.
The table below contains some of the most common ones associated with preparations containing Dibenzoyl peroxide.
You will find a full list in the manufacturer's information leaflet supplied with your medicine.
The unwanted effects often improve as your body adjusts to the new medicine, but speak with your doctor or pharmacist if any of the following continue or become troublesome.
IUPAC NAMES:
AKPEROX BP75 POWDER
benzoyl benzenecarboperoxoate
Dibenzoyl peroxide
benzoyl peroxide
Dibenzoyl peroxide
Dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO)
Benzoyl Peroxide (wetted with ca. 25% Water)
DIBENZOYL PEROXIDE
Dibenzoyl peroxide
dibenzoyl peroxide
Dibenzoyl Peroxide
dibenzoyl peroxide
dibenzoyl peroxide (upper limit: 77% w/w; typical concentration: 75% w/w)
dibenzoyl peroxide; benzoyl peroxide
Dibenzoylperoxide
diphenylperoxyanhydride
LUPEROX A75
Peroxide, dibenzoyl
Peroxide, dibenzoyl
SYNOYNMS:
Benzoyl peroxide Manufacturer
Luperox A98, Benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl peroxide[51% < content ≤100%, inert solid content ≤48%]
Benzoyl peroxide[35% < content ≤52%, inert solid content ≥48%]
Benzoyl peroxide[36% < content ≤42%, type A diluent ≥18%, water content ≤40%]
Benzoyl peroxide[77% < content ≤94%, water content ≥6%]
Benzoyl peroxide[content ≤42%, stable dispersion in water]
Benzoyl peroxide[content ≤62%, inert solid content ≥28%, water content ≥10%]
Benzoyl peroxide[content ≤77%, water content ≥23%]
Benzoyl peroxide[paste,52% < content ≤62%]
Benzoyl peroxide[paste, no more than 52%]
Benzoyl peroxide[paste, content ≤56.5%, water content ≥15%]
Benzoyl peroxide[content ≤35%, inert solids ≥65%]
BENZOYL PEROXIDE(BPO)
Benzaknen
Benzaknew
Benzamycin
Benzoic acid, peroxide
Luperco A
Luperco AC
Luperco AFR
Luperco AFR-250
Luperco AST
lupercoaa
lupercoast
Luperox fl
luperoxfl
Luzidol
Mixture of dibenzoyl peroxide and calcium sulfate
Mytolac
NA 2085
Nayper B and bo
Nayper BO
nayperbandbo
nayperbo
Nericur
Nericur Gel 5
Norox bzp-250
Norox bzp-C-35
noroxbzp-250
noroxbzp-c-35
Novadeiox
Novadelox
NSC-675
Oxy 5
OXY WASH
OXY-10
oxy-10cover
oxy-5
Oxy-L
Oxylite
Panoxyl
Periygel
Perossido di benzoile
perossidodibenzoile
Peroxide, dibenzoyl
Peroxide,dibenzoyl
Peroxyde de benzoyle
