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Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is a phosphorus-free water treatment chemical. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride forms a chelate with calcium and magnesium ions in water. And hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can cause lattice distortion. After the anion is adsorbed by the calcium carbonate nucleus, the nucleus can be charged.
CAS NUMBER: 26099-09-2
SYNONYM:
N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide); Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride; N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)-2-methyl-prop-2-enamide; 2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate; 27813-02-1; 2-Hydroxypropylmethacrylate; 923-26-2; Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride; beta-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate; Acryester HP; 2-Hydroxypropyl 2-methylacrylate; Poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate); 2-Hydroxypropyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate; 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxypropyl ester; Propylene glycol monomethacrylate; 2-Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride; Poly (maleic acid); Polymaleic Anhydride hydrolysed; 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, homopolymer; 2-Butenedioic acid (Z)-, homopolymer; Maleic acid homopolymer; Hydrolysis Product of Polymaleic Anhydride; Acumer 4200; Belclene 200; Belclene 200LA; DP 3328; Maleic acid homopolymer; Nonpol PMA 50W; SH 150; Poly (maleic acid); Polymaleic Anhydride hydrolysed; 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, homopolymer; 2-Butenedioic acid (Z)-, homopolymer; Maleic acid homopolymer;
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is shown by the study of the structure-effect relationship of molecular microstructure. The increase in the degree of hydrolysis is advantageous for Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride chemical improvement in scale inhibition performance. Therefore, a large degree of hydrolysis is ensured as much as possible during synthesis of hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride. From hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride structural analysis, its carboxyl group in the molecule can form compounds with calcium and magnesium ions in water. And Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can promote lattice distortion and turn the precipitation into a loose slag with good fluidity.
Hydrolysed polymaleic anhydride is the same as a polymer having a hydroxyl group or a sulfonic acid group. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be dissociated into hydrogen ions and acid anions after being dissolved in water. The chain molecules are then negatively charged. This long-chain negatively charged anion is adsorbed by calcium carbonate nucleus and fine crystal grains. Then bring Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride with a more negative charge. The crystallites are dispersed into the aqueous solution due to the homophobic electrical repelling. This prevents the fine grains from coagulating to form larger crystals. Thus, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has a dissolution limiting effect. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has high scale inhibition performance when used at low doses. In addition, the carbonyl group of Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has a strong complexation as an electron donor.
This changes the normal morphology of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate crystals. And can prevent hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride from growing into a larger crystal.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has the effect of inhibiting scale formation and peeling off the old scale. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride chemical is a class of polycarboxylic acid scale inhibitors. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be matched with other corrosion inhibitors and scale inhibitors. The molecular weight of Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is about 600~1200. The aqueous solution is brownish yellow or brownish red, viscous, acidic liquid. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride ) is chemically stable. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be used at temperatures below 350 °C. Hydrolysed polymaleic anhydride has excellent scale inhibition performance for carbonate and phosphate. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has significant solubility effects and significant dispersion effects. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be adapted to water quality at different pH values. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride chemical is phosphorus-free, non-toxic and environmentally friendly.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be degraded by microorganisms in the natural environment. The degradation products have no effect on the ecological environment. The hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has the following scale inhibition characteristics. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is quite effective for calcium carbonate scale. At the same time, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has both lattice distortion and threshold effect (ie, unidirectional conductivity). Even if Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is scaled, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is relatively loose. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is easily washed away by water and not formed into a hard scale.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has high-temperature resistance. Decomposition usually occurs above 350 °C. Can be used at high temperatures. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has a certain ability to disperse calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate and the like.
Due to the homophobic electrical repelling, tiny grains are dispersed in the aqueous solution. The precipitate is converted into a loose slag with good fluidity. This phenomenon has a good effect on peeling off the old scale. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride ) is compatible with other low-phosphorus corrosion and scale inhibitors such as ATMP and PBTCA. The formed composite corrosion and scale inhibitor can be widely used in the treatment of circulating cooling water, boiler water, oil field water injection, industrial water. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride ) is the product of partial hydrolysis of polymaleic anhydride. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has been determined that about 60% to 70% of the polymaleic anhydride is hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid. That is not completely hydrolyzed.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be compounded with a zinc salt. There is a synergistic effect on corrosion inhibition of carbon steel. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is non-toxic. No significant impact on the environment. The Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride chemical corrosion inhibition mechanism is as follows. The oxygen atom in the polar group (—COOH) and (—OH) in the Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride molecule can become the adsorption center. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can form a chelate with metal ions in water. Adsorbed on the metal surface. A protective film is formed along the metal surface. Thereby playing a role in corrosion inhibition. A single polymaleic anhydride is an excellent scale inhibitor. The corrosion inhibition performance is poor. Compared with polyacrylic acid and polymethacrylic acid, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride corrosion inhibition performance is slightly stronger. C-P bonds and phosphinic acid groups (-PO2H2) are usually introduced to enhance corrosion inhibition performance. A 250 mL four-necked flask was charged with a thermometer, a stirrer, a condenser, and a dropping funnel, and a certain amount of maleic anhydride and water was added. The water is warmed to 55 to 60 °C. After all the maleic anhydride has been dissolved, an appropriate amount of the catalyst is added. The stirrer was turned on while raising the temperature to the reaction temperature. The initiator was added dropwise through a dropping funnel over a period of time. Pay attention to controlling the temperature during the addition of the initiator. After the completion of the dropwise addition, the reaction was continued for 1 hour to obtain a polymaleic acid product. Many chemicals and antiscalants have been widely used to mitigate the mineral scaling problems.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride ) was synthesized and used as antiscalant. The effect of Synthesized Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride on the crystal of calcium carbonate was investigated through the calcium carbonate precipitation experiments. The synergetic effect of synthesized Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride with 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) was also investigated. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride was indicated that the order of the ability to prevent the precipitation of Ca2+ from bulk solution was HEDP / Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride / PAA > HEDP ≈ Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride > PAA. The morphologies and the crystal structure of the precipitates were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD).
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride was indicated that Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride could change the morphologies and crystal structures of CaCO3 precipitates. The irregular framboid spherical shape and vaterite crystal was observed in the presence of Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride . HEDP and PAA could enhance the effect of synthesized Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride on the crystal of calcium carbonate. The synthesized Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride together with HEDP and PAA showed higher antiscale efficiency and synergetic effect on the crystal of calcium carbonate. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride ) was synthesized. The order of the ability to prevent the precipitation of Ca2+ from bulk solution was HEDP / Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride / PAA > HEDP ≈ Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride > PAA. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride could change the morphologies and crystal structures of CaCO3 precipitates. HEDP and PAA could enhance the effect of synthesized Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride on the crystal of calcium carbonate. The present invention relates to the production of hydrolysed polymaleic anhydride by polymerisation of maleic anhydride followed by hydrolysis of the resulting polymer.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is known that maleic anhydride can be homopolymerised to give polymers of various molecular weights, several methods of polymerisation having been described in the literature. The known methods involve the use of severe conditions such as radioactive irradiation, the use of large amounts of catalyst and/or high temperatures. Polymaleic anhydride or derivatives thereof are useful for a number of important purposes. For example, polymaleic acid and especially the water-soluble salts thereof exhibit threshold and crystal modifying effects which can be utilised in the control of scale, such as that which forms in boilers, evaporators and industrial cooling plants. They also show special utility as chemical intermediates, as additives to other polymer systems and as corrosion inhibitors for metal surfaces, particularly in the presence of zinc salts. They may also be used as detergent builders. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is a low molecular weight polymeride, with average molecular weight 400-800. No toxicity, soluble in water, high chemical and thermal stability, decomposed temperature above 330℃. Poly maleic anhydride has an obvious threshold effect under high temperature (350℃) and high pH(8.3) level, suitable to be used in the alkaline water system or built with agents.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has good scale inhibition against carbonate and phosphate scales under temperature 300℃ with effective time as long as 100 hours. Due to its good scale inhibition and high-temperature tolerance properties, polymaleic acid is widely used in the desalination plant of flash vaporization equipment, low-pressure boiler, steam locomotive, crude oil evaporation, petroleum pipeline, and industrial circulating cool water systems. In addition, hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has good corrosion inhibition effect when used together with the zinc salt. Poly maleic anhydride can also be used as additives for cement. Hydrolyzed poly maleic anhydride is usually used together with organic phosphonate at a dosage of 1-15ppm for circulating cool water system, oilfield fill water, crude oil dewatering, and low-pressure boilers. Poly maleic anhydride has good scale inhibition (98%) and scales stripping properties. When used together with zinc salts, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can effectively inhibit carbon steel corrosion. In a closed gas well and a cement mud well, 0.01 to 5.0% by weight of polymaleic anhydride is added as a fluidity improver.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride also acts as a turbulence inducer. The amount of the auxiliary agent is preferably about 0.1% to 2.0% by dry weight of the cement. Especially when pumping mud into the required location during the well-sealing operation.
Polymaleic anhydride greatly increases the flow rate and turbulence of the mud. Its main advantage is able to reduce the pump pressure required at a specific flow rate. Or get a higher flow rate under a fixed pumping condition. Polymaleic anhydride or its hydrolyzate may be added to detergents of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate. This can improve the quality of the detergent. Generally, the amount of poly maleic anhydride added is only 2.5%. After the addition, the detergent or soap can prevent the inorganic salt insoluble matter from sinking on the textile when washing the textile. This is especially effective when washing textiles with hard water. This not only saves resources but also improves washing efficiency. Reacts with a diamine to form a powder resin which is excellent in thermal stability. The heat resistance of this powder resin can reach 400 °C.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be used as a dispersing agent for inorganic pigments to increase the fineness of inorganic pigments. As a soil conditioner. Hydrolyzed poly maleic anhydride can improve the alkali field and has a protective effect. This is because Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is a polyelectrolyte and is water-absorptive. In the emulsion suspension polymerization process, polymaleic anhydride can be used as a particle size modifier for the polymer. Polymaleic anhydride and amine react to form semi amide. Semiamide can be used as a modifier for oil. Such as slurry dispersant, viscosity improver, rust inhibitor, flocculant. Polymaleic anhydride of different molecular weights can also be used as thickeners, dispersants, foam stabilizers, suspending agents, and the like.
IUPAC NAME:
(2R,3R)-2,3-dimethylbutanedioic acid; 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, homopolymer; 2‐Butenedioic acid (2Z)‐, homopolymer; ACIDO POLIMALEICO; Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride; POLY(MALEIC ACID); Polymaleic acid
TRADE NAME: Acumer 1050; Bel 200 premix; Dequest P 9000; Belclene 200LA; Aron A 6510; DP 3328;
Belclene 200; SH 150; Nonpol PWA 50W; Accent T 1107; Nonpol PMA 50W;
OTHER NAME:
122413-04-1; 124742-02-5; 138258-23-8; 191411-56-0; 204013-27-4; 27072-46-4; 27813-02-1
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has good scale inhibition against carbonate and phosphate scales under temperature 300℃ with effective time as long as 100 hours. Due to its good scale inhibition and high temperature tolerance properties, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is widely used in desalination plant of flash vaporization equipment, low pressure boiler, steam locomotive, crude oil evaporation, petroleum pipeline, and industrial circulating cool water systems. In addition, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has good corrosion inhibition effect when used together with zinc salt. Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is a low molecular weight polymeride, with average molecular weight 400-800. No toxicity, soluble in water, high chemical and thermal stability, decomposed temperature above 330℃.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride has obvious threshold effect under high temperature (350℃) and high pH（8.3）level, suitable to be used in alkaline water system or built with agents. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has good scale inhibition against carbonate and phosphate scales under temperature 300℃ with effective time as long as 100 hours. Due to its good scale inhibition and high temperature tolerance properties, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is widely used in desalination plant of flash vaporization equipment, low pressure boiler, steam locomotive, crude oil evaporation, petroleum pipeline, and industrial circulating cool water systems. In addition, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has good corrosion inhibition effect when used together with zinc salt. Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride can also used as additives for cement. Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is usually used together with organic phosphonate at dosage of 1-15ppm for circulating cool water system, oilfield fill water, crude oil dewatering and low-pressure boilers. Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride has good scale inhibition (98%) and scale stripping properties. When used together with zinc salts, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can effectively inhibit carbon steel corrosion.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is a low molecular weight polymeride, with average molecular weight 400-800, non-toxic, soluble in water, high chemical and thermal stability, decomposed temperature above 330℃. Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride has obvious threshold effect under high temperature (350℃) and high pH（8.3）level, suitable to be used in alkaline water systems. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has good scale inhibition against carbonate and phosphate scales under temperature 300℃ with effective time as long as 100 hours. Due to its good scale inhibition and high temperature tolerance properties. Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is widely used in desalination plant of flash vaporization equipment, low pressure boiler, steam locomotive, crude oil evaporation, petroleum pipeline, and industrial circulating cooling water systems. In addition, Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride has good corrosion inhibition effect when used together with zinc salt. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can also used as additives for cement and saline soil improver.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is usually used together with organic phosphonate for circulating cooling water system, oilfield fill water, crude oil dewatering and low-pressure boilers. Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride has good scale inhibition (98%) and scale stripping properties. When EDTMPS ratio of Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is 1:3, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be used for low-pressure boiler furnace water treatment. When used together with zinc salts, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can effectively inhibit carbon steel corrosion. Hydrolytic polymaleic anhydride (Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride ) is a non-toxic, nitrogenfree, phosphorus-free, sulfur-free, eco-friendly organic polymer, which is generally prepared through hydrolysis of polymaleic anhydride. As a polycarboxylic acid, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride exhibits good solubility and a strong ability to sequester metal ions due to its multi-carboxyl groups. As a polycarboxylic acid, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride exhibits good solubility and a strong ability to sequester metal ions due to its multi-carboxyl groups . In the past decades, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is widely applied to the industrial cooling water system as an inhibitor of scale formation .
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride ), primarily used in desalination plants, is a low molecular weight polymeride, having average molecular weight of around 400-800. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride possesses various physical as well as chemical properties. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is used for various purposes, such as circulation of cool water systems, crude oil dewatering, oilfield fill water and low pressure boilers. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can also be utilized as a cement additive. The manufacturing process of hydrolysed polymaleic anhydride comprises polymerising maleic anhydride in xylene, which acts as a solvent, and utilizing ditertiary butyl peroxide as a polymerisation catalyst to produce liquid products which can be easily separated.
Precipitation of calcium carbonate followed by the adhesion of precipitates to equipment surfaces is the main problem of mineral scaling in cooling water systems. Many chemicals and antiscalants have been widely used to mitigate the mineral scaling problems.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride ) was synthesized and used as antiscalant. The effect of Synthesized Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride on the crystal of calcium carbonate was investigated through the calcium carbonate precipitation experiments. The synergetic effect of synthesized Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride with 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) was also investigated. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride was indicated that the order of the ability to prevent the precipitation of Ca²⁺ from bulk solution was HEDP/Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride /PAA>HEDP≈Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride >PAA. The morphologies and the crystal structure of the precipitates were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD). Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride was indicated that Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride could change the morphologies and crystal structures of CaCO₃ precipitates. The irregular framboid spherical shape and vaterite crystal was observed in the presence of Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride . HEDP and PAA could enhance the effect of synthesized Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride on the crystal of calcium carbonate.
The synthesized Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride together with HEDP and PAA showed higher antiscale efficiency and synergetic effect on the crystal of calcium carbonate.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is antiscalant for Calcium Carbonate. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride enables excellent calcium carbonate control in the water treatment systems. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride provides excellent calcium carbonate crystal distortion results in non-adherent crystals. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride Maintains clean heat exchangers even in high calcium waters. Homopolymer of Polymaleic Acid is a high performance scale inhibitor specifically developed to help prevent both calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate salt deposits in water systems. The unique feature of Homopolymer of Polymaleic Acid is the improved overall performance for inhibiting these calcium scales over conventional polymaleic acids, acrylate polymers and phosphonates. Homopolymer of Polymaleic Acid will also help prevent the formation of other scales such as calcium oxalate.Various industries use cooling circuits to remove heat by absorbing Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride with circulating water systems. Recirculating water can build up impurities that could lead to the precipitation of salts. The precipitation of salts and other particles can accumulate on equipment surfaces, resulting in reduced heat transfer efficiency, and higher operation and maintenance costs.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride scale inhibitors can help prevent the formation of scale in recirculating cooling systems, boilers, and evaporators.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can keep salts dispersed to prevent deposition and can modify the structure to make scale less tenacious and durable. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is effective on particulate matter containing calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, calcium phosphate, silica and silicate, silt and iron, reducing their adhesion to heat transfer surfaces. Polymaleic Acid is the homopolymer of Maleic Acid. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is a very efficient calcium carbonate antiscalant showing excellent performance in high temperature as well as high alkaline cooling water systems. The product is stable in presence of chlorine or other oxidizing biocides. Due to its good scale inhibition and high temperature tolerance properties, Polymaleic Acid is used in water desalination plants. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride does also perform as corrosion inhibitor when being combined with zinc salts.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has very good performance of scale inhibitor and dispersant, widely used in industrial cooling water, boiler water, oil field injection, sugar mill evaporator, reverse osmosis, desalination applications, etc. especially in those of critical water condition such as high-temperature, high alkalinity, high hardness.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is the most effective calcium carbonate antiscalant for high hardness, high alkalinity, and high temperature cooling water systems in the industry. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be used as a stand-alone calcium carbonate inhibitor or as a multifunctional formulation support agent in cooling water formulations and other related applications. Polymaleic Acid is the homopolymer of Maleic Acid. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is a very efficient calcium carbonate antiscalant showing excellent performance in high temperature as well as high alkaline cooling water systems. The product is stable in presence of chlorine or other oxidizing biocides. Due to its good scale inhibition and high temperature tolerance properties, Polymaleic Acid is used in water desalination plants. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride does also perform as corrosion inhibitor when being combined with zinc salts.
Properties: Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is a low molecular weight polymeride, with average molecular weight 400-800. No toxicity, soluble in water, high chemical and thermal stability, decomposed temperature above 330℃.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has obvious threshold effect under high temperature (350℃) and high pH（8.3）level, suitable to be used in alkaline water system or built with agents. Polymaleic acid is the homopolymer of maleic acid. Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is very stable in presence of chlorine and other oxidizing biocides. Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride has good scale inhibition and high temperature resistance properties. Therefore, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be used in the water desalination plants. Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is also an excellent calcium carbonate antiscalant upon high temperature and in the high alkaline cooling water systems. Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride addition, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be used in combination with zinc salts as a corrosion inhibitor. Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride can also be used as concrete additive and for crude oil evaporation. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can be manufactured through the polymerization of maleic anhydride I an aromatic hydrocarbon upon 60° to 200° C.
Precipitation of calcium carbonate followed by the adhesion of precipitates to equipment surfaces is the main problem of mineral scaling in cooling water systems. Many chemicals and antiscalants have been widely used to mitigate the mineral scaling problems. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride ) was synthesized and used as antiscalant. The effect of Synthesized Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride on the crystal of calcium carbonate was investigated through the calcium carbonate precipitation experiments. The morphologies and the crystal structure of the precipitates were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD). Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride was indicated that Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride could change the morphologies and crystal structures of CaCO3 precipitates. The irregular framboid spherical shape and vaterite crystal was observed in the presence of Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride. HEDP and PAA could enhance the effect of synthesized Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride on the crystal of calcium carbonate. The synthesized Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride together with HEDP and PAA showed higher antiscale efficiency and synergetic effect on the crystal of calcium carbonate.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride is an opportunity to review what was done and identify directions for future research. The Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride development and data presented will be related mostly to the authors' laboratory, not to overlap with other author's contributions in this volume. The work done with Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymers as drug carriers, protein, and surface modifiers, and as synthetic components in smart hybrid biomaterials design has been summarized. More details and work from other laboratories may be found in the other chapters in this volume that cover more focused topics. The choice of Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride for development as drug carrier was not random. Based on the detailed studies of the relationship between the structure of hydrophilic polymers and their biocompatibility, we have chosen N-substituted methacrylamides as our target because the α-carbon substitution and the N-substituted amide bond ensured hydrolytic stability of the side-chains. The first crystalline N-substituted methacrylamide we succeeded to synthesize.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydridewas chosen for future development. Macromolecules are internalized by cells via endocytosis and ultimately localize in the (enzyme rich) lysosomal compartment. Consequently, we developed Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymers containing enzymatically degradable bonds . Oligopeptide side-chains were designed as drug attachment/release sites and shown to be degradable in vivo. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc… Branched Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymers containing the GFF degradable sequence in crosslinks; this sequence mimics the amino acid residues 23-25 of the insulin B chain . Validation of the targetability of Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymer-drug conjugates The choice and design of a targeting system has to be based on a sound biological rationale.
The design of the first targetable Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymer was based on the observation that small changes in the structure of glycoproteins lead to dramatic changes in the fate of the modified glycoprotein in the organism. When a glycoprotein (ceruloplasmin) was administered into rats, a long intravascular half-life was observed. However, when the terminal sialic acid was removed from ceruloplasmin, the asialoglycoprotein (asialoceruloplasmin) formed contains side-chains exposing the penultimate galactose units. The intravascular half-life of the latter was dramatically shortened due to the biorecognition of the molecule by the asialoglycoprotein receptor on the hepatocytes. This receptor recognizes galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine moieties. To determine if one can mimic this process with a synthetic macromolecule, we synthesized Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymers with N-methacryloylglycylglycine p-nitrophenyl ester and attached galactosamine by aminolysis . These copolymers behaved similarly to the glycoproteins and were biorecognizable in vivo. Their clearance from the bloodstream was related to the N-acylated galactosamine content (1-11 mol%) of the Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymer. Separation of the rat liver into hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells indicated that the polymer is largely associated with hepatocytes, and density-gradient subcellular fractionation of the liver confirmed that the Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymers were internalized by liver cells and transported, with time, into the secondary lysosomes.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride was very important to find that Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymers containing side-chains terminated in galactosamine and anticancer drug adriamycin also preferentially accumulated in the liver, i.e., Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride appeared that non-specific hydrophobic interactions with cell membranes did not interfere with the biorecognition by hepatocytes. An external file that holds a picture, illustration, etc Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymer-9-aminocamptothecin conjugate. (A) Structure and scheme of release of unmodified 9-AC from Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymer-9-AC conjugates by a two-step process - rate controlling aromatic azo bond cleavage, followed by fast 1,6-elimination; (B) survival curves of mice bearing human colon carcinoma xenografts treated by 9-AC and P-9-AC at a dose of 3 mg/kg of 9-AC or 9-AC equivalent. Cell-surface glycoproteins reflect the stage of differentiation and maturity of colon epithelial cells. Diseased tissues, carcinomas and pre-cancerous conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, have altered glycoprotein expression when compared to healthy ones. Consequently, lectins may be used as targeting moieties for polymer-bound drugs .
A wide variety of therapeutic agents may benefit by specifically directing them to the mitochondria in tumor cells. To design delivery systems that would enable a combination of tumor and mitochondrial targeting, novel Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymer-based delivery systems that employ triphenylphosphonium ions as mitochondriotropic agents were developed . Constructs were initially synthesized with fluorescent labels substituting for drug and were used for validation experiments. Microinjection and incubation experiments performed using these fluorescently-labeled constructs confirmed the mitochondrial targeting ability . Subsequently, Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymer-drug conjugates were synthesized using a photosensitizer mesochlorin e6 (Mce6). Mitochondrial targeting of Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymer-bound Mce6 enhanced cytotoxicity as compared to non-targeted Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymer-Mce6 conjugates . Minor modifications may be required to adapt the current design and allow for tumor site-specific mitochondrial targeting of other therapeutic agents.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymer with N-methacryloylglycylphenylanylleucylglycine p-nitrophenylester was used for the modification of ribonuclease and superoxide dismutase . No difference in biological activity of conjugates prepared using ST-PHPMA and Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymers with reactive side-chains was detected. There is considerable activity in using Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride copolymers with reactive side-chains to stabilize complexes of DNA with viruses. This research is covered in the chapter by Seymour in this volume and in our revie. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is a phosphorus-free water treatment chemical. Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride forms a chelate with calcium and magnesium ions in water. And hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride can cause lattice distortion.
After the anion is adsorbed by the calcium carbonate nucleus, the nucleus can be charged. Due to the homophobic electrical repelling, tiny grains are dispersed in the aqueous solution. The precipitate is converted into a loose slag with good fluidity. This phenomenon has a good effect on peeling off the old scale. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride) is compatible with other low-phosphorus corrosion and scale inhibitors such as ATMP and PBTCA. The formed composite corrosion and scale inhibitor can be widely used in the treatment of circulating cooling water, boiler water, oil field water injection, industrial water. The invention belongs to the chemical field and specifically discloses a synthesis technology of hydrolytic polymaleic anhydride. The synthesis technology comprises the following steps of: adding 180-220 parts by weight of cis butenedioic anhydride into a reaction vessel, adding 60-100 parts by weight of water and 0.5-1.5 parts by weight of a catalyst concentrated sulfuric acid, heating to 100-120 DEG C, adding 80-120 parts by weight of 30% of hydrogen peroxide, insulating and refluxing for 0.8-2 hours, and cooling to obtain the clear transparent claybank hydrolytic polymaleic anhydride.
The synthesis technology of hydrolytic polymaleic anhydride provided by the invention has advantages of simple process, high safety factor, short production cycle, low energy consumption and high output, and is in favor of batch production. The general relative molecular weight of Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is 400～800, and is nontoxic, soluble in water, and chemicalstability and thermostability are high, and decomposition temperature is more than 330 ℃.Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is applicable to alkaline environment.Because Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride scale-inhibiting properties and resistance to elevated temperatures are excellent, therefore in the flash distillation plant of sea water desaltination with in low pressure boiler and the industrial circulating cooling water, be used widely.Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has certain corrosion inhibition in addition, and is better with the composite corrosion mitigating effect of zinc salt.
A kind of synthesis technique of Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride ; Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is 180～220 weight part cis-butenedioic anhydrides are added in the reaction kettle; Add 60～100 weight parts waters and 0.5～1.5 weight part catalyzer vitriol oil again; Be warming up to 100～120 ℃ and add 80～120 weight parts, 30% hydrogen peroxide after, insulation refluxed 0.8～2 hour, promptly obtained the pale brown look Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride of clear after the cooling. The synthesis technique of above-mentioned hydrolysis maleic anhydride; Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is 200 weight part cis-butenedioic anhydrides are added in the reaction kettle; Add 80 weight parts waters and the 1 weight part catalyzer vitriol oil again; Be warming up to 100～120 ℃ and add 100 weight parts, 30% hydrogen peroxide after, insulation refluxed 1 hour, promptly obtained the pale brown look Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride of clear after the cooling. The synthesis technique of Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride provided by the present invention, operation are comparatively simple, and SF is higher, and the production cycle is shorter, and energy consumption is higher than low yield, help producing in batches.
