PRODUCTS

DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL

Diethylaminoethanol
Chemical synonyms: 2-Diethylaminoethanol; N,N-diethylethanolamine; 2-Diethylaminoethyl alcohol; Diethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, 2-; DEAE
Product description
Diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) is a clear liquid. It is used as a neutralizing amine for boiler water, coatings, etc.
Diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) is used as neutralizing agent and CO2 scavenger in boiler water. The ideal vapor pressure and vapor-liquid distribution properties of DEAE make it the best choice for pH adjustment of process water.

CAS No.: 100-37-8
EC No.: 202-845-2

Synonyms:
DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; 2-(Diethylamino)ethanol; 2-Diethylaminoethanol; N,N-Diethylethanolamine; 100-37-8; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Diethylethanolamine; DEAE; Ethanol, 2-(diethylamino)-; (Diethylamino)ethanol; N,N-Diethyl-2-aminoethanol; (2-Hydroxyethyl)diethylamine; Diethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)amine; Diethylmonoethanolamine; 2-Hydroxytriethylamine; Pennad 150; Diaethylaminoaethanol; 2-(Diethylamino)Ethan-1-Ol; 2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethanol; N,N-Diethylmonoethanolamine; N,N-Diethyl-2-hydroxyethylamine; beta-Diethylaminoethanol; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; beta-Hydroxytriethylamine; 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl alcohol; N-Diethylaminoethanol; 2-diethylamino-ethanol; 2-N-Diethylaminoethanol; diethyl ethanolamine; Diethylamino ethanol; DEEA; beta-Diethylaminoethyl alcohol; N-(Diethylamino)ethanol; N,N-Diethyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)amine; NSC 8759; UNII-S6DL4M053U; C6H15NO; Diaethylaminoaethanol [German]; CCRIS 4793; HSDB 329; N,N-Diethylaminoethanol; n,n-diethyl ethanolamine; 2-(diethylamino)-ethanol; EINECS 202-845-2; UN2686; 2-N-(Diethylamino)ethanol; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; .beta.-(Diethylamino)ethanol; ETHANOL,2-DIETHYLAMINO; AI3-16309; S6DL4M053U; beta-(Diethylamino)ethyl alcohol; CHEBI:52153; .beta.-(Diethylamino)ethyl alcohol; N,N-Diethyl-N-(.beta.-hydroxyethyl)amine; DSSTox_CID_1837; 2-Diethylaminoethanol [UN2686] [Corrosive]; DSSTox_RID_76358; DSSTox_GSID_21837; N,N-Diethylethanolamine, 99%; CAS-100-37-8; Dehydasal; 2-Diethylamino; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; Diathylaminoathanol; Diethylamlnoethanol; 2-Hydroxy; MFCD00002850; n,n-diethyl-aminoethanol; N, N-Diethylethanolamine; beta-(Diethylamino)ethanol; N,N-diethyl ethanol amine; .beta.-Hydroxytriethylamine; EC 202-845-2; SCHEMBL3114; 2-Diethylaminoethanol, 9CI; CHEMBL1183; Diaethylaminoaethanol(german); 2-(diethylamino)-1-ethanol; MLS002174251; 2-(N,N-diethylamino)-ethanol; 2-(Diethylamino)ethanol, 99%; DTXSID5021837; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)diethylamine; NSC8759; HMS3039I08; ZINC388479; 2-(Diethylamino)ethanol, >=99%; WLN: Q2N2 & 2; ADAL1185323; KS-00000YO3; NSC-8759; N-(hydroxyethyl)-N,N-diethyl amine; Tox21_201463; Tox21_300037; BBL012211; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; LS-300; SBB058521; STL163552; 2-(Diethylamino)ethanol, >=99.5%; AKOS000119883; MCULE-8115329454; UN 2686; NCGC00090925-01; NCGC00090925-02; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; NCGC00090925-03; NCGC00253920-01; NCGC00259014-01; A 22; BP-20552; SC-22803; SMR001261425; VS-03234; DB-012722; D0465; ST51023433; X5348; 2-Diethylaminoethanol [UN2686] [Corrosive]; 11066-EP2269610A2; 11066-EP2277848A1; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; 11066-EP2277867A2; 11066-EP2280003A2; 11066-EP2289510A1; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; 11066-EP2292576A2; 11066-EP2295409A1; 11066-EP2305677A1; 11066-EP2305682A1; 11066-EP2308840A1; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; 11066-EP2308879A1; 11066-EP2311842A2; 11066-EP2314590A1; 11066-EP2314593A1; 11066-EP2316457A1; 11066-EP2316458A1; 2-(Diethylamino)ethanol, purum, >=99.0% (GC); Q209373; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; J-520312; F0001-0014; 83206-48-8; DEEA; DEAE; 100-37-8; Dehydasal; Rotec A.O.; Pennad 150; Perdilaton; -Diethylamino; Loramine AMB 13; Dietyleneglycol; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; 2-(Diethylamino)ethanol; 2-Diethylaminoethanol; N,N-Diethylethanolamine; 100-37-8; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Diethylethanolamine; DEAE; Ethanol, 2-(diethylamino)-; (Diethylamino)ethanol; N,N-Diethyl-2-aminoethanol; (2-Hydroxyethyl)diethylamine; Diethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)amine; Diethylmonoethanolamine; 2-Hydroxytriethylamine; Pennad 150; Diaethylaminoaethanol; 2-(Diethylamino)Ethan-1-Ol; 2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethanol; N,N-Diethylmonoethanolamine; N,N-Diethyl-2-hydroxyethylamine; beta-Diethylaminoethanol; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; beta-Hydroxytriethylamine; 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl alcohol; N-Diethylaminoethanol; 2-diethylamino-ethanol; 2-N-Diethylaminoethanol; diethyl ethanolamine; Diethylamino ethanol; DEEA; beta-Diethylaminoethyl alcohol; N-(Diethylamino)ethanol; N,N-Diethyl-N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)amine; NSC 8759; UNII-S6DL4M053U; C6H15NO; Diaethylaminoaethanol [German]; CCRIS 4793; HSDB 329; N,N-Diethylaminoethanol; n,n-diethyl ethanolamine; 2-(diethylamino)-ethanol; EINECS 202-845-2; UN2686; 2-N-(Diethylamino)ethanol; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; .beta.-(Diethylamino)ethanol; ETHANOL,2-DIETHYLAMINO; AI3-16309; S6DL4M053U; beta-(Diethylamino)ethyl alcohol; CHEBI:52153; .beta.-(Diethylamino)ethyl alcohol; N,N-Diethyl-N-(.beta.-hydroxyethyl)amine; DSSTox_CID_1837; 2-Diethylaminoethanol [UN2686] [Corrosive]; DSSTox_RID_76358; DSSTox_GSID_21837; N,N-Diethylethanolamine, 99%; CAS-100-37-8; Dehydasal; 2-Diethylamino; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; Diathylaminoathanol; Diethylamlnoethanol; 2-Hydroxy; MFCD00002850; n,n-diethyl-aminoethanol; N, N-Diethylethanolamine; beta-(Diethylamino)ethanol; N,N-diethyl ethanol amine; .beta.-Hydroxytriethylamine; EC 202-845-2; SCHEMBL3114; 2-Diethylaminoethanol, 9CI; CHEMBL1183; Diaethylaminoaethanol(german); 2-(diethylamino)-1-ethanol; MLS002174251; 2-(N,N-diethylamino)-ethanol; 2-(Diethylamino)ethanol, 99%; DTXSID5021837; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)diethylamine; NSC8759; HMS3039I08; ZINC388479; 2-(Diethylamino)ethanol, >=99%; WLN: Q2N2 & 2; ADAL1185323; KS-00000YO3; NSC-8759; N-(hydroxyethyl)-N,N-diethyl amine; Tox21_201463; Tox21_300037; BBL012211; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; LS-300; SBB058521; STL163552; 2-(Diethylamino)ethanol, >=99.5%; AKOS000119883; MCULE-8115329454; UN 2686; NCGC00090925-01; NCGC00090925-02; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; NCGC00090925-03; NCGC00253920-01; NCGC00259014-01; A 22; BP-20552; SC-22803; SMR001261425; VS-03234; DB-012722; D0465; ST51023433; X5348; 2-Diethylaminoethanol [UN2686] [Corrosive]; 11066-EP2269610A2; 11066-EP2277848A1; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; 11066-EP2277867A2; 11066-EP2280003A2; 11066-EP2289510A1; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; 11066-EP2292576A2; 11066-EP2295409A1; 11066-EP2305677A1; 11066-EP2305682A1; 11066-EP2308840A1; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; 11066-EP2308879A1; 11066-EP2311842A2; 11066-EP2314590A1; 11066-EP2314593A1; 11066-EP2316457A1; 11066-EP2316458A1; 2-(Diethylamino)ethanol, purum, >=99.0% (GC); Q209373; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL; J-520312; F0001-0014; 83206-48-8; DEEA; DEAE; 100-37-8; Dehydasal; Rotec A.O.; Pennad 150; Perdilaton; -Diethylamino; Loramine AMB 13; Dietyleneglycol; DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL; Dietilaminoetanol; Diethylaminoethanol; DİETİLAMİNOETANOL

DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL

Beyond its application in the water treatment segment, DEAE is also used as a neutralizing amine for indrustrial coatings and an intermediate for various surfactants.

Diethylaminoethanol Chemical Properties,Uses,Production
Chemical Properties
colourless liquid
Physical properties
Colorless, hygroscopic liquid with a nauseating, ammonia-like odor. Experimentally determined detection and recognition odor threshold concentrations were 50 μg/m3 (11 ppbv) and 190 μg/m3 (40 ppbv), respectively (Hellman and Small, 1974).
Uses
Water-soluble salts; textile softeners; antirust formulations; fatty acid derivatives; pharmaceuticals; curing agent for resins; emulsifying agents in acid media; organic synthesis.
Uses
Anticorrosive agent; chemical intermediate for the production of emulsifiers, detergents, solubilizers, cosmetics, drugs, and textile finishing agents
Definition
ChEBI: A member of the class of ethanolamines that is aminoethanol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by ethyl groups.
Production Methods
2-Diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) is a tertiary amine produced by reaction of ethylene oxide or ethylene chlorhydrin and diethylamine (RTECS 1988). Itokazu (1987) has modified this process for manufacture of DEAE without eventual discoloration. Production in this country exceeds 2866 pounds per year (HSDB 1988).
General Description
A colorless liquid. Flash point 103-140°F. Less dense than water . Vapors heavier than air. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. Causes burns to the skin, eyes and mucous membranes.
Air & Water Reactions
Flammable. Soluble in water. Diethylaminoethanol is sensitive to moisture. Slowly hydrolyzes.
Reactivity Profile
Diethylaminoethanol is an aminoalcohol. Amines are chemical bases. They neutralize acids to form salts plus water. These acid-base reactions are exothermic. The amount of heat that is evolved per mole of amine in a neutralization is largely independent of the strength of the amine as a base. Amines may be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated by amines in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides. Diethylaminoethanol can react with strong oxidizers and acids.

Carcinogenicity
DEAE was not mutagenic or clastogenic in a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays.
The 2003 ACGIH threshold limit valuetime- weighted average (TLV-TWA) for 2- diethylaminoethanol is 2 ppm (9.6mg/m3) with a notation for skin absorption.
Environmental Fate
DEAE, when compared with other amino alcohols, was observed to be biologically undecomposable in an experiment using activated sludge (HSDB 1988).
Metabolism
The absorption of DEAE (administered orally as DEAE acid malate or 'Cerebrol') in healthy adult rats is very rapid, reaching a peak plasma level in 30 min (Bismut et al 1986). The biological half-life is 3.5 h with 39% of the excreted product appearing in the urine after 48 h (Bismut et al 1986). In an earlier study, Schulte et al (1972) demonstrated that in rats, following a single oral dose, excretion occurs mainly through the kidneys with 37-59% being eliminated in the first 24 h. After 48 h, elimination was independent of dose. The brain and spinal cord showed the highest concentration after 7 d. Metabolites produced were observed to be diethylaminoethanol N-oxide, diethylaminoacetic acid, and ethylaminoethanol.
Diethylaminoethanol Preparation Products And Raw materials

ChEBI Ontology
Outgoing 2-diethylaminoethanol (CHEBI:52153) has functional parent ethanolamine (CHEBI:16000)
2-diethylaminoethanol (CHEBI:52153) has parent hydride triethylamine (CHEBI:35026)
2-diethylaminoethanol (CHEBI:52153) is a ethanolamines (CHEBI:23981)
2-diethylaminoethanol (CHEBI:52153) is a primary alcohol (CHEBI:15734)
2-diethylaminoethanol (CHEBI:52153) is a tertiary amino compound (CHEBI:50996)
Incoming chloroprocaine (CHEBI:3636) has functional parent 2-diethylaminoethanol (CHEBI:52153)
dicyclomine (CHEBI:4514) has functional parent 2-diethylaminoethanol (CHEBI:52153)
oxybuprocaine (CHEBI:309594) has functional parent 2-diethylaminoethanol (CHEBI:52153)
procaine (CHEBI:8430) has functional parent 2-diethylaminoethanol (CHEBI:52153)

Human Health
2-Diethylaminoethanol was rapidly absorbed via the oral route. It is presumably absorbed by dermal and inhalation routes of administration. In the rat it was widely distributed to many tissues. It was primarily excreted unchanged via the urine in rats. Excretion via the feces was also observed in rats, but to a lesser extent. Urinary excretion was also reported in humans. The major metabolites in rats were reported to be diethylaminoacetic acid and diethyl-(2- hydroxyethyl)-amino-oxide. The LD50 for the rat after oral administration was 1320 mg/kg bw. The main clinical signs described were apathy and dyspnea. After inhalation of vapors of 2-diethylaminoethanol an LC50 of ca. 4600 mg/m3/4 hour was estimated in rats using Haber’s rule. Severe signs of irritation were observed, e.g. mucous membrane irritation and dyspnea.
A dermal LD50 in guinea pigs was reported to be ca. 885 mg/kg bw. 2-Diethylaminoethanol was corrosive to the skin of rabbits; since the pH was measured to be 11.5 (100 g/l) at 20°C, the corrosive effects are not surprising. The potential for severe damage to the eyes can be expected based on the animal studies available and on the pH. 2-Diethylaminoethanol was not sensitizing to the skin in studies with guinea pigs. Repeated exposure of rats to 2-diethylaminoethanol vapors (up to 365 mg/m3) for 14 weeks caused local toxicity (irritation) at the site of contact, namely, the upper respiratory tract and the eyes; however, systemic toxicity was not observed (NOAEC, systemic toxicity, 365 mg/m3 or 76 ppm). After inhalation exposure, the main symptom described was respiratory irritation which led to noises called rales and irritation of the eyes. The LOAEC for local toxicity (irritation) to the respiratory tract was 120 mg/m3 (25 ppm) and the NOAEC for local toxicity was 53 mg/m3 (10 ppm) based on histopathological effects in the nasal cavity. However, since an effect (rales) was seen at the lowest concentration a NOEC was not reached. 2-Diethylaminoethanol gave no evidence of in vitro mutagenic activity nor in vivo clastogenic potential.
Repeated exposure of rats to 2-diethylaminoethanol vapors (365 mg/m3) for 14 weeks did not cause any adverse effects on the reproductive organs when administered by inhalation. In pregnant rats even the highest concentration tested of 486 mg/m3, which already produced maternally toxic effects, did not lead to adverse developmental effects. In a limited study, 2-diethylaminoethanol was not carcinogenic to rats when given by feed (tested up to ca. 50-400 mg/kg/d). An odor threshold of 0.011 ppm (approx. 0.053 mg/mg3) has been reported. In a laboratory worker short-time exposure to approx. 100 ppm (480 mg/m3) 2-diethylaminoethanol caused nausea and vomiting. Subjects exposed to 2-diethylaminoethanol vapor by humidified air in office buildings complained about eye, nose and throat irritation, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Also several cases of asthma were observed. However, these symptoms were more consistent with reactive airway dysfunction syndrome than with an allergic respiratory reaction. In one case detectable amounts of 2-diethylaminoethanol were 0.05 and 0.04 mg/m3.
Environment
2-diethylaminoethanol is a colourless – light yellowish organic liquid. The hygroscopic substance is miscible with water in all proportions, has a vapor pressure of about 1.8 hPa at 20 °C. The density is 0.885 g/cm³. Melting point and boiling point are – 68 °C and 162-163 °C (at 1013 hPa) respectively. The distribution of the substance between the compartments of air, biota, sediment, soil and water was calculated according to Mackay Level I. The non-charged molecule distributes mainly to the water (99.1 %). A soil adsorption coefficient (KOC) of 5.98 was estimated for 2-diethylaminoethanol (DEAE). This Koc value suggests that this compound would be mobile in soil and adsorption to suspended solids would not be important. From the pKa-value of 9.87 it can be assumed that under environmental conditions the substance is available as a cation. Therefore, binding of the substance to the matrix of soils with high capacities for cation exchange (e.g. clay) cannot be excluded. However, no data was available for ionic-ionic interactions in soil. The calculated Henry’s law constant (3.16*10-4 Pa m³ mol-1 at 25 °C) and complete water solubility of 2-diethylaminoethanol suggest that volatilization from water would not be an important fate process. The substance has no considerable potential for bioaccumulation (logKow = 0.21, measured). The compound is readily biodegradable (OECD 301 A, 95% after 22 days 10d-window fulfilled). The EC20 (30 min) for activated sludge was determined to be >1000 mg/l. The photodegradation rate in the atmosphere is fast under environmental conditions (50% after 3.9 hours).
The following aquatic effect concentrations are available:
Leuciscus idus LC50 (96 h) = 147 mg/l (nominal concentration). The toxic effect may be (partly) due to the high pH of the non-neutralized test solutions, since the pH adjusted 1000 mg/l dose group tolerated the substance for 96 h without mortality.
Pimephales promelas LC50(96 h) = 1780 mg/l (measured concentration, adjustment of pH) Daphnia magna: EC50 (48 h) = 83.6 mg/l (nominal concentration) (toxicity due to pH effects cannot be excluded) Daphnia magna EC50 (48 h) = 165 mg/l (nominal concentration, adjustment of pH) Scenedesmus subspicatus: ErC50 = 44 mg/l, with a NOEC of 5 mg/l (corresponding values for biomass are 30 and 5 mg/l respectively; nominal concentration).
Using the aquatic toxic effect on the most sensitive species, Scenedesmus subspicatus, of 44 mg/l for the endpoint growth rate (30 mg/l endpoint biomass) a PNECaqua of 44 µg/l is derived by applying an assessment factor of 1000. This factor is justified, because only short-term toxicity values were available. The following terrestrial effect concentration was reported: Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivar "Indianapolis white" EC50 (22 d) = 0.12 mg/l (in the nutrient solution; endpoint: chlorosis; nominal concentration). However, no PNECsoil can be derived from this result as no soil concentration is given.
Exposure
The production volume of this chemical at BASF, Germany, was more than 1000 tons in 2000. No information about the worldwide production volume is available. The organic compound is used for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and as a catalyst in the synthesis of polymers in the chemical industry. It is also used as a pH stabilizer. According to Swiss, Danish and Swedish Products Registers and the Hazardous Substances Data Bank, 2-diethylaminoethanol is contained in a large number of products. Some of them may be available to consumers. Releases into the environment are likely to occur during the production and processing of 2-diethylaminoethanol as an intermediate, as well as from the use of the substance itself and use of products containing the substance. Assuming worst case conditions, less than 9.5 kg of 2-diethylaminoethanol per day were released into the Rhine from an industrial site. During production and internal processing, less than 25 kg/a were emitted into the air from the same production site. From the reported use in consumer products, it can be concluded that most of the 2- diethylaminoethanol is released into wastewater, but part of it may also be released into the atmosphere.

2-Diethylaminoethanol has been reported to be readily absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract in humans and rats (Rosenberg et al, 1949; Schulte et al., 1972). On the basis of the physico-chemical properties of a saturated aqueous 2-diethylaminoethanol solution, a skin penetration rate of 3.44 mg/cm2 per hour was estimated for human skin, and therefore, the resulting body burden from exposure to 5 ml/m3 (the current MAK value) of 2-diethylaminoethalol by inhalation for 8 hours could potentially be increased by an additional three-fold factor via dermal absorption (FiserovaBergerova et al., 1990). However, this model was suspected to be too conservative and likely to overestimate percutaneous penetration (Guy and Russell, 1993). Absorption via inhalation has been mentioned (Toren, 1994), but the primary literature was not available for an assessment. In a limited study with humans (Rosenberg et al, 1949), the plasma concentration peaked 3 hours after an oral administration of 5.6 g of 2-diethylaminoethanol-HCl, but was almost undetectable after 8 hours. About 25 % of the 2-diethylaminoethanol was excreted unchanged in the urine within 48 hours. Similar excretion results were observed after intravenous administration. In the same publication it was reported that 2-diethylaminoethanol-HCl given to dogs by intravenous infusion (71 mg/kg bw) , distributed rapidly. Three hours after infusion the level of 2-diethylaminoethanol was higher in the tissues examined (muscle, heart, brain, lung, liver and spleen) than in the plasma. In a gavage study with rats (Schulte et al., 1972), 14C-labeled-2-diethylaminoethanol-HCl was reported to be rapidly absorbed into the blood stream (with a dose of 68 mg/kg the maximum concentration in the blood was reached in 30 minutes and with 679 mg/kg it was reached within 1 hour). Elimination occurred primarily via the kidney. Elimination via exhalation and the feces played only minor role. The kinetics of urinary elimination was affected by the dose. In this regard, by 6 hours after the application of a 679 mg/kg bw dose 40 % was eliminated in the urine, and by 24 hours after application 58.5% was eliminated. When a 68 mg/kg dose was given, then after 6 and 24 hours 17.5 % and 37.4% were excreted via the urine, respectively. In the experiment with 679mg/kg 2-diethylaminoethanol, 90 % of the test substance had been eliminated via the urine 10 days after treatment. Some radioactivity was still detectable in the urine 40 days after treatment. 2- Diethylaminoethanol was predominantly (> 60 %) excreted unchanged over the first 96 hours. In the same period, the following metabolites were seen based on the recovery of radioactive compounds: 2-ethylaminoethanol (ca. 1 %), phosphoric acid-mono-(2-diethylaminoethylester) (2- 8 %), diethylaminoacetic acid (ca. 10 %) and the N-oxide of 2-diethylaminoethanol (ca. 15 - 19 %). Incorporation into phospholipids was observed. In this study, autoradiography indicated that 2- diethylaminoethanol was widely distributed throughout the body after gavaging. 2- Diethylaminoethanol was concentrated in the liver, reaching a maximum at 7 hours, but thereafter, it decreased. Initially, the central nervous system showed very low levels of activity, but by day 7 it had increased. For the oral dose of 679 mg/kg the biological half-life was 19 hours and for the 67.9mg/kg dose it was 36 hours.

In a separate study 14C-labeled-2-diethylaminoethanol-HCl was given to rats by intravenous injection at doses of 2.9 µmol/rat (ca. 1.94 mg/kg bw) (Michelot et al., 1981). Cumulative excretion of 19.9 and 42.2% of the radioactivity in the urine was observed after 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Additionally, 8.5 and 29.5% of the radioactivity was excreted via the feces during the same time interval. Excretion via the bile was only measured over the first 6 hours, and was reported to be 5 %.