E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID)

E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID)

CAS Number: 79-09-4
EC Number: 201-176-3
MDL Number: MFCD00002756
Chemical formula: CH3CH2COOH, C2H5COOH, C3O2H6

E 280 (Propionic Acid), also known as propanoic acid, is a naturally occurring three-carbon carboxylic acid that can be used as a preservative in food with the European food additive number E280. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) (/proʊpiˈɒnɪk/, from the Greek words protos, meaning "first", and pion, meaning "fat"; also known as propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2CO2H. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a liquid with a pungent and unpleasant smell somewhat resembling body odor. 

The anion CH3CH2CO2− as well as the salts and esters of propionic acid are known as propionates or propanoates.
In our body, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is produced from the breakdown of amino acids and the oxidation of fatty acids. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) also presents in sweat and brings a vinegar-like smell in certain people. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) is the undissociated form of propionic acid that has antimicrobial activity. 
The undissociated E 280 (Propionic Acid) penetrates into the microbial cell membrane and enters into cytoplasm. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a volatile acid. 

And unlike with E 280 (Propionic Acid)'s salts, potassium, sodium propionate and calcium propionate in powder or granular form, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is an oily liquid with a slightly pungent and rancid odor.

Carboxylic acid is active to produce the derivatives of ester, anhydride, amide, and chloride by the reaction of esterification, internal esterification, amine reaction, and substitution reaction respectively. 
Alpha-c of carboxylic acid: halogenation can happen with bromine.

E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a weak acid that dissociates H3O+ and CH3CH2COO- (conjugate base) when E 280 (Propionic Acid)reacts with water. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid)'s PKa value is 4.88, less acidity than benzoic acid and sorbic acid. 

The following is the dissociation equation in water.
H3CCH2CO2H(aq) +H2O(l)⇌H3CCH2CO−2+H3O+
E 280 (Propionic Acid)'s PH value 3.96 at the concentration of 1nmol/L. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) has physical properties intermediate between those of the smaller carboxylic acids, formic and acetic acids, and the larger fatty acids. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is miscible with water, but can be removed from water by adding salt. 

As with acetic and formic acids, E 280 (Propionic Acid) consists of hydrogen bonded pairs of molecules in both the liquid and the vapor.
E 280 (Propionic Acid) displays the general properties of carboxylic acids: E 280 (Propionic Acid) can form amide, ester, anhydride, and chloride derivatives. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) undergoes the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction that involves α-halogenation of a carboxylic acid with bromine, catalysed by phosphorus tribromide, in this case to form 2-bromopropanoic acid, CH3CHBrCOOH. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) has been used to prepare a racemic mixture of alanine by ammonolysis.
   

The propionate /ˈproʊpiəneɪt/, or propanoate, ion is C2H5COO−, the conjugate base of E 280 (Propionic Acid). 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is the form found in biological systems at physiological pH. 
A propionic, or propanoic, compound is a carboxylate salt or ester of E 280 (Propionic Acid). 

In these compounds, propionate is often written in shorthand, as CH3CH2CO2 or simply EtCO2.
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is also useful as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, especially polymers. 
Cellulose-acetate-propionate is a useful thermoplastic. 

Vinyl propionate is also used. 
In biogas plants, propionic acid is a common intermediate product, which is formed by fermentation with E 280 (Propionic Acid) bacteria. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid)'s degradation in anaerobic environments (e.g. biogas plants) requires the activity of complex microbial communities.
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is produced biologically as its coenzyme A ester, propionyl-CoA, from the metabolic breakdown of fatty acids containing odd numbers of carbon atoms, and also from the breakdown of some amino acids. 

Bacteria of the genus Propionibacterium produce E 280 (Propionic Acid) as the end-product of their anaerobic metabolism. 
This class of bacteria is commonly found in the stomachs of ruminants and the sweat glands of humans, and their activity is partially responsible for the odor of Emmental cheese, American "Swiss cheese" and sweat.

The metabolism of E 280 (Propionic Acid) begins with E 280 (Propionic Acid)'s conversion to propionyl coenzyme A, the usual first step in the metabolism of carboxylic acids. 
Since E 280 (Propionic Acid) has three carbons, propionyl-CoA cannot directly enter either beta oxidation or the citric acid cycles. 

In most vertebrates, propionyl-CoA is carboxylated to D-methylmalonyl-CoA, which is isomerised to L-methylmalonyl-CoA. 
A vitamin B12-dependent enzyme catalyzes rearrangement of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, which is an intermediate of the citric acid cycle and can be readily incorporated there.

E 280 (Propionic Acid) serves as a substrate for hepatic gluconeogenesis via conversion to succinyl-CoA. 
Additionally, exogenous E 280 (Propionic Acid) administration results in more endogenous glucose production than can be accounted for by gluconeogenic conversion alone. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a liquid with a pungent and unpleasant smell somewhat resembling body odor.
E 280 (Propionic Acid) inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria at the levels between 0.1 and 1% by weight. 

Methyluxic, propane or E 280 (Propionic Acid) known as food additive E280. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid)'s main property is related to application as a preservative, since E 280 (Propionic Acid) can inhibit development of mold microorganisms and bacteria.

The main direction of production consuming a significant amount of preservative is production of bread, baking, dough preparation, processing of grain.

E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a caustic, colorless liquid with a pungent odor. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) has the concentration of 99.5%. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) can also be derived commercially from ethylene and carbon monoxide or propionaldehyde or natural gas or fermented wood pulp; produced when bacteria decompose fibre

E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a monobasic, unpleasantly pungent smelling, saturated, slightly corrosive organic acid (fatty acid), which can be detected in humans in urine and sweat, among other things.

E 280 (Propionic Acid) and E 280 (Propionic Acid)'s salts (propionates) sodium propionate(E 281), calcium propionate(E 282) and potassium propionate(E 283) are authorised as food additives. 
They have an antimicrobial effect against certain types of bacteria, yeast and mould, e.g. they prevent bread from going mouldy. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) occurs naturally in small amounts in certain types of cheese. 
Maximum levels of 1.0 to 3.0 g/kg of food apply to the various products.
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is found in various plants in their essential oils. 

In the large intestine, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is formed by bacteria, especially in high-fibre diets. 
This process breaks down indigestible food components. 
This process produces short-chain fatty acids such as acetic, propionic and butyric acid. 

These are absorbed in the large intestine and thus become systemically effective.
E 280 (Propionic Acid), propionic acid molecule. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is short-chain saturated fatty acid, antifungal drug, antimicrobial agent E 280 (Propionic Acid).

E 280 (Propionic Acid), Sodium Salt is a safe, simple and economical alternative to Propionic Acid as a fly food preservative. 
This odorless white powder, E 280 (Propionic Acid), is easily water soluble and is not considered a hazardous material. 

No loss of performance has been reported by the kitchens who have changed to the salt form of E 280 (Propionic Acid), making E 280 (Propionic Acid), Sodium Salt the best overall decision in food production.

To make 1 L of 1M Propionic Acid from Propionic Acid, Sodium Salt, dissolve 96.06g of E 280 (Propionic Acid) Salt (Sodium Propionate) in 500ml of distilled water to make 2M Sodium Propionate solution. 
Add 500ml 2M HCl to 2M Sodium Propionate Solution to make 1L.

Propionates occur naturally in small amounts in natural foods such as cheese and are also produced naturally in the human gut as part of the digestion process. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2COOH. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a clear liquid with a pungent odor. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria at the levels between 0.1 and 1% by weight. 

Emulsifier E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a colorless, oily liquid with a pungent and rancid odor. 
Emulsifier E 280 (Propionic Acid) occurs naturally in dairy products.
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a three-carbon carboxylic acid, CH3CH2COOH, which occurs naturally as the free acid or in the
form of its esters. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid)can be produced by chemical synthesis or by fermentation.
E 280 (Propionic Acid) , or E280 as it is called by the European Union, is an additive found naturally in foods such as dairy products and vinegar and used as an antimicrobial agent or flavor enhancer in the food industry. 

First described in the 19th century, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a colorless and pungent-smelling liquid. 
The use of E 280 (Propionic Acid) in food formulations is limited due to its pungent odor. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a normal component of human metabolism. 
In the human body, food components that reach the large intestine without being digested, such as dietary fibers, are fermented by the microorganisms found here, and various intermediates, including E 280 (Propionic Acid), are formed. 

In addition, microorganisms of the genus Propionibacterium , found in the natural microflora of human sweat glands, produce E 280 (Propionic Acid); accordingly, human sweat smells like propionic acid. 
The end product of the metabolism of Propionibacterium in an oxygen-free environment is E 280 (Propionic Acid).

E 280 (Propionic Acid) (from the Greek words protos, meaning “first”, and pion, meaning “fat”; also known as propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2COOH. 
Colorless, oily liquid with a pungent, disagreeable, rancid odor. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) has a sour taste and a pungent odor. 
The chemical formula of E 280 (Propionic Acid) is C2H5COOH.
E 280 (Propionic Acid) (PA), also known as propanoic acid, with chemical formula C3H6O2, is an organic acid used as a food additive and found naturally on the skin and in the gastrointestinal tract. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid)is a byproduct of fermentation reactions and is also produced industrially from ethylene or ethanol and carbon monoxide. 
Propanoic acid, propionic acid molecule. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) is short-chain saturated fatty acid, antifungal drug, antimicrobial agent E280. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is found in nature where propionic acid fermentation occurs, e.g. in Emmental cheese, in which it is present up to 1%.

E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a naturally occurring organic acid. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is miscible with water and ethanol. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid)'s antimicrobial activity is mostly against molds, less so against bacteria. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) has practically no effect against yeasts. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is recommended and used up to pH 5 and only occasionally up to pH 6.
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is the common name of propanoic acid, a carboxylic acid with a pungent odor. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) occurs naturally in some essential oils. 
Among other things, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a metabolic product of some types of bacteria and gives Emmental and blue cheese their characteristic taste. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) is effective against certain types of bacteria, yeast and mold. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is chemically synthesized from ethylene, carbon monoxide and water.
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) has a role as an antifungal drug. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a short-chain fatty acid and a saturated fatty acid. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a conjugate acid of a propionate.

Sodium propionate is the sodium salt of E 280 (Propionic Acid) that exists as colorless, transparent crystals or a granular crystalline powder. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) food ingredient by FDA, where E 280 (Propionic Acid) acts as an antimicrobial agent for food preservation and flavoring agent. 

Sodium propionate is is prepared by neutralizing E 280 (Propionic Acid) with sodium hydroxide. 
Sodium propionate was previously approved in Canada as an active ingredient in Amino-Cerv (used to treat inflammation or injury of the cervix).

USES and APPLICATIONS of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
-Cosmetic Uses:    
Preservative, Cosmetics, Feed, Hay Preservative, Pharmaceutical, Antimicrobial, Mold Inhibitor, Antifungal, Antibacterial, Sauces, Baking Food, Cake Mixes, Bread, Cheese, Confections, Frostings, Gelatins, Puddings, Fillings, Jams, Jellies, Flavoring Agent, Tobacco, Toothpaste, Packing Materials, anti-mildew agents, flavors, Bakery, breads, cookies, biscuits, meat products, cheese

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used to inhibit the growth of mold in baked goods and cheeses.
-Natural source:
E 280 (Propionic Acid) can be found naturally in dairy products such as butter and cheese. 

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is primarily used as a mold inhibitor in food and feed. 
-And due to the activity of carboxylic acid and alpha-c of carboxylic acid in the molecule, it can be made to various derivatives that have a wide application in dyes, textiles, plastics, pesticides, perfumes, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. 

-Food:
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is primarily used as a mold inhibitor which is fungistatic rather than fungicidal. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is effective against molds with concentration ranging from 0.05 to 0.25%. 
However, less effective in inhibiting the growth of bacterial and no effect on the growth of yeast.

-Food-grade E 280 (Propionic Acid) can be used to produce its salts, calcium propionate and sodium propionate which are commonly used as a preservative in the following food:
*Bread
*Tortillas
*Cheeses
*Cakes

-Animal Feed:
E 280 (Propionic Acid) in the market is mainly made into ammonium propionate which is used as a preservative in animal feed and grain due to its less corrosive to farm equipment than propionic acid.

-The following feed may contain E 280 (Propionic Acid):
*High moisture grains such as oats, corn, barley
*Hay
*Drinking water for livestock and poultry 

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is listed in Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 as an authorised food additive and categorized in “Additives other than colours and sweeteners” .

-Natural acid present in small quantities in many foods, sometimes in high concentrations produced by bacteria in fermented foods, such as types of Swiss cheese. 

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is also produced on a large scale by the bacteria in the large intestine. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is also a normal component of sweat.

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is also a raw material in the manufacturing of vitamin E.
-E 280 (Propionic Acid) and propionates are used as preservatives, mainly against fungi. 

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is often used in bakery goods against bacterial spoilage. 
Due to the strong smell E 280 (Propionic Acid) is limited in applications.
-Products: bakery products, meat and meatproducts, pizza

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used as an antimicrobial agent and flavoring agent in food and with no limitation other than current good manufacturing practice. 
Meanwhile, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is also GRAS when functioned as a chemical preservative in the feed. 

-Industrial uses:
E 280 (Propionic Acid) inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria at levels between 0.1 and 1% by weight.
As a result, some E 280 (Propionic Acid) produced is consumed as a preservative for both animal feed and food for human consumption. 

-The antibiotic monensin is added to cattle feed to favor propionibacteria over acetic acid producers in the rumen; this produces less carbon dioxide and feed conversion is better. 
This application accounts for about half of the world production of E 280 (Propionic Acid). 

-Another major application is as a preservative in baked goods, which use the sodium and calcium salts. 
As a food additive, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is approved for use in the EU, USA, Australia and New Zealand.

-In more specialized applications, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is also used to make pesticides and pharmaceuticals. 
-The esters of propionic acid have fruit-like odors and are sometimes used as solvents or artificial flavorings.

-Bacteriology:
The Bacteria species Coprothermobacter platensis produces propionate when fermenting gelatin.

-E 280 (Propionic Acid): propionates occur naturally in fermented foods, human perspiration and ruminants digestive tract, also can be derived commercially from ethylene and carbon monoxide or propionaldehyde or natural gas or fermented wood pulp; produced when bacteria decompose fibre; commonly used in bread cheese and flour products. 

-As a result, most E 280 (Propionic Acid) produced is consumed as a preservative for both animal feed and food for human consumption. 
-For animal feed, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used either directly or as its ammonium salt. 

-For animal feed, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used either directly or as its ammonium salt. 
The antibiotic Monensin is added to cattle feed to favor propionibacteria over acetic acid producers in the rumen; this produces less carbon dioxide and feed conversion is better. 
This application accounts for about half of the world production of E 280 (Propionic Acid). 

-Another major application is as a preservative in baked goods, which use the sodium and calcium salts. 
As a food additive, E 280 (Propionic Acid) has a E number 280.
In EU, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is approved to use as food additive and cosmetics preservative. 
In US, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is generally recognized as safe food substance.

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) possesses properties, due to which it can be used in agriculture, food, pharmaceutical industry. 
-E 280 (Propionic Acid) does not allow bacteria and mold to develop. 

-In case of industries E 280 (Propionic Acid) is often used as propionic acid in production of cheese, bakery products, in fermented milk products. 

-Being used by herbicide and solvent production plants, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a very important ingredient of some preparations.

-In case of human food production E 280 (Propionic Acid) can be used only in the form of sodium or calcium salts in concentrations not exceeding 0.3%. 
However, E 280 (Propionic Acid)'s strong sour taste still does not allow increasing the concentration of acid without losing the original taste.

-In case of the pharmaceutical industry, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used as a preservative to extend the shelf life of some drugs.
-E 280 (Propionic Acid), Preservative (Feed) (Propionic Acid 99%) is used as a preservative in animal feed. 

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is commonly used for grain preservation.
-Used Markets, Agriculture & Feed, Animal Health & Nutrition, Feed Preservation.
-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is usually used for grain preservation.

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) and various direct sodium or calcium salt formulations of the acid are currently most commonly approved and indicated by organizations like the FDA and EMA for use as an antibacterial food additive preservative in animal feed and food for human consumption.

-Similarly, although the use of E 280 (Propionic Acid) or any of its direct sodium or calcium salt formulations as excipient ingredients in pharmaceuticals is not necessarily a major role for the compound today, sodium propionate was used in some vaginal cream preparations indicated for cervicitis, cervical tears, and/or postcauterization, postcryosurgery, and postconization of the cervix.

-The sodium propionate was primarily used to elicit a preservative, bacteriostatic 4,11 effect while other active ingredients combined in the formulation like urea, benzalkonium chloride, inositol, and methionine and cystine amino acids facilitated debridement, enhanced medication spread, epithelialization promotion, and wound healing, respectively.

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used as preservative in cosmetic formulations under the INCI designation"propionic acid".
-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is commonly used in bread and flour products. 
-Primarily used as a preservative in baked goods, which use the sodium and calcium salts. 

-As a food additive, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is approved for use in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand. 
-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used as a preservative because E 280 (Propionic Acid) has the ability to prevent the growth of molds.

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is an active ingredient for use as fungicides and bactericides on stored grains, hay, storage
areas for silage and grains, poultry litter, and drinking water for poultry and livestock. 

-According to the petition, there is 48% of E 280 (Propionic Acid) in their product (DMX-7) which is used primarily for animal feed preservation as a mold inhibitor.

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used in shipping and storage and is applied either as a solution or on an absorbent (vermiculite) to prevent mold in corn gluten meal, corn, rice and other grains. 
-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is applied with a spray nozzle. 

-Application rates of E 280 (Propionic Acid) depend on the moisture content of the grain at the time E 280 (Propionic Acid) is placed in storage, and also varies depending on whether the grains are in “open” storage or “closed” storage. 

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) produced by chemical synthesis or microbial fermentation is an organic acid used in the food, agriculture and plastic industries. 
-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used as a protective additive and flavor enhancer, especially in bakery products and cheeses.

-E 280 (Propionic Acid), which is added to animal feeds as a preservative, is also found in the composition of various pesticides. 
-E 280 (Propionic Acid) used as animal feed or the places where the grain will be stored are sterilized with propionic acid beforehand. 

-In addition, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is added to the water of poultry or cattle drinks as an antibacterial agent.
-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used in the production of thermoplastics named cellulose-acetate-propionate from plastic industry products.

-In the chemical industry, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used as an intermediate in the production of various cosmetics, textiles, paints and rubber products.
-E 280 (Propionic Acid) inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria. 

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is manufactured primarily for use as a preservative and anti-mold agent in animal feed and grain.
-Propionates occur naturally in small amounts in natural foods such as cheese and are also produced naturally in the human and cow gut as part of the digestion process.

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a food additive, a preservative. 
Externally E 280 (Propionic Acid) looks like an oily liquid of pale yellowish color or not having any at all.
-E 280 (Propionic Acid)'s use as a food additive is also approved in Europe.

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is allowed to be used in the form of a preservative in an amount up to three grams per kilogram in cheese (fused) products, as well as produced from them, in combination with sorbic acid, E 280 (Propionic Acid)'s salts or individually. 

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is also possible to use preservative in wheat (sliced pre-packaged), rye for long-term storage, and bread with reduced energy value. 
-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is allowed for use in flour confectionery, baked pastry.

-By inhibiting (slowing down) of certain enzymes, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is able to exert a nonspecific depressant effect on bacteria of many species, mold and yeast, some species can assimilate or produce it.

-In this regard, in the food industry, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used in the form of calcium and sodium propionates practically only in the process of preserving bakery products.

-Preservative, E 280 (Propionic Acid), is able to inhibit (slow down) the development of microorganisms of serum and milk. 
In this regard, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used in preserving whey for storage and transportation. 
-Moreover, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used to protect excessively wet grain from mold (with insufficiently powerful dryers).

-The use of E 280 (Propionic Acid) is quite common in other industries. 
Thus, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used in the manufacture of medicinal products (phenoboline, Ibuprofen and others), fragrant substances (geranyl-propionate, phenylpropionate and others), plastics (polyvinyl propionate), vinyl plasticizers, solvents (propyl propionate, propylpropionate and others).

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is a fungicide and bactericide, registered to controlfungi and bacteria in stored grains, hay, grain storage areas, poultry litter,and drinking water for livestock and poultry. 

-As a food preservative, E 280 (Propionic Acid) prevents mold in bread and baked goods, and E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used as a flavoring agent in cheese and other packaged goods. 
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency considers E 280 (Propionic Acid) safe and therefore, has no limitation on its use. 

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) has been demonstrated that PA lowers fatty acids content in liver and plasma, reduces food intake, exerts immunosuppressive actions and probably improves tissue insulin sensitivity. 

Thus increased production of E 280 (Propionic Acid) by the microbiota might be considered beneficial in the context of prevention of obesity and diabetes type 2. 

The molecular mechanisms by which E 280 (Propionic Acid) may exert this plethora of physiological effects are slowly being elucidated and include intestinal cyclooxygenase enzyme, the G-protein coupled receptors 41 and 43 and activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, in turn inhibiting the sentinel transcription factor NF-κB and thus increasing the threshold for inflammatory responses in general. 

Taken together, E 280 (Propionic Acid) emerges as a major mediator in the link between nutrition, gut microbiota and physiology. 

-The sodium salt of E 280 (Propionic Acid) was previously approved in Canada as an active ingredient in Amino-Cerv (used to treat inflammation or injury of the cervix).

-Food additive from the category of natural preservatives, obtained by bacterial fermentation. 
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used against yeasts and fungi, as well as against degradation caused by some microorganisms. 

-Due to E 280 (Propionic Acid)'s strong smell, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is used in a limited range of products (prepackaged sliced ​​bread and rye bread).

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) and its salts are used primarily in baked products to suppress bacteria causing ‘rope’ in the center of bread and the growth of mold on both bread and cakes.

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) and propionates are used as preservatives mainly against yeast and mold. 
-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is often used in bakery products to prevent bacterial spoilage. 
Due to its strong odor, E 280 (Propionic Acid)'s use is limited.

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) also acts as a mold inhibitor in cheese foods and spreads.
-Because E 280 (Propionic Acid) acts against bacteria and mold in an alkaline environment but not against yeast, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is particularly suitable for use in industrially produced bread and baked goods. 

-As a fatty acid, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is fully utilized by the human body. 
Because of E 280 (Propionic Acid)'s acrid, pungent odor and strongly acidic taste, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is rarely used in the food industry. 

-E 280 (Propionic Acid), Their derivatives, the propionates, are used more frequently.
-E 280 (Propionic Acid) is an important synthetic building block for the production of plastics, herbicides and pharmaceuticals. 

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) and E 280 (Propionic Acid)'s salts sodium propionate (E 281), calcium propionate (E 282) and potassium propionate (E 283) are used as anti-mould agents. 

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) itself has an unpleasant taste for humans, which is why the salts of the acid are used in the food industry, especially for packaged bread or pastries. 

-E 280 (Propionic Acid) itself is often added to silage, where the proportion may be up to 2% of the dry matter. 
There, E 280 (Propionic Acid) has the positive side effect of preventing ketoacidosis in dairy cattle.

FUNCTIONS of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
1. Acidity Regulator / Buffering Agent:
Changes or maintains the acidity or basicity of food/cosmetics.

2. Antimicrobial Preservative:
Actively kills and inhibits the growth of unwanted microorganisms which may be harmful.

3. Fragrance / Fragrance Component:
Provides or enhances a particular smell or odor.

4. Preservative:
Prevents and inhibits the growth of unwanted microorganisms which may be harmful

5. Antimicrobial: 
Slows the growth of micro-organisms on the skin and counteracts the development of bacteria

6. Masking: 
Reduces or inhibits the odor or basic taste of the product

7. Preservative: 
Inhibits the development of microorganisms in cosmetic products.

8. Ph adjusters:
Controlling the pH of cosmetic products.

HOW IS E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID) MADE?
E 280 (Propionic Acid) can be produced by chemical synthesis or bacterial fermentation. 
The following are the main five manufacturing processes, where the mainstream industrial synthesis is almost dominated by petrochemical processes. 

Synthesis from ethylene (petroleum-based), carbon monoxide and steam.
Ethylene is reacted with the mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to obtain propionaldehyde, and further oxidation of propionaldehyde. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) manufacturing process from propionaldehyde:
Reaction ethanol with carbon monoxide using boron trifluoride as a catalyst. 

Microbial fermentation with propionibacterium, but there is a way to go before this biosynthesis method is large-scaled used in commercial. 
A byproduct in the pyrolysis of wood.

HOW E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID) WORKS AS A PRESERVATIVE?
E 280 (Propionic Acid)’s mechanism of preservation is similar with that of benzoic acid and sorbic acid. 
The optimal pH range for its antimicrobial effectiveness is from 2.5 to 5.5.

IS E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID) SAFE TO EAT?
Yes, E 280 (Propionic Acid) has been approved as a safe ingredient by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as well as Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). 

PRODUCTION of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
In industry, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is mainly produced by the hydrocarboxylation of ethylene using nickel carbonyl as the catalyst:

Hydrocarboxylation of ethene with carbon monoxide and water to form propionic acid in the presence of nickel tetracarbonyl as catalyst.
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is also produced by the aerobic oxidation of propionaldehyde. 

In the presence of cobalt or manganese salts (manganese propionate is most commonly used), this reaction proceeds rapidly at temperatures as mild as 40–50 °C:

Liquid-phase oxidation of propionaldehyde with atmospheric oxygen to form E 280 (Propionic Acid) in the presence of manganese(II)-propionate as catalyst.
Large amounts of E 280 (Propionic Acid) were once produced as a byproduct of acetic acid manufacture. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) is obtained by chemical synthesis by nickel-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of ethylene or by aerobic oxidation of propionaldehyde. 

Different strains of Propionibacterium are used in the production of propionic acid by microbial fermentation . 
Since E 280 (Propionic Acid) production using microorganisms is not an economical option, chemical synthesis is preferred in commercial production.

Preparation of E 280 (Propionic Acid):
The substance E 280 (Propionic Acid) in nature is contained in oil and as a by-product of fermentation in certain plants. When fermenting carbohydrates, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is also formed. 

The biological production is the metabolic degradation of fatty acids that contain carbon atoms in an odd number, and the decomposition of individual amino acids.

Bacteria from the genus Propioni bacterium produce the substance as the final product of anaerobic metabolism. 
Since these bacteria are often present in the stomach in ruminants, some types of cheese have a specific flavor.

In industrial conditions, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is formed by carbonylation according to the reaction of Repne ethylene, in the catalytic oxidation (in the presence of manganese or cobalt ions) of propionic aldehyde. 

In addition, E 280 (Propionic Acid) is produced as a by-product in the process of vapor-phase oxidation of C4-C10 hydrocarbons.

Previously, E 280 (Propionic Acid) was released as a by-product in the production of acetic acid. 
However, modern technology in the manufacture of the latter pushed aside the former way of isolating the preservative into the background.

HISTORY of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
E 280 (Propionic Acid) was first described in 1844 by Johann Gottlieb, who found it among the degradation products of sugar. 
Over the next few years, other chemists produced E 280 (Propionic Acid) by different means, none of them realizing they were producing the same substance. 

In 1847, French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas established all the acids to be the same compound, which he called E 280 (Propionic Acid), from the Greek words πρῶτος (prōtos), meaning first, and πίων (piōn), meaning fat, because E 280 (Propionic Acid) is the smallest H(CH2)nCOOH acid that exhibits the properties of the other fatty acids, such as producing an oily layer when salted out of water and having a soapy potassium salt.

MECHANISM of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
The metabolic fate of propionates varies in different microorganisms. 
Some have enzyme systems that can convert succinate to propionyl-coenzyme A and through various further steps to propionate, CO2, or propionyl phoshpate. 
Still others can convert propionic acid to B-alanine or directly to CO2. 

Whatever the case, the inhibiting effect for microbials is likely related to competition with acetate in the acetokinase system, to the blockage of pyruvate conversion to acetyl-coenzyme A and to interference with B-alanine in pantothenic acid syntheses.

Additionally, there are also studies that suggest that E 280 (Propionic Acid)'s antifungal activity may be the result of propionyl-CoA inhibiting glucose metabolism in certain species of fungus via the accumulation of the CoA-derivative.

ABSORPTION of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
Some E 280 (Propionic Acid) is oxidized to lactic acid during absorption, but most passes to the liver, which removes nearly all of E 280 (Propionic Acid) from the portal blood. 

E 280 (Propionic Acid) represents 20-25% of absorbed volatile fatty acids.
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is rapidly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract.

METABOLISM of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
E 280 (Propionic Acid) is first converted to propionyl coenzyme A (propionyl-CoA), however, E 280 (Propionic Acid) directly enter either beta oxidation or the citric acid cycles. 

As E 280 (Propionic Acid) has three carbons, propionyl-CoA. 
In the majority of vertebrates, propionyl-CoA is carboxylated to D-methylmalonyl-CoA, which is then isomerised to L-methylmalonyl-CoA. 

A vitamin B12-dependent enzyme catalyzes rearrangement of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, which can then be used as a substrate in the citric acid cycle.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
Molecular weight: 74.08
Boiling Point: 141 °C
Melting point: -22.4 ºC
Appearance: oily liquid with a slight pungent rancid odor
Purity: ≥99.5%
Moisture: ≤0.15%
Boiling Point: 138.50C–142.50C
Evaporation Residue: ≤0.01%

Aldehydes (as Propaldehyde): ≤0.05%
Formic acid, formate and other oxidizer (as formic acid): ≤0.05%
Appearance Form: liquid, clear
Color: colorless
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: 2,5 at 100 g/l at 20 °C

Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: -24 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 141 °C - lit.
Flash point: 54 °C - closed cuph) 
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits:
Upper explosion limit: 12,1 %(V)

Lower explosion limit: 2,9 %(V)
Vapor pressure: 3,2 hPa at 20 °C
Vapor density: 2,56 - (Air = 1.0)
Relative density: 0,993 g/mL at 25 °C
Water solubility: soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: log Pow: 0,25
Autoignition temperature: 440 °C at 1.013 hPa
Decomposition temperature: No data available

Viscosity 
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 10 mPa.s at 25 °C
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information:
Surface tension: 27,21 mN/m at 15 °C
Dissociation constant: 4,88

Relative vapor density: 2,56 - (Air = 1.0)
Min. Purity Spec: >99.5% (GC)
Physical Form (at 20°C): Liquid
Melting Point: -21°C
Boiling Point: 141°C
Flash Point: 54°C
Density: 0.99

Refractive Index: 1.385-1.387
Long-Term Storage: Store long-term in a cool, dry place
Appearance: colorless to pale yellow clear liquid (est)
Assay: 99.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: Yes
Specific Gravity: 0.99000 to 1.00000 @ 25.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est).: 8.238 to 8.321

Refractive Index: 1.38500 to 1.38900 @ 20.00 °C.
Melting Point: -24.00 to -23.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 140.00 to 141.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 70.00 to 71.00 °C. @ 50.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 4.227000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Vapor Density: 2.56 ( Air = 1 )
Flash Point: 129.00 °F. TCC ( 53.89 °C. )

logP (o/w): 0.330
Shelf Life: 12.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly.
Storage: refrigerate in tightly sealed containers.
Soluble in:
alcohol
water, 1.736e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
oils
propylene glycol
water, 1.00E+06 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)

PSA: 37.30000
XLogP3: 0.48100
Appearance: 
Propionic acid is a colorless liquid with a sharp rancid odor. 
Produces irritating vapor. (USCG, 1999)
Density: 0.9930 g/cm3 @ Temp: 20 °C
Melting Point: -20.7 °C
Boiling Point: 141.1 °C
Flash Point: 51ºC

Refractive Index: 1.385-1.387
Water Solubility: H2O: 37 g/100 mL
Storage Conditions: 0-6ºC
Vapor Pressure: 2.4 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Vapor Density: 2.55 (vs air)
Toxicity: LD50 orally in rats: 4.29 g/kg (Smyth)
Flammability characteristics: Class II Combustible Liquid: Fl.P. at or above 100°F and below 140°F.
Explosive limit: Explosive limits , vol% in air: 2.1-12
Odor: Slightly pungent disagreeable, rancid odor

Physical State: Oil liquid
Appearance: Colorless
Odor: Rancid, pungent odor
Molecular Weight: 74.08
Boiling Point (760 mmHg): 141 ºC
Melting Point: -22.4 ºC
Solubility: Complete in water, ethanol, chloroform, diethyl ether
Vapor Pressure: 3 mm Hg at 20 ºC
Specific Gravity: 0.99 at 20 ºC

Dissociation Constant: 1.32 x 10–5 46 at 25 ºC
pH: Around 5 (- log K=4.87) based on the dissociation constant 
Molecular Weight: 74.08    
XLogP3: 0.3    
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1    
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2    
Rotatable Bond Count: 1    
Exact Mass: 74.036779430    
Monoisotopic Mass: 74.036779430    

Topological Polar Surface Area: 37.3 Ų    
Heavy Atom Count: 5    
Formal Charge: 0    
Complexity: 40.2    
Isotope Atom Count: 0    
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0    
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0    
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0    
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0    
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1    
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

FIRST AID MEASURES of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
First aider needs to protect himself. 
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air. 
Call in physician.

*In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with water/ shower. 
Call a physician immediately.

*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.

*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Call a physician immediately. 
Do not attempt to neutralise.

-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains. 

-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Take up with liquid-absorbent and neutralising material.
Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water 
Foam 
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
Dry powder

*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:

*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Tightly fitting safety goggles.

*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.

Full contact:
Material: butyl-rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,3 mm
Break through time: 480 min

Splash contact:
Material: Nature latex/chloroprene
Minimum layer thickness: 0,6 mm
Break through time: 41 min

-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing. 
Apply preventive skin protection. 
Wash hands and face after working with substance.

-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. 

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of E 280 (PROPIONIC ACID):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).

SYNONYMS:
Carboxyethane
Methylacetic acid
Ethyl formic acid
Ethanecarboxylic acid
Propanoic acid
ethylformic acid
methylacetic acid
INS No. 280
Pseudo acetic acid
Carboxyethane
Meta cetonic acid
Ethane carboxylic acid
Ethyl formic acid
Luprosil
Methyl acetic acid
Propanoic acid
Prozoin
Propanoic acid
Propanyl acid
Acid C3
ANTISCHIM B
CARBOXYETHANE
E-280
ETHYLFORMIC ACID
FEMA NO. 2924
INS NO.280
INS-280
LUPROSIL
METACETONIC ACID
METHYLACETIC ACID
PROPANOIC ACID
PROPIONATE
Acide propionique
Acido Propionico
Adofeed
Antischim B
Carboxyethane
E 280
Ethanecarboxylic acid
Ethylformic acid
Luprosil
Metacetonic acid
Methylacetic acid
MonoProp
Natural Propionic Acid
Propanoic Acid
PropcornPropionic acid 99.0+ % (acidimetric) for analysis
Propionic acid solution
Propionsaeure
Propionsaure
Propkorn
Prozoin
Pseudoacetic acid
Toxi-Check
Un3463
Carboxyethane
Ethanecarboxylic acid
Ethylformic acid
Metacetonic acid
Methylacetic acid
C3:0 (Lipid numbers)
propionic acid
Propanoic acid
ethylformic acid
methylacetic acid
Carboxyethane
Ethanecarboxylic acid
Pseudoacetic acid
Metacetonic acid
Luprosil
Monoprop
Prozoin
Propionoic acid
Antischim B
Acide propionique
Methyl acetic acid
Sentry grain preserver
C3 acid
Tenox P grain preservative
Caswell No. 707
Propionic acid grain preserver
Propionsaeure
Propcorn
Propkorn
propoic acid
Propioic acid
acide propanoique
FEMA No. 2924
Propionic acid (natural)
Kyselina propionova
Carboxylic acids, C1-5
CCRIS 6096
proprionic acid
C1-5 Carboxylic acids
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 077702
Propanyl acid
HSDB 1192
UNII-JHU490RVYR
n-propionic acid
Toxi-Check
AI3-04167
CH3-CH2-COOH
UN1848
BRN 0506071
Propionic acid [NF]
CHEBI:30768
JHU490RVYR
CHEMBL14021
metacetonate
propanate
pseudoacetate
ethanecarboxylate
Propionic acid (NF)
Propionic acid [UN1848] 
Propionic acid, >=99.5%
FEMA Number 2924
Fatty acids, C3-24
Luprisol
proponic acid
1-propanoic acid
2-methylacetic acid
Acid C3
EtCO2H
Propionic acid, 99%
Propanoic acid (9CI)
C2H5COOH
DSSTox_CID_5961
bmse000179
Epitope ID:139981
Propionic acid, >=99%
Propionic acid, 99.5%
DSSTox_GSID_25961
Propionic Acid Reagent Grade
NATURAL PROPIONIC ACID
Propionic acid (6CI,8CI)
Propionic acid, 99%, FCC
GTPL1062
INS NO.280
DTXSID8025961
AMY4114
INS-280
Top distillation cut by-product acids, monobasic (C1-C5)
Methylacetic Acid, Propanoic Acid
Propionic acid, ACS reagent grade
Carboxymethoxylaminehemihydrochloride
Propionic acid, analytical standard
ZINC6050663
Propionic acid, natural, 99%, FG
Tox21_304030
BDBM50082199
LMFA01010003
STL168039
Propionic acid, feed grade, 98.7%
AKOS000118853
DB03766
MCULE-2199051150
UN 1848
Propionic acid, for synthesis, 99.5%
NCGC00357239-01
Propionic acid, >=99.5%, FCC, FG
BP-20411
E280
Propionic acid, ACS reagent, >=99.5%
S067
E-280
FT-0637136
FT-0658557
P0500
Propionic acid, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
C00163
D02310
Propionic acid 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile
Propionic acid, puriss. p.a., >=99.5% (GC)
Q422956
F2191-0098