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DIOXANE ANHYDROUS

1,4-DİOXANE

CAS Number: 123-91-1
EC Number: 204-661-8
Molecular Weight: 88.11

p-Dioxane, Anhydrous, also known as 1,4-Dioxane, is used as a solvent as well as a stabilizer for the solvent trichloroethane. 
Anhydrous, dry, without water, is used when performing certain reactions where the presence of water can prevent a chemical reaction from happening, or form undesirable products.

1,4-Dioxane, often simply called dioxane because the 1,2 and 1,3 isomers of dioxane are rare, is a heterocyclic organic compound.

1,4-Dioxane (/daɪˈɒkseɪn/) is a heterocyclic organic compound, classified as an ether. 
1,4-Dioxane is a colorless liquid with a faint sweet odor similar to that of diethyl ether. 
1,4-Dioxane is often called simply dioxane because the other dioxane isomers (1,2- and 1,3-) are rarely encountered.

Dioxane is used as a solvent for a variety of practical applications as well as in the laboratory, and also as a stabilizer for the transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons in aluminum containers.

1,4-Dioxane is a hexahydroxy heterocyclic compound containing two oxygen heteroatoms. 
Molecular formula C4H8O2,a colorless, flammable liquid, slight ether smell, photosensitive. 

1,4-Dioxane Vapor can easily form explosive peroxides by absorbing oxygen in the air. 
Explosion limit 1.97%-1.97% (volume), 1,4-Dioxane should be disposed by reducing agent in distillation process. 

Melting point 11.8 ℃, boiling point of 101 ℃ (750 mmHg), density 1.0337 (20/4 ℃), refractive index 1.4224, flash point12℃. 
Soluble in water, ethanol, ether and other organic solvents. 

1,4-Dioxane can form azeotrope with water (water content 18.6%) and the boiling point is 87.8 ℃. 
1,4-Dioxane turns bright yellow when reacting with tetranitromethane. 

Trace amount of 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol(BHT) is often added to the commodity as a stabilizer. 
Low toxicity, half lethal dose (rats, oral) 4200 mg/kg. 

A possible carcinogen, an irritating chemical. 
1,4-Dioxane can be prepared by dehydration of ethylene glycol by sulfuric acid and 1,4-Dioxane is the indirect product in the production of epoxy ethane. 

As a good organic solvent, 1,4-Dioxane has a wide application such as the solvent for cellulose acetate and lots of resins. 
1,4-Dioxane Is mainly used in the pharmaceutical industry as extraction agent, as a stabilizer in the production of 1,1,1 – trichloroethane as a volatile solvent in the production of polyurethane in place of dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran, as stripping agent in the crafts of coating and painting, as a solvent and dispersant in the dye industry, as a stabilizer in printing ink, and also as treatment agent for metal surface. 
In addition, 1,4-Dioxane can also be used in cosmetics, spices manufacture, electroplating, etc.

Physical Description of 1,4-Dioxane:
Dioxane appears as a clear colorless liquid with a faint ethereal odor. 
Flash point 55°F. 

Slightly denser than water and soluble in water. 
Vapors heavier than air. 

Susceptible to autooxidation to form peroxides.
Liquid.

Colorless liquid or solid (below 53 degrees F) with a mild, ether-like odor.
Colourless liquid with characteristic odour.
Colorless liquid or solid (below 53 °F) with a mild, ether-like odor.

Uses of 1,4-Dioxane:
1,4-Dioxane is used as a solvent for cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, resins, oils, waxes, some dyes, and other organic and inorganic compounds.

Used as a solvent for cellulose esters, ethers, and other organic chemicals.
Used as a solvent in resins, polymers, oils, waxes, dyes, wood pulping, adhesives, varnishes lacquers, paints, and cosmetics.

Stabilizer in chlorinated solvents. 
Organic solvent for cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, resins, oils, waxes, oil and spirit-soluble dyes, and many other organic as well as some inorganic compounds.

The largest single use of 1,4-dioxane is the stabilization of 1,1,1-trichloroethane against chemical attack by aluminum.

Historically, 1,4-dioxane has been used as a stabilizer for the solvent 1,1,1-trichloroethane. 
However, this use is no longer expected to be important due to the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act and the Montreal Protocol, which mandate the eventual phase-out of 1,1,1-trichloroethane production in the U.S.

Dioxane is used as a solvent in the formulation of inks, coatings, and adhesives, and as solvent for extracting animal and vegetable oils. 
As a chemical intermediate, dioxane reaction products are useful as insecticides, herbicides, plasticizers, and monomers. 

The oxonium complexes of dioxane with salts, mineral acids, halogens, and sulfur trioxide are used as catalysts and as reagents for anhydrous acid reactions, brominations, and sulfonations. 
In the laboratory, dioxane is useful as a cryoscopic solvent for molecular mass determinations and as a stable reaction medium for diverse reactions.

Trichloroethane transport:
In the 1980s, most of the dioxane produced was used as a stabilizer for 1,1,1-trichloroethane for storage and transport in aluminium containers. 
Normally aluminium is protected by a passivating oxide layer, but when these layers are disturbed, the metallic aluminium reacts with trichloroethane to give aluminium trichloride, which in turn catalyses the dehydrohalogenation of the remaining trichloroethane to vinylidene chloride and hydrogen chloride. 
Dioxane "poisons" this catalysis reaction by forming an adduct with aluminum trichloride.

As a solvent:
Dioxane is used in a variety of applications as a versatile aprotic solvent, e. g. for inks, adhesives, and cellulose esters. 
1,4-Dioxane is substituted for tetrahydrofuran (THF) in some processes, because of 1,4-Dioxane lower toxicity and higher boiling point (101 °C, versus 66 °C for THF).

While diethyl ether is rather insoluble in water, dioxane is miscible and in fact is hygroscopic. 
At standard pressure, the mixture of water and dioxane in the ratio 17.9:82.1 by mass is a positive azeotrope that boils at 87.6 C.

The oxygen atoms are Lewis-basic, and so dioxane is able to solvate many inorganic compounds and serves as a chelating diether ligand. 
1,4-Dioxane forms 1:1 adducts with a variety of Lewis acids such as I2, phenols, alcohols, and bis(hexafloroacetylacetonato)copper(II). 

1,4-Dioxane is classified as a hard base and 1,4-Dioxane base parameters in the ECW model are EB =1.86 and CB = 1.29. 
1,4-Dioxane reacts with Grignard reagents to precipitate the magnesium dihalide. 
In this way, dioxane is used to drive the Schlenk equilibrium.

Dimethylmagnesium is prepared in this manner:
2 CH3MgBr + (C2H4O)2 → MgBr2(C2H4O)2 + (CH3)2Mg

Spectroscopy:
Dioxane is used as an internal standard for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in deuterium oxide.

Industry Uses of 1,4-Dioxane:
Functional fluids (closed systems)
Laboratory chemicals
Processing aids, not otherwise listed

Consumer Uses of 1,4-Dioxane:
Golf and Sports Turf

Application of 1,4-Dioxane:
1,4-Dioxane may undergo nickel-catalyzed oxidative arylation with arylboronic acids to form α-arylated ethers.
1,4-Dioxane may be used as a solvent to synthesize:

(Chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilane from chloro(chloromethyl)dimethylsilane via zinc-catalyzed substitution reaction with phenylmagnesium bromide.
N-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethyl)-acetamide from 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methoxyethanol and acetamide.

D 2234 (OTTO) 1,4-Dioxane, anhydrous, 99.8% Cas 123-91-1 - used as a solvent to synthesize (Chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilane from chloro(chloromethyl)dimethylsilane via zinc-catalyzed substitution reaction with phenylmagnesium bromide.

Synthesis of 1,4-Dioxane:
Dioxane is produced by the acid-catalysed dehydration of diethylene glycol, which in turn is obtained from the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide.

In 1985, the global production capacity for dioxane was between 11,000 and 14,000 tons.
In 1990, the total U.S. production volume of dioxane was between 5,250 and 9,150 tons.

Structure of 1,4-Dioxane:
The dioxane molecule is centrosymmetric, meaning that 1,4-Dioxane adopts a chair conformation, typical of relatives of cyclohexane. 
However, the molecule is conformationally flexible, and the boat conformation is easily adopted, e.g. in the chelation of metal cations.
Dioxane resembles a smaller crown ether with only two ethyleneoxyl units.

Methods of Manufacturing:
1,4-Dioxane is manufactured commercially by dehydration and ring closure of diethylene glycol. 
Concentrated sulfuric acid (ca. 5%) is used as a catalyst, although phosphoric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and strongly acidic ion-exchange resins are recognized alternatives. 

The process is continuous, with dioxane vaporized from the reaction vessel. 
The vapors are passed through an acid trap and two distillation columns to remove water and to purify 1,4-Dioxane. 
Yields of ca. 90% are possible.

Dioxane can be prepared by dehydrohalogenation of 2-chloro-2'-hydroxydiethyl ether, by reacting ethylene glycol with 1,2-dibromoethane, and by dimerizing ethylene oxide either over NaHSO4, SiF4, or BF3, or at elevated temperature with an acidic cation-exchange resin.
From beta,beta-dichloroethyl ether by treatment with alkali.

General Manufacturing Information of 1,4-Dioxane:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing

Services
Wholesale and retail trade

Commercial production of 1,4-dioxane in the United States was first reported in 1951, but semi-commercial quantities were available in 1939.
1,4-Dioxane is a toxic by-product formed during the synthesis of surfactants used in finished cosmetic products.

Impurities of 1,4-Dioxane:
1,4-Dioxane may contain bis(2-chloroethyl) ether as an impurity.

The tendency of 1,4-dioxane to form peroxides may be lessened by the addition of a reducing agent, such as stannous chloride or ferrous sulfate.

Peroxides: 0.003% max (certified reagent), 50 mg/kg max (technical)
Acetic acid: 0.01% max (certified reagent), 0.1% max (technical)
Water : 0.02% max (certified), 0. 1% max (technical)
Non-volatile matter : 0.004% max (certified), 0.0025% max (technical)
2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane: not reported (certified), 0.05%.

Certified reagent grade: carbonyl : 0.05% max
Heavy metals (Pb) : 0.25 ppm max
Iron: 0.25 ppm max.

Formulations/Preparations of 1,4-Dioxane:
Grade: Reagent, technical, spectrophotometric, scintillation.

Consumption Patterns:
Approximately 90% of the 1,4-dioxane produced annually is used as a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents, particularly, 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
The remainder of the 1,4-dioxane production is used in solvent applications.

Identification of 1,4-Dioxane:

Analytic Laboratory Methods
Method: OSHA 7
Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionization detection
Analyte: dioxane
Matrix: air
Detection Limit: not provided.

Method: NIOSH 1602, Issue 2
Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionization detection
Analyte: dioxane
Matrix: air
Detection Limit: 0.01 mg per sample.

Method: EPA-RCA 8015C
Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionization detection
Analyte: 1,4-dioxane
Matrix: surface water, ground water, and solid matrices
Detection Limit: 15 ug/L.

Method: EPA-EAD 1624
Procedure: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Analyte: 1,4-dioxane
Matrix: water
Detection Limit: 10 ug/L.

Clinical Laboratory Methods of 1,4-Dioxane:
1,4-Dioxane and 1,4-Dioxane principal metabolite, beta-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (HEAA), are determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in plasma or urine.

Stability/Shelf Life of 1,4-Dioxane:
Stable under recommended storage conditions. 
Test for peroxide formation before distillation or evaporation. 

Test for peroxide formation or discard after 1 year. 
Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Metal Degreasing
Textiles (Fiber & Fabric Manufacturing)
Painting (Solvents)
Plastic Composites Manufacturing

Safety Information of 1,4-Dioxane:
Signal Word: Danger
Hazard Statements: H225 - H319 - H335 - H350
Precautionary Statements: P202 - P210 - P233 - P240 - P305 + P351 + P338 - P308 + P313
Hazard Classifications: Carc. 1B - Eye Irrit. 2 - Flam. Liq. 2 - STOT SE 3
Target Organs: Respiratory system
Supplementary Hazards: EUH019 - EUH066
Storage Class Code: 3 - Flammable liquids
WGK: WGK 2
Flash Point(F): 51.8 °F - closed cup
Flash Point(C): 11 °C - closed cup
Personal Protective Equipment: dust mask type N95 (US), Eyeshields, Gloves

Handling and Storage of 1,4-Dioxane:

Nonfire Spill Response:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). 
All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. 

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. 
Stop leak if you can do 1,4-Dioxane without risk. 

Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. 
A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. 

Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. 
Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. 

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. 
Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. 

Safe Storage of 1,4-Dioxane:
Fireproof. 
Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids and incompatible materials. 

Keep in the dark. 
Store only if stabilized. 
Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Storage Conditions of 1,4-Dioxane:
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. 
Store away from heat, oxidizing materials, and sunlight. 

Outside or detached storage is preferred. 
Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for expt need to be carried. 
Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. 

An inventory should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen and date 1,4-Dioxane was acquired.
Facilities for dispensing should be contiguous to storage area.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. 
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. 
Storage class (TRGS 510): Flammable liquids

Reactivity of 1,4-Dioxane:    
Hydroperoxide-free Dioxane rapidly forms hydroperoxide on contact with air. 
Exposure to sunlight accelerates this formation. 

Decomposes to carbon monoxide. 
Incompatible with silver perchlorate, oxidizing agents, sulfur trioxide, decaborane, triethynyl aluminum, boron trifluoride.
Dioxane may react with hydrogen in the presence of Rainey nickel above 210C (410F).

Safety of 1,4-Dioxane:
Dioxane has an LD50 of 5170 mg/kg in rats.
1,4-Dioxane is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. 

Exposure may cause damage to the central nervous system, liver and kidneys.
In a 1978 mortality study conducted on workers exposed to 1,4-dioxane, the observed number deaths from cancer was not significantly different from the expected number.

Dioxane is classified by the National Toxicology Program as "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen".
1,4-Dioxane is also classified by the IARC as a Group 2B carcinogen: possibly carcinogenic to humans because 1,4-Dioxane is a known carcinogen in other animals.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency classifies dioxane as a probable human carcinogen (having observed an increased incidence of cancer in controlled animal studies, but not in epidemiological studies of workers using the compound), and a known irritant (with a no-observed-adverse-effects level of 400 milligrams per cubic meter) at concentrations significantly higher than those found in commercial products.
Under California Proposition 65, dioxane is classified in the U.S. State of California to cause cancer.

Animal studies in rats suggest that the greatest health risk is associated with inhalation of vapors in the pure form.
The State of New York has adopted a first-in-the-nation drinking water standard for 1,4-Dioxane and set the maximum contaminant level of 1 part per billion.

1,4-Dioxane tends to concentrate in the water and has little affinity for soil. 
1,4-Dioxane is resistant to abiotic degradation in the environment, and was formerly thought to also resist biodegradation. 
However, more recent studies since the 2000s have found that 1,4-Dioxane can be biodegraded through a number of pathways, suggesting that bioremediation can be used to treat 1,4-dioxane contaminated water.

First Aid of 1,4-Dioxane:
EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. 
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. 

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. 
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. 

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. 
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. 

IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. 
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas. 

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. 
IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. 

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. 
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. 

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. 
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. 

Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. 
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. 

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. 
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. 

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. 
Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, 1,4-Dioxane chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure.

Fire Fighting of 1,4-Dioxane:
CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. 

CAUTION: For fire involving UN1170, UN1987 or UN3475, alcohol-resistant foam should be used. 

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. 

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. 
Do not use straight streams. 
Move containers from fire area if you can do 1,4-Dioxane without risk. 

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. 
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. 

Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. 
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. 
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Fire Fighting Procedures of 1,4-Dioxane:
Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. 
Use water spray, dry chemical. 

"alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. 
Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

Fire fighting: Self contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode.

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary. 
Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Accidental Release Measures of 1,4-Dioxane:

Isolation and Evacuation
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. 

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet). 

FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. 

Spillage Disposal of 1,4-Dioxane:
Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. 
Collect leaking liquid in sealable air tight containers. 

Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. 
Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. 
Do NOT wash away into sewer.

Cleanup Methods of 1,4-Dioxane:
1) Remove all ignition sources. 

2) ventilate area of spill or leak. 

3) for small quantities, absorb on paper towels. 
Evaporate in safe place (such as flame hood). 
Allow to completely clear hood ductwork. 

Burn in suitable location away from combustible materials. 
Large quantities can be collected and atomized in suitable combustion chamber equipped with appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. 
Dioxane should not be allowed to enter confined space, such as sewer.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms.
Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. 

Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal the plastic bag should be sealed immediately the sealed bag should be labelled properly.
Waste liquids should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. 

The lid should be secured and the bottles properly labelled. 
Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface is not contaminated.

The plastic bag should also be sealed and labelled.
Broken glassware should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. 

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. 
Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. 

Ensure adequate ventilation. 
Remove all sources of ignition. 

Evacuate personnel to safe areas. 
Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. 

Vapors can accumulate in low areas. 
Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. 

Do not let product enter drains. 
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Disposal Methods of 1,4-Dioxane:
Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U108, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Good candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature range of 820-1,600 °C with residence times for liquids and gases: seconds; solids: hours. 
Also, a good candidate for liquid injection incineration with a temperature range of 650-1,600 °C with residence times of 0.1-2.0 seconds. 
Also, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration with a temperature range of 450-980 °C with residence times for liquids and gases: seconds; solids: longer.

This compound should be susceptible to removal from waste water by air stripping.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds and specific methods of chem destruction published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste.
Summary of avail methods and recommendations given must be treated as guide only.

Preventive Measures of 1,4-Dioxane:
The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. 
The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. 

However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. 
In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. 
In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas where liquid dioxane is handled, processed, or stored.

Employees who handle liquid dioxane should wash their hands thoroughly before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities.

Clothing wet with liquid dioxane should be placed in closed containers for storage until 1,4-Dioxane can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of dioxane from the clothing. 
If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the dioxane, the person performing the operation should be informed of dioxane's hazardous properties.

Identifiers of 1,4-Dioxane:
CAS Number: 123-91-1
Beilstein Reference: 102551
ChEBI: CHEBI:47032
ChEMBL: ChEMBL453716
ChemSpider: 29015
DrugBank: DB03316
ECHA InfoCard: 100.004.239
EC Number: 204-661-8
KEGG: C14440
PubChem CID: 31275
RTECS number: JG8225000
UNII: J8A3S10O7S
UN number: 1165
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID4020533
InChI:
InChI=1S/C4H8O2/c1-2-6-4-3-5-1/h1-4H2 check
Key: RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N check
InChI=1/C4H8O2/c1-2-6-4-3-5-1/h1-4H2
Key: RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYAN
SMILES: O1CCOCC1

Properties of 1,4-Dioxane:
Grade: anhydrous
Quality Level: 200
Vapor density: 3 (vs air)
Vapor pressure:
27 mmHg ( 20 °C)
40 mmHg ( 25 °C)
Assay: 99.8%
Form: liquid
Autoignition temp.: 356 °F
Expl. lim.: 22 %
Impurities:
<0.003% water
<0.005% water (100 mL pkg)
Evapn. residue: <0.0003%
Refractive index: n20/D 1.422 (lit.)
pH: 6.0-8 (20 °C, 500 g/L)
bp: 100-102 °C (lit.)
mp: 10-12 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.034 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: C1COCCO1
InChI: 1S/C4H8O2/c1-2-6-4-3-5-1/h1-4H2
InChI key: RYHBNJHYFVUHQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Categories: Solvents,Semi-bulk solvents
Appearance (Form): Liquid
Assay: 99.8%
Melting point: 10-12 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 100-102 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.034 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.422(lit.)

Formula: C₄H₈O₂
MW: 88.11 g/mol
Density: 1.034
Storage Temperature: Ambient
MDL Number: MFCD00006571
CAS Number: 123-91-1
UN: 1165
ADR: 3,II

Molecular Weight: 88.11
XLogP3: -0.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 88.052429494
Monoisotopic Mass: 88.052429494
Topological Polar Surface Area: 18.5 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Complexity: 26.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Other Experimental Properties of 1,4-Dioxane:
Cryoscopic constant: 4.83
Heat of fusion: 2.98 kcal/mol
Specific heat: 0.0370 kcal/mol/deg C at 20 °C
Azeotropic mixture with water: 81.6% dioxane, bp 87.8 °C
Azeotropic mixture with ethanol: 9.3% dioxane, bp 78.1 °C
Hygroscopic
1 mg/cu m = 0.278 ppm, 1 ppm = 3.6 mg/cu m
Distillation range: 95-103 °C at 760 mm Hg

Chemical formula: C4H8O2
Molar mass: 88.106 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: Mild, diethyl ether-like
Density: 1.033 g/mL
Melting point: 11.8 °C (53.2 °F; 284.9 K)
Boiling point: 101.1 °C (214.0 °F; 374.2 K)
Solubility in water: Miscible
Vapor pressure    29 mmHg (20 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −52.16·10−6 cm3/mol

Thermochemistry of 1,4-Dioxane:
Std molar entropy (So298): 196.6 J/K·mol
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −354 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): −2363 kJ/mol

Specification Test Results of 1,4-Dioxane:
Assay (C₄H₈O₂): Approx. 99.8 %-
Water: max. 0.005 %
Residue After Evaporation: max. 0.0003 %

Specifications & Description of 1,4-Dioxane:
Purity Grade: —
Empirical Formula: C4H8O2
Linear Formula: C4H8O2
Class: UN1165, Dioxane, 3, PG II
Synonyms: 1,4-Dioxane
Volume (mL): 100
Formula Weight: 88.11
Packaging: Amber Glass
Storage Symbol: HYGROSCOPIC, AIR SENSITIVE: Keep tightly closed. Store below 53°F.
UN Number: UN1165
CAS Number: 123-91-1
Shelf Life (days): 730
Shelf Life (months): 24
Description: p-Dioxane, Anhydrous; 100 mL

Related compounds of 1,4-Dioxane:    
Oxane
Trioxane
Tetroxane
Pentoxane

Names of 1,4-Dioxane:

Preferred IUPAC name of 1,4-Dioxane:
1,4-Dioxane

Systematic IUPAC name
1,4-Dioxacyclohexane

Other names of 1,4-Dioxane:
[1,4]Dioxane
p-Dioxane
[6]-crown-2
Diethylene dioxide
Diethylene ether
Dioxane solvent

Synonyms of 1,4-Dioxane:
Diethylene oxide
Dioxane
Dioxane 
p-Dioxane 
Glycolethylether
1,4-Diethylene dioxide 
1,4-Dioxacyclohexane
1,4-DIOXANE
Dioxane
123-91-1
p-Dioxane
1,4-Diethylene dioxide
Dioxan
Diethylene ether
1,4-Dioxacyclohexane
Tetrahydro-p-dioxin
Di(ethylene oxide)
Tetrahydro-1,4-dioxin
Dioxane-1,4
Dioxanne
Diethylene dioxide
Glycol ethylene ether
1,4-Dioxan
Dioxan-1,4
Dioksan
p-Dioxan
Tetrahydro-para-dioxin
Dioxyethylene ether
Diokan
para-Dioxane
Diossano-1,4
Dioxaan-1,4
p-Dioxin, tetrahydro-
RCRA waste number U108
1,4-Dioxanne
NCI-C03689
1, 4-dioxane
NSC 8728
UNII-J8A3S10O7S
NE 220
1.4-dioxane
1-4 Dioxane
MFCD00006571
1,4-Dioxin, tetrahydro-
UN 1165
J8A3S10O7S
CHEBI:47032
1, 4-Diethylene dioxide
Glycolethylenether
Dioksan
1,4-Dioxane, HPLC Grade
Dioxanne
p-Dioxan 
1,4-Diethyleneoxide
[1,4]dioxane
Dioxane, technical grade
Dioxaan-1,4 
Dioxan-1,4
1,4-Dioxanne
Diossano-1,4
HSDB 81
CCRIS 269
1,4-Dioxane, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
1,4-Diethylenedioxide
EINECS 204-661-8
UN1165
RCRA waste no. U108
BRN 0102551
paradioxane
AI3-01055
P-Doxane
1,4dioxane
1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 40% in benzene-d6 (99.6 atom % D), NMR tube size 5 mm x 8 in.
1,4dioxan
1,4 dioxane
1-4-dioxane
1,4 dioxan
Dioxane 1.4
1 ,4-dioxane
1, 4 dioxane
1,-4-dioxane
1,4 -dioxane
1,4,-dioxane
1,4- dioxane
1,4-di-oxane
1 ,4-dioxan
1,4 -dioxan
[1,4]-dioxane
Glycol ethylene ether 8
1,4-Dioxane, anhydrous
DSSTox_CID_533
WLN: T6O DOTJ
1,4-Dioxane, homopolymer
EC 204-661-8
1,4-Dioxane, for HPLC
1,4-Dioxane, ACS Grade
DSSTox_RID_75644
DSSTox_GSID_20533
5-19-01-00016
BIDD:ER0341
CHEMBL453716
1,4-Dioxane, SAJ first grade
DTXSID4020533
9042Af
NSC8728
1,4-Dioxane, analytical standard
1,4-Dioxane, p.a., 99
1,4-Dioxane, LR, >=99%
AMY33329
BCP16201
NSC-8728
ZINC1648204
1,4-Dioxane, anhydrous, 99.8%
Tox21_200971
STL264191
AKOS000120203
1,4-Dioxane, AR, >=99.5%
1,4-Dioxane, HPLC grade, 99.9%
DB03316
MCULE-5088019198
Dioxane
NCGC00248888-01
NCGC00258524-01
1,4-Dioxane, for HPLC, >=99.5%
1,4-Dioxane, for HPLC, >=99.7%
1,4-Dioxane, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
CAS-123-91-1
1,4-Dioxane 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
1,4-Dioxane, AldraSORB(TM), 99.8%
1,4-Dioxane, histological grade, >=99%
DB-025338
D0860
FT-0606896
FT-0606897
1,4-Dioxane 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
1,4-Dioxane, JIS special grade, >=99.0%
1,4-Dioxane, spectrophotometric grade, >=99%
1,4-Dioxane, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.9%
1,4-Dioxane, anhydrous, ZerO2(TM), 99.8%
Q161532
J-004995
J-523874
BRD-K42978307-001-01-0
1,4-Dioxane, >=99.5%, for titration in non-aqueous medium
1,4-Dioxane, puriss. p.a., dried, >=99.5% (GC), <=0.005% water
1,4-Dioxane, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
1,4-Dioxane, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.5% (GC)
1,4-Dioxane, puriss., absolute, over molecular sieve (H2O <=0.01%), >=99.5% (GC)
1,4-Dioxane solution, certified reference material, 2000 mug/mL in methanol, ampule of 1 mL
1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 0.1 mM in D2O ("100%", 99.96 atom % D), NMR tube size 5 mm x 7 in.
1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 1 mM in D2O ("100", 99.96 atom % D), NMR tube size 5 mm x 7 in.
1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 10 mM in chloroform-d (99.8 atom % D), NMR tube size 5 mm x 8 in.
1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 10 mM in D2O ("100%", 99.96 atom % D), NMR tube size 5 mm x 7 in.
1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 10 mM in methanol-d4 (99.8 atom % D), NMR tube size 5 mm x 8 in.
1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 10% in benzene-d6 (99.6 atom % D), chromium(III) acetylacetonate 5 mg/mL, NMR tube size 5 mm x 8 in.
1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 40% in benzene-d6 (99.6 atom % D), chromium(III) acetylacetonate 5 mg/mL, NMR tube size 3 mm x 8 in.
1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 40% in benzene-d6 (99.6 atom % D), chromium(III) acetylacetonate 5 mg/mL, NMR tube size 5 mm x 8 in.
1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 40% in benzene-d6 (99.6 atom % D), chromium(III) acetylacetonate 5 mg/mL, NMR tube size 6.5 mm x 8 in.
1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 40% in benzene-d6 (99.6 atom % D), NMR tube size 10 mm x 8 in.
1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 40% in benzene-d6 (99.6 atom % D), NMR tube size 3 mm x 8 in.
1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 5 mM in benzene-d6 (99.6 atom % D), NMR tube size 3 mm x 8 in.
1,4-Dioxane solution, NMR reference standard, 5 mM in chloroform-d (99.8 atom % D), NMR tube size 3 mm x 8 in.
28552-22-9
39449-24-6
54841-74-6
1,4-Dioxane
1,4-Dioxan
1,4-Dioxane ZerO2(R)
1,4-Dioxanne
102551 
123-91-1 
212-378-6
212-742-4
232-148-9 
241-628-7 
Degassed and low oxygen 1,4-dioxane
diethylene oxide
Diossano-1,4
Dioxan-1,4
dioxane 
Dioxane, 1,4-
MFCD00006571
p-Dioxan
p-dioxane
Residual Solvent Class 2 - 1,4-Dioxane
1,4 Dioxane
1,4-DIETHYLENE DIOXIDE
1,4-Diethylenedioxide
1,4-Diethyleneoxide
1,4-dioxacyclohexane
1,4-Dioxan, GlenDry, anhydrous
1,4-Dioxane, 1
1,4-Dioxane, anhydrous
1,4-DIOXANE-D8
1,4-Dioxanemissing
1,4-Dioxin, tetrahydro-
1.4-Dioxane
2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol 
205391-01-1
4-[(3-nitrophenyl)methyl]morpholine
4598-47-4
5-19-01-00016
5-19-01-00016
927819-64-5
Di (ethylene oxide)
di(ethylene oxide)
Diethylene dioxide
diethylene ether
diokan
Dioksan
Diossano-1,4
Dioxaan-1,4
DIOXAN
Dioxan-1,4
DIOXANE 1,4
dioxane-1,4
Dioxanne
Dioxyethylene ether
dry
ethylene glycol ethylene ether
glycol ethylene ether
Glycol ethylene ether 8
Glycolethylenether
Glycolethylether, 1,4-Diethylene dioxide, 1,4-Dioxacyclohexane
para-Dioxane
p-Dioxin, tetrahydro-
PG0
T6O DOTJ
TETRAHYDRO-1,4-DIOXIN
tetrahydro-para-dioxin
tetrahydro-p-dioxin
WLN: T6O DOTJ

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