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DISODIUM MOLYBDATE

CAS Number: 7631-95-0
EC Number: 231-551-7
Chemical formula: Na2MoO4

Disodium molybdate, Na2MoO4, is useful as a source of molybdenum.
Disodium molybdate is often found as the dihydrate, Na2MoO4·2H2O.
The molybdate(VI) anion is tetrahedral.
Two sodium cations coordinate with every one anion.
Disodium molybdate is a crystalline powder essential for the metabolism and development of plants and animals as a cofactor for enzymes.

History of Disodium molybdate:
Disodium molybdate was first synthesized by the method of hydration.
A more convenient synthesis is done by dissolving MoO3 in sodium hydroxide at 50–70 °C and crystallizing the filtered product.
The anhydrous salt is prepared by heating to 100 °C.
MoO3 + 2NaOH + H2O → Na2MoO4·2H2O

Uses of Disodium molybdate:
The agriculture industry uses 1 million pounds per year as a fertilizer.
In particular, its use has been suggested for treatment of whiptail in broccoli and cauliflower in molybdenum-deficient soils.
However, care must be taken because at a level of 0.3 ppm Disodium molybdate can cause copper deficiencies in animals, particularly cattle.

Disodium molybdate is used in industry for corrosion inhibition, as it is a non-oxidizing anodic inhibitor.
The addition of Disodium molybdate significantly reduces the nitrite requirement of fluids inhibited with nitrite-amine, and improves the corrosion protection of carboxylate salt fluids.
In industrial water treatment applications where galvanic corrosion is a potential due to bimetallic construction, the application of Disodium molybdate is preferred over sodium nitrite.

Disodium molybdate has the advantage in that the dosing of lower ppm's of molybdate allow for lower conductivity of the circulating water.
Disodium molybdate at levels of 50-100 ppm offer the same levels of corrosion inhibition that sodium nitrite at levels of 800+ ppm.
By utilizing lower concentrations of Disodium molybdate, conductivity is kept at a minimum and thus galvanic corrosion potentials are decreased.

Reactions of Disodium molybdate:
When reacted with sodium borohydride, molybdenum is reduced to lower valent molybdenum(IV) oxide:
Na2MoO4 + NaBH4 + 2H2O → NaBO2 + MoO2 + 2NaOH + 3H2
Disodium molybdate reacts with the acids of dithiophosphates:
Na2MoO4 + (R = Me, Et)(RO)2PS2H → [MoO2(S2P(OR)2)2]
which further reacts to form [MoO3(S2P(OR)2)4].

Safety
Disodium molybdate is incompatible with alkali metals, most common metals and oxidizing agents.
Disodium molybdate will explode on contact with molten magnesium.
Disodium molybdate will violently react with interhalogens (e.g., bromine pentafluoride; chlorine trifluoride).
Disodium molybdate's reaction with hot sodium, potassium or lithium is incandescent.
Disodium molybdate is a molybdenum transition metal and in its pure form it is silvery white in color and very hard. Disodium molybdate's melting temperature is quite high.
Further hardening of the steel can be achieved by adding a small amount.
Molybdenum is also important in the nutrition of plants and is involved in some enzymes.

Consumer Uses of Disodium molybdate:
Disodium molybdate is used in the following products: anti-freeze products, heat transfer fluids, fertilisers and water treatment chemicals.
Release to the environment of Disodium molybdate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Other release to the environment of Disodium molybdate is likely to occur from: outdoor use as reactive substance, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters), outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids) and indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).

Service life of Disodium molybdate:
Release to the environment of Disodium molybdate can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).
Other release to the environment of Disodium molybdate is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use.
Disodium molybdate can be found in products with material based on: metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery).

Widespread uses by professional workers
Disodium molybdate is used in the following products: anti-freeze products, heat transfer fluids, metal working fluids, water softeners, water treatment chemicals, fertilisers and pH regulators and water treatment products.
Disodium molybdate is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing, formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, health services and scientific research and development.
Other release to the environment of Disodium molybdate is likely to occur from: outdoor use, indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Formulation or re-packing of Disodium molybdate:
Disodium molybdate is used in the following products: water treatment chemicals, anti-freeze products, metal working fluids, washing & cleaning products and biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products).
Disodium molybdate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Release to the environment of Disodium molybdate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Other release to the environment of Disodium molybdate is likely to occur from: outdoor use.

Uses at industrial sites of Disodium molybdate:
Disodium molybdate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, metal working fluids, water treatment chemicals, anti-freeze products and heat transfer fluids.
Disodium molybdate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Disodium molybdate is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and mining.
Disodium molybdate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, pulp, paper and paper products, plastic products and machinery and vehicles.
Release to the environment of Disodium molybdate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, of substances in closed systems with minimal release, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and formulation of mixtures.

Manufacture of Disodium molybdate: 
Release to the environment of Disodium molybdate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.

Molecular Weight: 205.93
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 0

Exact Mass: 207.864601
Monoisotopic Mass: 207.864601
Topological Polar Surface Area: 80.3 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7

Complexity: 62.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Appearance: White powder
Density: 3.78 g/cm3, solid
Melting point: 687 °C
Solubility in water: 84 g/100 ml

Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed in 1778 that the mineral (molybdenite), which was previously thought to be a lead ore or graphite, was a sulfur compound of an unknown metal. Swedish chemist Peter Jacob Hjelm also separated molybdenum into metal in 1782 and named it after the Greek word molybdos, which means "like lead".
Although molybdenum is found in minerals such as wulfenite (PbMoO4) or powellite (CaMoO4), the main commercial source of molybdenum is molybdenite (MoS2).
Molybdenum can also be obtained by direct mining and as a byproduct during copper mining. Molybdenum is found in its ores in amounts varying from 0.01% to 0.5%. About half of the world's molybdenum mining is carried out in the USA.

Molybdenum, which is similar to chromium and wolfram in terms of chemical properties; Disodium molybdate has superior properties such as high melting and boiling point, high heat resistance, high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion.
Molybdenum melts at 2623 ° C.
With this feature, it takes the sixth place among metals.
Molybdenum boiling at 4639 ° C is not affected by air in cold, oxidized in incandescent state, affected by nitric and sulfuric acids, decomposes water vapor at high temperatures.
The density of molybdenum is 10.28 gr / cm3.

Usage areas
The agricultural industry uses up to £ 1 million a year of fertilizer.
In particular, it has been suggested to be used for processing broccoli and cauliflower seeds in molybdenum deficient soils.
However, caution should be exercised as Disodium molybdate at a level of 0.3 ppm can cause copper deficiencies in animals, especially cattle.

Disodium molybdate is used in industry for corrosion prevention because it is a non-oxidizing anodic inhibitor.
The addition of Disodium molybdate significantly reduces the nitrite requirement of nitrite-amine inhibited liquids and improves the corrosion protection of carboxylate salt fluids.

In industrial water treatment applications where galvanic corrosion is potential due to the bimetal structure, Disodium molybdate application is preferred over sodium nitrite.
Disodium molybdate has the advantage that lower ppm molybdate dosing has lower conductivity of circulating water.

Disodium molybdate at 50-100 ppm levels offers the same levels of corrosion inhibition as sodium nitrite at 800+ ppm levels.
By using lower concentrations of Disodium molybdate, conductivity is kept to a minimum, thus reducing galvanic corrosion potential

Disodium molybdate Dihydrate is generally immediately available in most volumes. Hydrate or anhydrous forms may be purchased. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.

What is Disodium molybdate?
There are two main forms of Disodium molybdate. Disodium molybdate, Dihydrate is a crystalline powder. Disodium molybdate loses its water of crystallization at 100 degrees Celsius. Disodium molybdate is known to be less toxic than the other corresponding compounds of group 6B elements in the periodic table. Disodium molybdate, Dihydrate is used in the manufacturing of inorganic and organic pigments, as a corrosion inhibitor, as a bath additive for finishing metals finishing, as a reagent for alkaloids, and as an essential micronutrient for plants and animals.

Disodium molybdate, Anhydrous is a small, lustrous, crystalline plate.
Disodium molybdate has the melting point of 687 degrees Celsius and a density of 3.28 (18C).
Disodium molybdate is soluble in water and also noncombustible. Disodium molybdate can be used for reagent in analytical chemistry, paint pigment, production of molybdated toners and lakes, metal finishing, brightening agent for zinc plating, corrosion inhibitor, catalyst in dye and pigment production, additive for fertilizers and feeds, and micronutrient.

Why the agriculture industry uses Disodium molybdate
Disodium molybdate uses cover a wide range of fields, including manufacturing, metalwork, printing, and more. But the impact it can have on plants and animals has brought it into the forefront of use for the agriculture industry, to the tune of more than 1 million pounds of Disodium molybdate fertilizer used per year.

The basic chemistry of a molybdate, such as Disodium molybdate, contains the element molybdenum in its highest oxidation state, which in turn helps contribute to a high solubility of the chemical in water, a benefit in fertilizer application.

This characteristic, when combined with Disodium molybdate’s use as a delivery vessel for essential micronutrients (such as molybdenum) in plants, serves as another key reason for the choice of Disodium molybdate fertilizer over other types of fertilizers used in agriculture.
Another touchpoint for this usage ties back to the hydroponic nutrient practice that is growing in popularity.

Hydroponics is an agricultural method in which plants are grown without soil.
Instead, they receive their essential micronutrients through a water solvent, a practice that has shown growth rates almost 50 percent faster than traditional soil-grown plants, in addition to a higher yield from hydroponic plants.

Disodium molybdate has seen a particularly strong uptick in usage among farmers of leguminous plants, such as alfalfa, peas, beans, lentils and peanuts. Included in fertilizer, it provides these plants with enhanced uptake of the essential nitrogen element, while also allowing for efficient fixing of atmospheric nitrogen found in the atmosphere by bacteria in the legumes.
These bacteria convert the nitrogen into ammonia to synthesize amino acids within the plant.

Overall, the use of Disodium molybdate in the agricultural industry can be summarized in that it is one of the few chemicals that can provide essential micronutrients and help drive plant function in a form that is both efficient and effective.
Efficiency is shown not only by the relatively small amounts needed to make an impact on the treated plants, but also in the ability to administer the chemical in easily-absorbed water-based formats.

Use of Disodium molybdate Dihydrate as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Benzopyranopyrimidine Derivatives
Disodium molybdate dihydrate (Na2MoO4.2H2O) has been investigated as a heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot pseudo–four-component synthesis of the benzopyranopyrimidine derivatives.
This efficient and facile technique avoids the use of difficult workup and harsh reaction conditions.

Disodium molybdate is a free flowing soluble crystalline fertiliser and is used to supply the trace element molybdenum to crops and livestock in various situations.
Disodium molybdate is only required in very small quantities to satisfy annual plant requirements. Disodium molybdate is suitable for foliar or fertigation application on a wide range of horticultural and broad acre crops and pastures.

SODIUM MOLYBDATE BENEFDisodium molybdateS
Supplies the essential trace element molybdenum to crops and livestock
Foliar applied to crops and pastures grown on acid soils where plant availability is low
Essential for conversion of nitrates in leaves to amino acids and proteins
Suitable for foliar or fertigation
Ideal for brassica, beans, peas, grapes, cucurbits, canola, clover and other crops and pastures susceptible to molybdenum deficiency.

Application
Disodium molybdate can be used as a foliar or fertigation application in a regular nutrition program for applicable crops and pastures. Multiple applications may be required if leaf analyses reveal ongoing deficiency. 
Note: Molybdenum can be toxic when levels become too high. One spray per crop is generally sufficient, except where deficiency is noted. Susceptible crops such as brassicas and cucurbits may require two sprays three weeks apart

Molybdate Stabilization
Disodium molybdate is well known that Disodium molybdate forms stable complexes with thiols.
Ever since Pratt described the ability of molybdate to stabilize the steroid binding activity of receptors, and to block activation (or transformation), it has been suspected that molybdate exerted its effects by interacting with cysteines of the receptor.

A series of indirect experiments led to the postulate that the sequence of 644–671, and especially cysteines 656 and 661, were required for molybdate stabilization.
Experiments with receptor fragments of wild-type and mutant receptors have supported the involvement of this region.
However, they have also ruled out the involvement of Cys-656 and 661 in any of molybdate’s effects.

Animal
Water-insoluble molybdenite is practically nontoxic; rats dosed with up to 500 mg molybdenite daily for 44 days exhibited no adverse effects.
In contrast, animals dosed subchronically with water-soluble molybdenum compounds exhibited gastrointestinal disturbances, growth retardation, anemia, hypothyroidism, bone and joint deformities, liver and kidney abnormalities, and death.

Fifty percent mortality was reported in rats maintained for 40 days on molybdenum-enhanced diets containing 125 mg Mo kg−1 (as molybdenum trioxide, MoO3), 100 mg Mo kg−1 (as calcium molybdate, CaMoO4), or 333 mg Mo kg−1 (as ammonium molybdate, (NH4)2MoO4).
A dietary level of 0.1% Disodium molybdate (Na2MoO4·2H2O) for several weeks was lethal to rabbits.
Growth retardation was observed in rats maintained on diets containing 0.04–0.12% molybdenum.

Evidence that the toxic effects of molybdenum might be caused by a secondarily acquired copper deficiency was shown in a study where a significant reduction in growth occurred in rats after 11 weeks on a diet containing 20 ppm molybdenum and 5 ppm copper; whereas, growth was not affected by molybdenum dietary levels as high as 80 ppm when the dietary level of copper was increased to 20 ppm. Hypothyroidism, as evidenced by decreased levels of plasma thyroxin, was found in rabbits maintained on a diet containing 0.3% Mo (as Disodium molybdate) for several weeks or longer.

Anemia, as well as anorexia, weight loss, alopecia, and bone deformities occurred in young rabbits maintained for 4–17 weeks on a diet containing 0.1% molybdenum (as Disodium molybdate).
Anemia was also observed in rats maintained on a diet containing 0.04% Mo (as Disodium molybdate) for 5 weeks, in rabbits on a dietary level of 0.2% Disodium molybdate for 5 weeks, and in chicks on a dietary level of 0.4% Disodium molybdate for 4 weeks.

Signs of anemia and marked erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow were observed in rabbits maintained for 11 days on a diet containing 0.4% Disodium molybdate.
Bone and connective tissue disorders observed in animals receiving dietary levels of molybdenum 0.04% for 4 weeks or longer included mandibular exostoses, joint deformities, detachment of tendons, epiphyseal line fractures, and epiphyseal plate widening.

Medium formulation
Chemostat glucose-limited synthetic minimal media contains (per liter) 0.1 g calcium chloride, 0.1 g sodium chloride, 0.5 g magnesium sulfate, 1 g potassium phosphate monobasic, 5 g ammonium sulfate, 500 μg boric acid, 40 μg copper sulfate, 100 μg potassium iodide, 200 μg ferric chloride, 400 μg manganese sulfate, 200 μg Disodium molybdate, 400 μg zinc sulfate, 1 μg biotin, 200 μg calcium pantothenate, 1 μg folic acid, 1 mg inositol, 200 μg niacin, 100 μg p-aminobenzoic acid, 200 μg pyridoxine, 100 μg riboflavin, 200 μg thiamine, and 0.08% glucose.

Medium is prepared in 10 l quantities, mixed thoroughly, and filter sterilized into an autoclaved glass carboy. Carboy has an outlet port at bottom, leading to a small piece of tubing with a luer lock connector at the end. All entry and exit ports are covered with foil before autoclaving. Outflow tubing is sealed with a metal clamp before filling. Carboy is placed on a shelf above chemostat area.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on safety and efficacy of Disodium molybdate dihydrate for sheep, based on a dossier submitted for the re‐evaluation of the additive.

The additive is currently authorised in the EU for all animal species as ‘Nutritional additive’-‘Compounds of trace elements’.
Taking the optimal Cu:Mo ratio of 3–10, and the highest total copper level authorised in complete feeds for sheep (15 mg/kg), the FEEDAP Panel concluded that 2.5 mg total Mo/kg complete feed is safe for sheep.

Considering (i) a safe intake of 0.6 mg Mo/day, (ii) the estimate average intake figure from food in Europe (generally less than 100 μg/day), (iii) the contribution of foods of animal origin to the total molybdenum intake (estimated to be up to 22 %), and (iv) that molybdenum would not accumulate in edible tissues/products of sheep fed molybdenum supplemented diets up to the upper safe level, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the use of Disodium molybdate as a additive in sheep at 2.5 mg total Mo/kg complete feed is safe for consumers.

The additive under assessment feed poses no risk by inhalation to users; it is a skin and eye irritant, but it is not considered as a skin sensitiser.
Disodium molybdate used up to 2.5 mg Mo/kg complete sheep feed poses no concerns for the safety for the environment.
The FEEDAP Panel recognises that molybdenum does not need to be added to diets to cover the nutritional needs of molybdenum of sheep.
Molybdenum supplementation in sheep feed is considered effective in order to guarantee an adequate balance with copper, when the Cu:Mo ratio in the diet is in the range 3–10.

Summary
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on safety and efficacy of Disodium molybdate dihydrate for sheep. The additive is currently authorised in the European Union (EU) under the element Molybdenum‐Mo (E7) for all animal species; the compound is included in the EU Register of Feed Additives under the category ‘Nutritional additives’ and the functional group ‘Compounds of trace elements’.

Molybdenum toxicity in farm animals is manifested as antagonism of absorption and/or biological activity of copper, and is greatly enhanced by high sulfur content in the diet. Ruminants, including sheep, are highly susceptible to molybdenum excess, which may induce a clinically severe copper deficiency (molybdenosis). Conversely, low molybdenum in the diet is expected to enhance copper toxicity, if the intake of copper is high. The FEEDAP Panel considered therefore not possible to establish an absolute figure for a dietary molybdenum concentration which is equally safe for sheep and effective in preventing copper toxicity. Considering that (i) the key parameter to ensure the safety of molybdenum supplementation is the optimal Cu:Mo ratio, which in sheep is in the range of 3–10 and (ii) the highest total copper level authorised in complete feeds for sheep is 15 mg/kg, the FEEDAP Panel concluded, that 2.5 mg total Mo/kg complete feed is safe for sheep.

Toxicokinetic data in laboratory rodents and farm animals (including sheep), however incomplete, uniformly indicate that molybdenum would not accumulate in edible tissues or products of sheep fed molybdenum supplemented diets up to the upper maximum level of 2.5 mg/kg. The FEEDAP Panel considered that the available data support an upper intake tolerable level (UL) of 0.01 mg/kg body weight (bw) for molybdenum based on the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for female reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity of 0.9 mg/kg bw per day and the application of a 100‐safety factor. The UL would result in a safe intake of 0.6 mg/day in a 60‐kg individual; this intake is largely higher than the estimate average intake figure from food in Europe (generally less than 100 μg/day). Molybdenum is ubiquitous in foods, surveys in the EU countries provide average intake figures generally lower than 100 μg/day, whereas offals (liver and kidney) are relatively rich sources of molybdenum, the contribution of foods of animal origin to the total molybdenum intake has been estimated to be up to 22%. Molybdenum would not accumulate in edible tissues or products of sheep fed molybdenum supplemented diets up to the upper maximum level of 2.5 mg/kg. Therefore, the FEEDAP Panel considered that the use of Disodium molybdate as a feed additive in sheep at 2.5 mg Mo/kg complete feed is safe for consumers.

Molybdenum is a potential respiratory toxicant; the available data indicate that the use of the Disodium molybdate under evaluation in animal nutrition poses no risk by inhalation to users. The additive is a skin and eye irritant, but it is not considered as a skin sensitiser.
The use of Disodium molybdate as a feed additive in sheep up to maximum of 2.5 mg of Mo/kg complete feed poses no concerns for the safety for the environment.
The FEEDAP Panel recognises that molybdenum does not need to be added to diets to cover the nutritional needs of molybdenum of sheep. Molybdenum supplementation in sheep feed is considered effective in order to guarantee an adequate balance with copper, when the Cu:Mo ratio in the diet is in the range 3–10.

Effects on skin and eye
No original studies were provided by the applicant. The potential of Disodium molybdate to elicit skin and ocular irritation or skin sensitization were briefly reviewed in (European Commission, 2000). When tested in rabbits, Disodium molybdate (anhydrous form) elicited evident skin irritation for 24 h after application, albeit the skin lesions reversed within 72.
In an eye irritation test on rabbits, a 20% solution did not increase corneal irritation but caused evident conjunctival redness. Based on these findings, Disodium molybdate is considered as a skin and eye irritant. The substance is reported not to elicit skin sensitisation (European Commission, 2000 and references herein).

Disodium molybdate, Na2MoO4, is useful as a source of molybdenum. Disodium molybdate is often found as the dihydrate, Na2MoO4·2H2O.
The molybdate(VI) anion is tetrahedral.
Two sodium cations coordinate with every one anion.
Disodium molybdate is a crystalline powder essential for the metabolism and development of plants and animals as a cofactor for enzymes. 
Disodium molybdate (anhydrous) is an inorganic sodium salt having molybdate as the counterion.
Disodium molybdate has a role as a poison.
Disodium molybdate contains a molybdate.

General description
Disodium molybdate dihydrate (SMD) is a molybdic acid disodium salt.
Disodium molybdate crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group, Pbca.
The toxic effect of SMD on the avian species, northern bobwhite quail has been investigated.
Disodium molybdates ability to inhibit corrosion of 6082 wrought aluminum alloy has been studied in NaCl solution of chlorosulfonic acid.

Application
Disodium molybdate dihydrate has been used as one of the phosphatase inhibitor during the Western blot analysis.

Disodium molybdate may be used to prepare:
Shuttle-like barium molybdate (BaMoO4) microstructures under microwave conditions.
Nickel-molybdenum-zinc (NiMoZn) electrode.
Eu3+ doped lead molybdate (PbMoO4) nanocrystals (NCs) under microwave conditions.
Disodium molybdate was first synthesized by the method of hydration.[4] A more convenient synthesis is done by dissolving MoO3 in sodium hydroxide at 50–70 °C and crystallizing the filtered product.The anhydrous salt is prepared by heating to 100 °C.

Uses
The agriculture industry uses 1 million pounds per year as a fertilizer.
In particular, its use has been suggested for treatment of whiptail in broccoli and cauliflower in molybdenum-deficient soils.[5][6] However, care must be taken because at a level of 0.3 ppm Disodium molybdate can cause copper deficiencies in animals, particularly cattle.

Disodium molybdate is used in industry for corrosion inhibition, as it is a non-oxidizing anodic inhibitor.
The addition of Disodium molybdate significantly reduces the nitrite requirement of fluids inhibited with nitrite-amine, and improves the corrosion protection of carboxylate salt fluids.

In industrial water treatment applications where galvanic corrosion is a potential due to bimetallic construction, the application of Disodium molybdate is preferred over sodium nitrite.
Disodium molybdate has the advantage in that the dosing of lower ppm's of molybdate allow for lower conductivity of the circulating water.

Disodium molybdate at levels of 50-100 ppm offer the same levels of corrosion inhibition that sodium nitrite at levels of 800+ ppm.
By utilizing lower concentrations of Disodium molybdate, conductivity is kept at a minimum and thus galvanic corrosion potentials are decreased.

Disodium molybdate is incompatible with alkali metals, most common metals and oxidizing agents.
Disodium molybdate will explode on contact with molten magnesium.
Disodium molybdate will violently react with interhalogens (e.g., bromine pentafluoride; chlorine trifluoride).
Disodium molybdate's reaction with hot sodium, potassium or lithium is incandescent.

Usage areas
The agricultural industry uses up to £ 1 million a year of fertilizer. In particular, it has been suggested to be used for processing broccoli and cauliflower seeds in molybdenum deficient soils.
However, caution should be exercised as Disodium molybdate at a level of 0.3 ppm can cause copper deficiencies in animals, especially cattle.

Disodium molybdate is used in industry for corrosion prevention because it is a non-oxidizing anodic inhibitor.
The addition of Disodium molybdate significantly reduces the nitrite requirement of nitrite-amine inhibited liquids and improves the corrosion protection of carboxylate salt fluids.

In industrial water treatment applications where galvanic corrosion is potential due to the bimetal structure, Disodium molybdate application is preferred over sodium nitrite.
Disodium molybdate has the advantage that lower ppm molybdate dosing has lower conductivity of circulating water.

Disodium molybdate at 50-100 ppm levels offers the same levels of corrosion inhibition as sodium nitrite at 800+ ppm levels.
By using lower concentrations of Disodium molybdate, conductivity is kept to a minimum, thus reducing galvanic corrosion potential

Disodium molybdate Dihydrate is generally immediately available in most volumes. Hydrate or anhydrous forms may be purchased.
High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.

American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.

Typical and custom packaging is available.
Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.

What is Disodium molybdate?
There are two main forms of Disodium molybdate.
Disodium molybdate, Dihydrate is a crystalline powder.
Disodium molybdate loses its water of crystallization at 100 degrees Celsius.
Disodium molybdate is known to be less toxic than the other corresponding compounds of group 6B elements in the periodic table.

Disodium molybdate, Dihydrate is used in the manufacturing of inorganic and organic pigments, as a corrosion inhibitor, as a bath additive for finishing metals finishing, as a reagent for alkaloids, and as an essential micronutrient for plants and animals.

Disodium molybdate, Anhydrous is a small, lustrous, crystalline plate.
Disodium molybdate has the melting point of 687 degrees Celsius and a density of 3.28 (18C).
Disodium molybdate is soluble in water and also noncombustible.
Disodium molybdate can be used for reagent in analytical chemistry, paint pigment, production of molybdated toners and lakes, metal finishing, brightening agent for zinc plating, corrosion inhibitor, catalyst in dye and pigment production, additive for fertilizers and feeds, and micronutrient.

Other names:
Sodium molybdate(VI)
Molybdate disodium
sodium molybdenum oxide
Natriummolybdat
Molybdic acid, disodium salt
sodium molybdate (anhydrous)
disodium;dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum
Anhydric sodium molybdate
Sodium Molybdate, anhydrous
13466-16-5
948QAQ08I1
MFCD00003486
Sodium dimolybdate
CCRIS 5442
Na2MoO4
EINECS 231-551-7
NSC 77389
Sodium Molybdate Anhydrous
Molybdic acid (H2MoO4), disodium salt
Molybdic acid (H2MoO4) , disodium salt
UNII-948QAQ08I1
Molybdate (MoO42-), disodium, (T-4)-
Molybdenum (as sodium)
disodium tetraoxomolybdate
sodium molybdate (anh.)
Molybdate (MoO42-), disodium, (beta-4)-
Molybdic acid, sodium salt
EC 231-551-7
Ddisodium Molybdate Dihydrate
sodium dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum
CHEBI:75215
NSC-77389
AKOS015912969
DB14496
FT-0701280
Q414518

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