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E 297 (FUMARIC ACID) = ALLOMALEIC ACID = BOLEIC ACID
CAS Number: 110-17-8
EC Number: 203-743-0
MDL: MFCD00002700
Linear Formula: HOOCCH=CHCOOH
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H.
A white solid, fumaric acid occurs widely in nature.
Derived from plants of the genus Fumaria esp.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s E number is E297.
The salts and esters are known as fumarates.
Fumarate can also refer to the C4H2O2−4 ion (in solution).
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid, while maleic acid is the cis isomer.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is produced in eukaryotic organisms from succinate in complex 2 of the electron transport chain via the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid.
In E 297 (Fumaric Acid) the carboxylic acid groups are trans (E) and in maleic acid they are cis (Z).
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is found in fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), bolete mushrooms (specifically Boletus fomentarius var. pseudo-igniarius), lichen, and Iceland moss.
Fumarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid)is formed by the oxidation of succinate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.
Fumarate is then converted by the enzyme fumarase to malate.
Human skin naturally produces E 297 (Fumaric Acid) when exposed to sunlight.
Fumarate is also a product of the urea cycle.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a white, odorless crystalline powder or granules.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in water and in ether, and very slightly soluble in chloroform.
Used as an acidulant, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has bacteriostatic and antiseptic function.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a natural acid present in many fruits and vegetables.
Commercially made by fermentation of sugar by fungi or by chemical synthesis.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is part of the metabolic pathway in every living cell.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid), the strongest organic food acid commonly used as a flavoring agent and pH control agent.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) provides more sourness than other acidulants, e.g. citric acid (E330) and malic acid (E296) in food.
The European food additive number for E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is E297.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a weak organic acid (a dicarboxylic acid) commercially made from maleic acid and with chemical formula C4H4O4.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a precursor for the production of other acids, like L-aspartic acid and L-malic acid.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a white or nearly white crystalline powder or granular with a clean, persistent sourness with dryness.
The sourness is around 1.5 times that of citric acid.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a weak organic acid containing two carboxylic acid functional groups and as a result E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has two PKa values, PKa1 = 3.03 and PKa2 = 4.44.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s PKa1 and PKa2 value is higher than that of citrate acid and malic acid.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an unsaturated di-carbonic acid and it has 2 dissociation equilibrium equations.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s PH value is 2.03 in the concentration of 100 mM (0.1mol/L). (6)
The method to calculate E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s PH is the same way with that of malic acid.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a relatively strong acid and has a strong buffering property to maintain the pH of the aqueous solution at around 3.0, which is important for preservatives that function around pH 3.0.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has a solubility of 0.5% (0.5g/100ml) at 20°C in water while citric, malic and tartaric acid are all very soluble in water.
Soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in oils.
Slightly soluble in acetone with solubility 1.29g/100g at 20°C. (7)
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) or trans-butenedioic acid, is a white crystalline chemical compound widely found in nature.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle for organic acid biosynthesis in humans and other mammals.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is also an essential ingredient in plant life.
When used as a food additive, the hydrophobic nature of fumaric acid results in persistent, long lasting sourness and flavor impact.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) also decreases the pH with minimal added sourness in products with pHs greater than 4.5.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s low molecular weight gives fumaric acid more buffering capacity than other food acids at pHs near 3.O.
Because of E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s strength, less fumaric acid is required when compared to other organic food acids, therefore reducing costs per unit weight.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a non-toxic food additive generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements are based on purity.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a substitute for tartaric acid and occasionally takes the place of citric acid, at a rate of 1.36 gram of citric acid to every 0.91 grams of Fumaric Acid for the same taste.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is also an essential ingredient in the manufacturing of candy to add sourness, similar to the way malic acid is used.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an organic compound with the chemical formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H.
Together with maleic acid, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) are isomeric unsaturated dicarboxnic acids.
In maleic acid, carboxylic acid groups are in the cis (Z) form, and in E 297 (Fumaric Acid) in the trans (E) form.
The E code for E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is E297.
There are other pronunciations that refer to E 297 (Fumaric Acid).
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has names such as E297, Butenethioic Acid, Allomaleic Acid, Tumaric Acid, Lichenic Acid, Sodium Fumarate, Ammonium Fumarate.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be in the form of a white powder or in the form of transparent crystals.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is odorless but has a fruity taste.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is 1.5 times more sour and odorless than citric acid.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is found in nature in the contents of bolete mushrooms, lichens, saber grass and Icelandic moss.
The form of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) found in natural environments is colorless crystalline powder and white in fine form.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) also occurs in the human body as well as in plants.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is known that the human body, which receives direct sunlight, produces fumaric acid.
Aromatically, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has a fruity taste.
Fumarate is used so that cells can store the energy we obtain from food in the form of adenosine triphosphate.
With this feature, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is one of the intermediate products in the citric acid cycle and the urea cycle.
Esters and salts are called fumarates.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is known that dimethyl fumarate greatly inhibits the progression of multiple sclerosis.
Originally, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) was isolated from plants belonging to the genus Fumaria, from which its name is derived.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an organic acid found widely in nature.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a colorless, odorless, crystalline powder with tart-fruity taste.
Natural sources of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) include bolete mushrooms, lichen, and Iceland moss.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid)’s also found in papayas, pears and plums, but in very limited amounts.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) was first isolated from the plant Fumaria officinalis, which is where E 297 (Fumaric Acid) derives its name.
Today, this acid is produced via chemical or enzymatic treatment of starchy materials.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is the chemical compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H.
This colorless crystalline compound, E 297 (Fumaric Acid), is one of two isomeric unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, the other being maleic acid wherein the carboxylic acid groups are cis.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has a fruit-like taste.
The salts and esters of fumaric acid are known as fumarates.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid), when added to food products, is denoted by E number E297.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is found in fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), bolete mushrooms (specifically Boletus fomentarius var. pseudo-igniarius), lichen, and Iceland moss.
Fumarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from food.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is formed by the oxidation of adenylsuccinate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase.
Fumarate is then converted by the enzyme fumarase to malate.
Human skin naturally produces E 297 (Fumaric Acid) when exposed to sunlight.
Fumarate is also a byproduct of the urea cycle.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a chemical compound, derived from genus fumaria.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is odourless and white crystalline in texture.
Chemical formula C4H4O4 is a compound in the category of trans-butene dioic acid, unsaturated carboxylic acids with crystals in the form of small prisms with open formula HO2CCH = CHCO2H.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is also called ethylene dicarboxylic acid.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) coded E297, found in most vegetables and fruits and is a natural acid.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is usually found in fungi and liver.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is the (cis-) isomer of matureic acid.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is White odorless granule or crystalline powder.
Less soluble in water and ether, soluble in alcohol and very little soluble in chloroform.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a compound with the chemical formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H and the CAS Number 110-17-8.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is also referred to as trans-butenedioic acid, and its preferred IUPAC name is (2E)-But-2-enedioic acid.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has a white crystalline form and occurs in the natural world.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is key to organic acid biosynthesis in mammals and plays a critical role in plant life, and E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be naturally found in abundance in Iceland moss, lichen, and bolete mushrooms.
When E 297 (Fumaric Acid) comes to sourness and titratable acidity — or TA — fumaric acid is one of the strongest food acids available.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s uses as an additive span the manufacture of everything from pie fillings and animal feed to medicines and even cleaning agents for bath salts and dentures.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is also called trans-butenedioic acid, is a white solid.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH=CHCO2H.
A white solid, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) occurs widely in nature.
The salts and esters are known as fumarates.
Fumarate can also refer to the C4H2O2−4 ion (in solution).
The trans isomer possesses a dipole moment.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an acid with the general formula C4H4O4.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is found in seesaw (Fumaria officinalis), bolete fungi (especially Boletus fomentarius var. Pseudo-igniarius), lichens, and Icelandic moss.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) occurs naturally in fruits and vegetables.
The food additive E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a colorless or white crystal, has no odor and a sharp sour taste.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is derived from maleic acid (fermentation of sugar by fungi).
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in water and ether, slightly soluble in chloroform.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid), an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) forms a white, crystalline powder and is only slightly soluble in water and organic solvents.
The water-soluble salts of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) the fumarates, are formed with alkaline solutions.
With acids, malic acid is formed by water addition.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is found abundantly in nature.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has a slight acid taste.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is free flowing, stable and nonhygroscopic.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid), CAS 110-17-8 is white odorless granules or crystalline powder.
Slightly soluble in water, ethyl ether, and acetic acid, soluble in ethanol, almost insoluble in chloroform.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid), CAS# 110-17-8, is a dicarboxylic acid manufactured through catalytic isomerisation of maleic acid, available as White crystalline powder.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a naturally occurring acid found in many fruits and vegetables.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) was first isolated from the roots of the wild herbaceous plant Fumaria officinalis (Fumariaceae), hence the name fumaric acid.
The commercial product, used by the food industry, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is obtained through the fermentation of sugars (fermentative way) performed by fungi, or through chemical synthesis (synthetic way).
In the synthetic way, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is mainly produced by isomerization of maleic acid, using urea as catalyst.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid), also known as E297 or fumarsaeure, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives.
These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa).
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
Within yeast, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) participates in a number of enzymatic reactions.
In particular, ubiquinol-1 and E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be biosynthesized from succinic acid and ubiquinone-1; which is mediated by the enzyme succinate:quinone oxidoreductase.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid), an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) forms a white, crystalline powder and is only slightly soluble in water and organic solvents.
The water-soluble salts of E 297 (Fumaric Acid), the fumarates, are formed with alkaline solutions.
With acids, malic acid is formed by water addition.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is found in nature in many plants, including the common fumitory Fumaria officinalis (the plant was called E 297 (Fumaric Acid)).
The medicinal plant is used as a remedy for psoriasis because of its E 297 (Fumaric Acid) content.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an important metabolic product both in plants and animals.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an intermediate product of the citric acid cycle (formed by oxidation of succinic acid) and is therefore ubiquitously present.
Malic acid is produced from E 297 (Fumaric Acid).
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an important raw material for the production of plastics.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is approved as food additive E 297 and is used for preservation and as an acidifier.
In pig breeding and chicken fattening, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is added to feed to prevent infections in the intestines.
USES and APPLICATIONS of E 297 (FUMARIC ACID):
-Used Fruit-flavoured desserts, Sugar confectionery, Chewing gum, Decorations, coatings and fillings, Fillings and toppings for fine bakery ware, Instant products for preparation of flavoured tea and herbal infusions, Gel-like desserts, fruit-flavoured desserts, dry powdered dessert mixes.
-Used Brewed soft drinks, confections, packet cheesecake mix
-Other Uses: Cosmetics
-Food acid 290, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is added to breads, pie filling, poultry, wine, jams and jellies.
-Industrial uses: Chemical & Industrial Manufacturing, Chemical Manufacturing, Resin Manufacturing,
-Base Chemicals End Uses: Alcohols, Polyester, Resins
-Cosmetic Uses: buffering agents
-Used Baking, Flavouring agent, Wine production, Personal care, Industries, Cosmetics Food
-F. officianalis or from the fermentation of glucose with fungi; can be used to flavour, acidify, as an antioxidant or raising agent used in soft drinks and cake mixes.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has been used as a food acidulant since 1946.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand.
-As a food additive, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used as an acidity regulator and can be denoted by the E number E297.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements are placed on purity.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used in the making of wheat tortillas as a food preservative and as the acid in leavening.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is generally used as a substitute for tartaric acid and occasionally in place of citric acid, at a rate of 1 g of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) to every ~1.5 g of citric acid, in order to add sourness, similarly to the way malic acid is used.
-As well as being a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as "Salt and Vinegar" flavored potato chips, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is also used as a coagulant in stove-top pudding mixes.
-Medicine:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) was developed as a medicine to treat the autoimmune condition psoriasis in the 1950s in Germany as a tablet containing 3 esters, primarily dimethyl fumarate, and marketed as Fumaderm by Biogen Idec in Europe.
Biogen would later go on to develop the main ester, dimethyl fumarate, as a treatment for multiple sclerosis.
In patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, the ester dimethyl fumarate (BG-12, Biogen) significantly reduced relapse and disability progression in a phase 3 trial.
It activates the Nrf2 antioxidant response pathway, the primary cellular defense against the cytotoxic effects of oxidative stress.
-Other uses:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used in the manufacture of polyester resins and polyhydric alcohols and as a mordant for dyes.
-When E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is added to their feed, lambs produce up to 70% less methane during digestion.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is commonly found in nature, in many fruits and in vegetables.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is extracted from sugar in a natural way or with chemical synthesis.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) was among the oldest food acidifiers and is still widely used as an acidity regulator in food and drink.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is often used as an acidulant and acidity regulator in beverages, pudding mixes, etc.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) also can be used as acidity regulator, acidifier, thermal-oxidative resist auxiliary, curing accelerant and spice.
-Used as acidic substance of effervescent agent, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can produce extended and exquisite bubbles.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be used as pharmaceutical intermediate and optical bleaching agent.
-In pharmaceutical industry, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used to produce alexipharmic sodium dimercaptosuccinate and ferrous fumarate.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is also used in manufacturing unsaturated polyester resin.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is generally used in beverages and baking as a substitute for tartaric acid and sometimes citric acid.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a non toxic food acidulent (acidity regulator).
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is also used in confectionery to add sourness to the product.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) being used by one of our confectionary manufacturers for sour jelly bears.
-As a food additive, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used as an acidity regulator and can be denoted by the E number E297.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements are placed on purity.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used in the making of wheat tortillas as a food preservative and as an acid in leavening.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is generally used as a substitute for tartaric acid.
-As well as being a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as "Salt and Vinegar" flavored potato chips, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is also used as a coagulant in stovetop pudding mixes.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has a fruit-like taste.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is approved to use as food additive in EU and generally recognized.
-Used as acid and structure stabilizer in a large range of products.
-Also used as acid source in baking powder as safe food substance in US.
-Fumarate, citrate and malate are all the intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle or KREBS cycle to produce energy in the form of ATP in our humans and most living cells.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) helps stabilize the pH of a fruit juice drink, which in turn makes colour and flavour stable.
Therefore, E 297 (Fumaric Acid)is often used together with preservatives, such as sodium benzoate (E211).
-Treatment of Psoriasis:
Due to E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s poor absorption after oral intake, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) esters, such as monoethyl fumarate (MEF) and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) are used for the treatment of psoriasis.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is the strongest organic food acid.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used as a flavoring agent for its sourness taste, and an antimicrobial agent for its hydrophobic characteristic.
-Generally, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used in food, beverage, animal nutrition, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industry.
-Food:
When compared to other acidulants like citric acid, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be used in dry mix products as E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is non-hygroscopic and will not absorb moisture.
This advantage makes dry mix products do not cake or harden during storage.
-In beverage, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) functions as a PH control agent and enhancing flavor.
-Bakery and tortillas: as a leavening acid in the leavening agent and also acts as a flavoring agent for savory baked goods.
-Confectionaries and desserts: non-hygroscopic agent.
-Chewing gum: slow dissolution and hydrophobicity property, prolongs the sourness in the mouth so that E 297 (Fumaric Acid) enhances the flavor of chewing gum.
-Cosmetics:
Per the “European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances and ingredients”, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) acts as a buffering in cosmetic and personal care products.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) and its calcium, ferrous, magnesium, potassium, and sodium salts may be safely used in food.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid)can be used for antimicrobial agent, curing or pickling agent, flavoring agent or adjuvant, leavening agent and a PH control agent in food.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is listed in Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 as an authorised food additive and categorized as “additives other than colours and sweeteners”
-In feed:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is currently authorised as a preservative in feedingstuffs for all animal species.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is considered safe for pigs and poultry provided that an expected use level of 20 000 mg/kg in complete diets for pigs and poultry is not exceeded.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has been used in food and beverage products since 1946.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is currently used in wheat and corn tortillas, sour dough and rye breads, refrigerated biscuit doughs, fruit juice and nutraceutical drinks, gelatin desserts, gelling aids, pie fillings and wine.
Food research shows that E 297 (Fumaric Acid) improves quality and reduces costs of many food and beverage products.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is also used in animal feed.
-Function class: food additive, flavouring agent, acidity regulator.
-Breads:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) acts as an instant flavoring agent for rye and sourdough breads.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is added to dough ingredients during the dry blending step.
Flavor intensity is easily controlled by the amount of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) added to the recipe.
In English muffins, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) significantly increases porosity.
Dough machinability is improved and more sourness is provided per unit weight.
-Fruit Juice Drinks:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) provides more sourness per unit weight than other acidulants used in fruit juice drinks.
This substantially reduces the acidulant cost.
In fruit juice drinks, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) provides more buffering capacity than other acidulants when the pH is near 3.0.
Using E 297 (Fumaric Acid) helps to stabilize the pH of a fruit juice drink, which in turn stabilizes color and flavor.
-Wine:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can economically acidify wine with no detectable difference in flavor.
The replacement ratio of three pounds of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) to five pounds of Citric acid can significantly reduce acidulant cost.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) also prevents secondary fermentation after bottling and can act as a clarifier when low concentrations of copper and iron are present.
-Confectioneries:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) extends the shelf life of acid coated candies because E 297 (Fumaric Acid) does not absorb moisture during storage and distribution.
Maintaining a low moisture level retards sucrose inversion.
Acidulant cost is also reduced as E 297 (Fumaric Acid) provides more sourness per unit weight than other acidulants used in dry form.
-Jellies and Jams:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can cut food acid costs when used as an acidulant for jams, jellies and preserves.
As little as two pounds of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be used to replace every three pounds of Citric, Malic or Tartaric acid.
At the 2:3 replacement ratio, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) does not produce significant differences in gel strength or pH.
-Alginate Based Desserts:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an economical acidulant that liberates calcium.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) improves smoothness and optimizes setting times.
Also, the non-hygroscopicity of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) means that dry dessert mixes remain free flowing, even in high humidity.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be added directly to dry dessert mixes during the manufacturing process without causing degradation of flavor ingredients because of its non-hygroscopic nature.
-Gelatin Desserts:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) significantly reduces acidulant costs in gelatin desserts.
Depending on the product recipe, each pound of Citric acid can be replaced with 0.6 to 0.7 pounds of fumaric acid.
Reducing moisture pick-up improves flavor stability and lengthens shelf life.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) maintains non-caking and free-flowing qualities.
By keeping the moisture content low, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) helps to maintain the stability of flavor components and markedly decreases inversion of sucrose in the packaged dry mix.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) may also be possible to use less expensive packaging if other moisture-sensitive ingredients are not being used in the product formulation.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) also increases gel strength, so food processors may reduce normal gelatin content by about 2%.
-Pie Fillings:
In pie fillings, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be mixed directly with the starch and sugar ingredients, as E 297 (Fumaric Acid)is non-hygroscopic.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) lowers costs by reducing the quantity of food acid needed in product formulations.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) also improves smoothness and extends the critical cook times for optimum gelation.
-Egg White Foams:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can promote maximum volume in both egg-white foams and end products based on egg-white foams.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can replace the more expensive cream of tartar to control egg-white volume.
With E 297 (Fumaric Acid), egg whites can be overbeaten for as much as double the customary optimum time.
Well suited for continuous flow processes, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be added to both liquid and dried egg whites.
-Cleaning Agents for Dentures/Bath Salts:
The carbon dioxide generating compounds containing NaHCO3, K2CO3 and powdered E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be tableted with other ingredients to make cleaning agents for dentures and bath salts.
-Animal Feed:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has proven to be a particularly effective additive to piglet feed during the post-weaning period.
The inclusion of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) and the resultant adjustment of the pH value demonstrate improved weight gain, food consumption and feed conversion ratio.
-Industrial uses of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) include:
*Unsaturated Polyester
*Alkyd Resins
*Printing Inks
*Paper Sizing
-Sectors is used E 297 (Fumaric Acid):
*Adhesive production industry
*food industry
*Processing of Prepared Foods
*Milk and Dairy Products Production Facilities
*Pastry Industry
*Pharmaceutical Industry – Psoriasis
*Production of drugs for veterinary animals
*Wine Production Sector
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used as an antioxidant in the preparation of foods.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used in formulas containing alginate as a calcium-releasing chemical and increases the durability of gels in gelatin form.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) interferes with chemical regulators called cytokines in the immune system of cells with psoriasis. Therefore, drugs produced for the treatment of psoriasis contain E 297 (Fumaric Acid).
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used to add flavor to the filling materials used in cake and dessert making.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid)is used to add flavor to milk and dairy products during the production phase.
For example, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used in the manufacture of products such as milk powder, milk cream, instant soups containing cream, and chocolate milk.
-Again in the food sector, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used in the production of ready-made foods such as cereal-containing breakfast cereal, pudding, instant pasta, noodles, oatmeal.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used to increase the flavor of processed foods such as canned meat, pastrami, sausage.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used in various adhesive manufactures, thanks to the adhesive properties they contain.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used as a thickener for latex adhesives.
-Foil lamination adhesives that do not contain casein also contain E 297 (Fumaric Acid).
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used for the production of glass fiber in the form of Styrene Copolymer.
-Ferrous fumarate is produced by replacing E 297 (Fumaric Acid) with ferrous sulfate to treat small red blood cell anemia.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used with a solution obtained by mixing with substances such as lactic acid and citric acid, to prevent limescale in oil wells and to increase efficiency in oil wells.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used as an antioxidant in order to prevent the formation of harmful substances in the feed of cattle, sheep and poultry.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used to prevent the formation of bacteria in the wine production process.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an important specialty chemical with wide industrial applications ranging from E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s use as feedstock for the synthesis of polymeric resins to acidulant in foods and pharmaceuticals.
Currently, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is mainly produced by petroleum-based chemical synthesis.
Limited petroleum resources, rising oil prices, and heightened environmental concern of chemical synthesis have prompted interest in the development of bio-based E 297 (Fumaric Acid) from renewable resources.
Filamentous fungal fermentation with Rhizopus spp. can produce fumaric acid from glucose via a reductive tricarboxylic acid (TCA) pathway and was once used in the industry before the rising of the petrochemical industry.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used as a food acidulant in beverages and baking powders.
-Furthermore, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a pharmaceutically active substance that is used to treat psoriasis or multiple sclerosis.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a useful intermediate in several chemical syntheses, including esterification and polymerization, and in the manufacture of sizing resins for the paper industry.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can easily be produced from Rhizopus arrhizus on an industrial scale.
Similar to the other fungal acid fermentation processes, the culture conditions are crucial to obtain the correct cellular morphology, which promotes efficient production.
Factors that affect fungal growth morphology and E 297 (Fumaric Acid) production by R. arrhizus include the initial pH value and concentrations of trace metals, such as zinc, magnesium, iron, and manganese.
A lower initial pH value in the cultivation medium appears to be inhibitory to fungal growth and promotion of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) productivity.
A higher initial pH value leads to fast growth and the formation of large pellets or filamentous forms, which remain unproductive.
-The least expensive food acidulant, E 297 (Fumaric Acid)’s a clean label food additive used in beverages, baked goods, confections and dessert mixes as a:
*Long-lasting and persistent sourness
*Substitute for tartaric and citric acids
*Acidity regulator
*Antibacterial agent and shelf-life extender
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s use as an acidulant dates back to 1946.
-In bread, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used mainly as an effective preservative and mold inhibitor.
In artisan and sourdough breads, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) imparts pleasant sour notes.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can also help improve dough rheology and enhance the formation of a porous crumb.
-Mold growth is a major quality issue with tortillas.
The addition of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an essential mold growth inhibitor and shelf life extender, a result of its unique solubility profile.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can also act as a leavening acid.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is also used as an effective preservative in refrigerated biscuits and other baked goods.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is added to English muffins to improve dough machinability and baked muffin porosity.
-In pie fillings, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) helps promote a smooth and optimal gelation due to extended critical cook time.
-In stove-top pudding mixes, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used as a coagulant.
-Medicine:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) esters are sometimes used to treat psoriasis, as E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has been suggested that the condition is caused by an impairment of fumaric acid production in the skin.
-Food:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a food acidulent used since 1946 because it is non-toxic.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements are placed on purity.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is generally used as a substitute for tartaric acid and occasionally in place of citric acid, at a rate of 1.36 g of citric acid to every 0.91 grams of fumaric acid for the same taste.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is also used in candy to add sourness, similar to the way malic acid is used.
-Chemistry:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is inexpensive, so E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is typically purchased rather than prepared.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) was first prepared from bromosuccinic acid.
A traditional synthesis involves oxidation of furfural (from the processing of maize) using sodium chlorate in the presence of a vanadium-based catalyst.
The chemical properties of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be anticipated from E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s component functional groups.
This weak acid, E 297 (Fumaric Acid), forms a diester, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) undergoes additions across the double bond, and E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an excellent dienophile.
-Other uses:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used in the manufacture of polyester resins and polyhydric alcohols and as a mordant for dyes.
-Food acid 290, E 297 (Fumaric Acid), is used as an acidity regulator and flavouring agent in processed foods.
-Commercial production is carried out by sugar fermentation and chemical synthesis.
Feomidium can be produced by side reactions under appropriate temperature and conditions.
-Salts and esters are known as fumarates.
As a result of hydration of E 297 (Fumaric Acid), conversion to malic acid is observed.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used in powder food production because E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has low moisture retention in this sector.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be used as acidity regulator without changing the taste of foods.
-Fruit juices, gelatinous desserts, chilled biscuit systems, wines, green foods, and sodium benzoate are used as preservatives, while E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is preferred to regulate acidity.
-In rye and sour dough breads, the aroma density can be adjusted with E 297 (Fumaric Acid) in the dry mixture stage.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used to improve pore structure in muffin type foods.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used to extend the life of the confectionery because the moisture absorption rate is very low.
-Also used as anti-caking.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid)is used in paint and fast-drying inks.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is added to foods as an acidity regulator and flavouring agent.
-Used in bread, fruit drinks, pie fillings, poultry, wine, jams, jelly.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used as acidity regulator in the food industry (E 297) or for the production of polyester resins or polyhydric alcohols.
-Used bread, fruit drinks, pie fillings, poultry, wine, jams, jelly.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a very versatile acidulant in food and beverages. -It is used to enhance sourness and flavor.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) also helps improved the pH stability in beverages including wine making!
-Typically 2 pounds of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) replaces 3 pounds of Citric Acid, Tartaric Acid, or Malic Acid used in most formulations.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) gives a clean, longer-lasting sour taste to jelly-like candies such as gummy bears.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is non-hygroscopic which means E 297 (Fumaric Acid) will stay free flowing and will not cake.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can also be used in industrial applications as well like being used as a mordant for dyes.
-Used Acidulant, Beverage Mixes, Beverages, Biscuits, Bread, Candy &, Confectionary, Chewing Gum, Flavors, Flour Tortillas, Fruit Juices, Gelatin, Pie Fillings, Pudding, Sour Dough Bread and Wine
-In food production E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used as an acidity regulator.
-The industrial compound of E 297 takes place with the participation of maleic acid and catalysts in aqueous solutions.
-The supplement is contained in every living organism; naturally found in lichens, Irish moss and other similar plants.
Human skin produces E 297 (Fumaric Acid) under the influence of sunlight.
-First of all, the additive E 297 is used as an acidity regulator in the preparation of beverages, candies and confectionery, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is rarely used instead of citric or tartaric acids.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be found in the composition of canned fruits, fruit marmalades; can be the basis for the preparation of powders for making fruit drinks and jellies.
-Another area of application is the use of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) to produce succinic or malic acids; in cosmetics - in the composition of personal hygiene products.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s E number is E297.
-Food:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has been used as a food acidulant since 1946.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA, Australia and New Zealand.
As a food additive, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used as an acidity regulator and can be denoted by the E number E297.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements are placed on purity.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used in the making of wheat tortillas as a food preservative and as the acid in leavening.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is generally used as a substitute for tartaric acid and occasionally in place of citric acid, at a rate of 1 g of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) to every ~1.5 g of citric acid, in order to add sourness, similarly to the way malic acid is used.
As well as being a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as "Salt and Vinegar" flavored potato chips, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is also used as a coagulant in stove-top pudding mixes.
-Medicine:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) was developed as a medicine to treat the autoimmune condition psoriasis in the 1950s in Germany as a tablet containing 3 esters, primarily dimethyl fumarate, and marketed as Fumaderm by BiogenIdec in Europe.
Biogen would later go on to develop the main ester, dimethyl fumarate, as a treatment for multiple sclerosis.
-Other uses:
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used in the manufacture of polyester resins and polyhydric alcohols and as a mordant for dyes.
When E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is added to their feed, lambs produce up to 70% less methane during digestion.
-In addition to being found naturally, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used to regulate acidity in foods.
-Since E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s solubility in water is low, E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s usage area is limited.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is widely used in powder products due to E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s moisture retention feature.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be used with other acidity regulators without causing bad taste in foods.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is added as an acidity regulator when sodium benzoate is used as a preservative in fruit juices, gelatinous desserts, chilled biscuit systems, wines, green foods and fish.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has bacteriostatic and antiseptic properties.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) improves the stability of citrus juices.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce alexifarmic sodium dimercaptosuccinate and ferrous fumarate.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) improves the stability of citrus juices.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be used as an intermediate for drugs and as an optical bleaching agent.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used in the production of paper sizing resins, unsaturated polyester resins, alkyd resins, plasticizers, lubricating oils and as a styrene-butadiene rubber carboxylation agent.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used as an acidified.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is also used as an acidity regulator, thermal oxidative resistance aid.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can produce expanded and superior bubble.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used in the production of unsaturated polyester resin.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used for the production of antidotes DMSA in the pharmaceutical industry
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used as synthetic resin and mordant intermediate.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) as a food additive - sour agent, used to cool and refreshing beverage, fruit, jelly, ice cream, etc., and mostly with citric acid use, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) and and sodium hydroxide reaction made of a single sodium salt, also used as a sour condiment
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is found in nature in many plants, including the common fumitory Fumaria officinalis (the plant was called E 297 (Fumaric Acid).
The medicinal plant is used as a remedy for psoriasis because of its E 297 (Fumaric Acid) content.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an important metabolic product both in plants and animals.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an intermediate product of the citric acid cycle (formed by oxid
-Fumaric acid is a preservative used as acidity regulator and stabilizer in many foods.
-In addition to E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s use as a preservative, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is also used medicinally to treat psoriasis, one of the most common chronic forms of skin disease.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is widely used as acidity regulator.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is affirmed by US FDA as GRAS(generally recognized as safe) and widely accepted as safe food additive in many countries with E number E297.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used in food as acidity regulator, in the manufacture of polyester resins, polyhydric alcohols and as a mordant for dyes etc.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is used as a food additive with the function of acidity regulator and in the Codus Alimentarius E 297 (Fumaric Acid) has the number E E297.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is a food acidulant used since 1946.
-Esters of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) are successfully used as antipsoriatric drugs or as a remedy for multiple sclerosis.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is generally used in beverages and baking powders, also as a substitute for tartaric acid and occasionally instead of citric acid.
-E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is also used as a coagulant in pudding mixes.
-Food uses:
*Beverage powder mixes
*Fruit juice drinks
*Sugar / acid coated candies
*Chewing gum
*Leavening aid
*Sour dough breads
*English muffins
*Tortillas
-Non-food used:
*Anti-dandruff properties
*Provides effervescence
*Animal feeds
*Resins
*Cosmetics
*Shampoos
BENEFITS of E 297 (FUMARIC ACID):
*Food
*Provides sourness
*Reduces ingredients costs
*Reduces unit weight
*Extends shelf life
*Non-hygroscopic
*Buffer
*Astringent
*Improves dough machineablility and porosity
FUNCTIONS of E 297 (FUMARIC ACID):
1. Acidity Regulator / Buffering Agent - Changes or maintains the acidity or basicity of food/cosmetics.
2. Flavor / Flavoring / Flavor Enhancer - Provides or enhances a particular taste or smell.
3. Preservative - Prevents and inhibits the growth of unwanted microorganisms which may be harmful
4. In foods and baked goods, it serves many functions:
Acidity control (measured by pH or more accurately by TTA)
Highly effective acidulant
Substitute for other acids such as citric, lactic, and tartaric1,2
Strong buffering capacity around pH 3.04
5. Antimicrobial / preservative activity
6. Chemical leavening – highly effective, with a Neutralization Value of 145
Dough machinability improver
7. Flavor/ taste sourness enhancer
Foam promoter in egg-white foams and a stabilizer of over-beaten egg whites
WHAT ARE THE NATURAL SOURCES of E 297 (FUMARIC ACID)?
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be naturally found in fumitory, bolete mushrooms, lichen, and Iceland moss.
Also, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) presents in fruits such as apple and watermelon.
Generally, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is less found in most fruits than another two acidulants, citric acid and malic acid.
HOW IS E 297 (FUMARIC ACID) MADE?
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be produced by the isomerization of maleic acid or glucose fermentation.
The following are the two manufacturing processes:
1. Isomerization of Maleic Acid:
Commonly E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is chemically synthesized from isomerization of maleic acid which is the hydrolysis of maleic anhydride.
Maleic anhydride is the cis-counterpart of E 297 (Fumaric Acid).
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is manufactured from butane, butene, or benzene from petroleum are the starting materials.
2. Sugar fermentation:
Fermentation by Rhizopus species using glucose or other carbohydrate substrates.
HOW ISE 297 (FUMARIC ACID) PRODUCED?
In the first step of the E 297 (Fumaric Acid) production process, maleic anhydride is produced by the catalytic oxidation of suitable hydrocarbons.
Benzene as starting chemicals; n-butane; n-butene mixtures can be used.
The catalysts, which are vanadium and phosphorus oxides, used in the production of Maleic Anhydride are embedded in fixed bed tubular reactors.
Purified Maleic Anhydride is obtained after purification from the water formed as a by-product.
Then, maleic acid is obtained by hydrolysis and fumaric acid is obtained as a result of isomerization of malic acid.
When it is above 200 C, it starts to go from solid state to gas state, that is, it goes into the sublimation stage.
It loses water when heated at 230 C and turns into maleic anhydride.
It evaporates completely at 287 C.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is primarily produced using isomerization or biochemical routes.
Isomerization:
This method is based on the conversion of maleic anhydride to maleic acid and the cis–trans isomerization of maleic acid to the final product.
Biochemical:
Relies on bioconversion of substrates such as corn starch, corn straw, cassava bagasse or potato flour using maleate isomerase produced by Pseudomonas and Arthrobacter species.
SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS of E 297 (FUMARIC ACID):
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) was first prepared from succinic acid.
A traditional synthesis involves oxidation of furfural (from the processing of maize) using chlorate in the presence of a vanadium-based catalyst.
Currently, industrial synthesis of fumaric acid is mostly based on catalytic isomerisation of maleic acid in aqueous solutions at low pH.
Maleic acid is accessible in large volumes as a hydrolysis product of maleic anhydride, produced by catalytic oxidation of benzene or butane.
The chemical properties of E 297 (Fumaric Acid) can be anticipated from E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s component functional groups.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) forms a diester, E 297 (Fumaric Acid) undergoes additions across the double bond, and E 297 (Fumaric Acid) is an excellent dienophile.
E 297 (Fumaric Acid) does not combust in a bomb calorimeter under conditions where maleic acid deflagrates smoothly.
For teaching experiments designed to measure the difference in energy between the cis- and trans- isomers, a measured quantity of carbon can be ground with the subject compound and the enthalpy of combustion computed by difference.
IS E 297 (FUMARIC ACID) SAFE TI EAT?
Yes, E 297 (Fumaric Acid)'s safety when used as a food additive has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), as well as other authorities.
ALTERNATIVE PARENTS of E 297 (FUMARIC ACID):
*Unsaturated fatty acids
*Carboxylic acids
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives
*Carbonyl compounds
SUBSTITUENTS of E 297 (FUMARIC ACID):
*Fatty acyl
*Fatty acid
*Unsaturated fatty acid
*Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Aliphatic acyclic compound
PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of E 297 (FUMARIC ACID):
Molecular Weight: 116.07
Melting Point: 287 °C
Boiling Point: 156 °C
Physical state: solid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point/range: 298 - 300 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 290 °C at 1.013 hPa - (sublimed)
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 273 °C - DIN 51758
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,64 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
Appearance: white colorless crystalline powder (est)
Assay: 99.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: Yes
Melting Point: 298.00 to 300.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 156.00 °C. @ 1.70 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 0.000005 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point: > 230.00 °F. TCC ( > 110.00 °C. )
logP (o/w): 0.460
Soluble in:
alcohol
oils, slightly
water, 1.042e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
water, 7000 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp)
Molar Weight: 116.07 g/mol
Melting Point: 287.0°C
Boiling Point: 522 °C
Flash Point: 230.0°C
Min. Purity Spec: 99% (HPLC)
Physical Form (at 20°C): Solid
Melting Point: 131-133°C
Density: 1.6
Long-Term Storage: Store long-term in a cool, dry place
Water Solubility: 24.1 g/L
logP: 0.21
logP: -0.041
logS: -0.68
pKa (Strongest Acidic): 3.55
Physiological Charge: -2
Hydrogen Acceptor Count: 4
Hydrogen Donor Count: 2
Polar Surface Area: 74.6 Ų
Rotatable Bond Count: 2
Refractivity: 24.61 m³·mol⁻¹
Polarizability: 9.35 ų
Number of Rings: 0
Bioavailability: 1
Rule of Five: Yes
Ghose Filter: Yes
Veber's Rule: Yes
MDDR-like Rule: Yes
FIRST AID MEASURES of E 297 (FUMARIC ACID):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Rresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of E 297 (FUMARIC ACID):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of E 297 (FUMARIC ACID):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.
EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of E 297 (FUMARIC ACID):
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use Safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.
HANDLING and STORAGE of E 297 (FUMARIC ACID):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
STABILITY and REACTIVITY of E 297 (FUMARIC ACID):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Incompatible materials:
No data available
SYNONYMS:
trans-butenedioic acid
Boletic acid
Bbut-2-enedioic acid
Butene dioic acid
Butenedioic acid
1,2-ethylene dicarboxylic acid
Alpha,beta- ethylene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid
Lichenic acid
allo maleic acid
allo-maleic acid
allo-malenic acid
Tumaric acid
1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-
Allomaleic acid
Tumaric acid
2-Butenedioic acid
trans-Butenedioic acid
Allomaleic acid
Boletic acid
Lichenic acid
Boletic acid
Allomaleic acid
Trans-butenedioic acid
Trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
2 - Butenedioic Acid
Allomaleic Acid
Boleic Acid
E 297
Lichenic Acid
trans - Butenedioic Acid
Trans Isomer of Maleic Acid
(2E)-2-Butenedioic acid
(2E)-But-2-enedioate
(2E)-But-2-enedioic acid
(E)-2-Butenedioate
(E)-2-Butenedioic acid
(E)-2-butenedioic acid, ion(2-)
(E)-HO2CCH=CHCO2H
1, 2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-
1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-
1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E)
2-(E)-Butenedioate
2-(E)-Butenedioic acid
2-butenedioic acid
2-Butenedioic acid (E)-
2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-
Allomaleate
Allomaleic acid
Boletate
Boletic acid
Butenedioic acid, (E)-
Fumarate
Fumaric acid
Kyselina fumarova
Lichenate
Lichenic acid
sodium fumarate
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
trans-2-Butenedioate
trans-2-Butenedioic acid
trans-Butenedioate
trans-Butenedioic acid
Tumaric acid
e297
Fumarsaeure
trans-But-2-enedioic acid
(2E)-2-Butenedioate
trans-But-2-enedioate
FC 33
Furamag
Mafusol
