IRON(II) SULFATE

Iron(II) Sulfate appears as a greenish or yellow-brown crystalline solid. 
Iron(II) Sulfate denotes a range of salts with the formula Fe SO4·xH2O.
Iron(II) Sulfate is used to treat iron deficiency anemia (a lack of red blood cells caused by having too little iron in the body).

CAS Number: 7720-78-7
EC Number: 231-753-5
Chemical Formula: FeSO4
Molecular Weight: 151.91

Iron(II) Sulfate is a type of iron. 
You normally get iron from the foods you eat. 

In your body, iron becomes a part of your hemoglobin and myoglobin.
Hemoglobin carries oxygen through your blood to tissues and organs.
Myoglobin helps your muscle cells store oxygen.

Iron(II) Sulfate is an essential body mineral.
Iron(II) Sulfate is used to treat iron deficiency anemia (a lack of red blood cells caused by having too little iron in the body).

Iron(II) sulfate (British English: iron(II) sulphate) or Iron(II) Sulfate denotes a range of salts with the formula Fe SO4·xH2O. 
These compounds exist most commonly as the heptahydrate (x = 7) but several values for x are known. 

The hydrated form is used medically to treat iron deficiency, and also for industrial applications. 
Known since ancient times as copperas and as green vitriol (vitriol is an archaic name for sulfate), the blue-green heptahydrate (hydrate with 7 molecules of water) is the most common form of Iron(II) Sulfate. 

All the iron(II) sulfates dissolve in water to give the same aquo complex [Fe(H2O)6]2+, which has octahedral molecular geometry and is paramagnetic. 
The name copperas dates from times when the copper(II) sulfate was known as blue copperas, and perhaps in analogy, iron(II) and zinc sulfate were known respectively as green and white copperas.

Iron(II) Sulfate is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
In 2020, Iron(II) Sulfate was the 116th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5 million prescriptions.

Iron, or Iron(II) Sulfate is a mineral that your body needs to produce red blood cells. 
When the body does not get enough iron, Iron(II) Sulfate cannot produce enough red blood cells to keep itself healthy. 

This is called iron-deficiency anemia. 
Lack of iron can cause tiredness, shortness of breath, and decreased physical performance. 
Iron(II) Sulfate also can increase the chance of a liver transplant patient getting infections.

Iron(II) Sulfate uses include treating or preventing low levels of iron in the blood; Iron(II) Sulfate treats or prevents iron-deficiency anemia.

Foods rich in iron include lean red meat, beans, nuts, asparagus, oatmeal, and dried peaches. 
Vitamin C can increase the absorption of iron, which can be found in citrus fruits and fresh vegetables. 
Iron(II) Sulfate might be prescribed if your child is not able to maintain a healthy level of iron through diet alone after a liver transplant.

Iron(II) Sulfate appears as a greenish or yellow-brown crystalline solid. 
Iron(II) Sulfate is density 15.0 lb /gal. 
Iron(II) Sulfate is melts at 64 °C and loses the seven waters of hydration at 90 °C. 

Iron(II) Sulfate is immediate steps should be taken to limit Iron(II) Sulfate spread to the environment. 
Iron(II) Sulfate is used for water or sewage treatment, as a fertilizer ingredient.

Iron deficiency anemia is a large public health concern worldwide, especially in young children, infants, and women of childbearing age. 
This type of anemia occurs when iron intake, iron stores, and iron loss do not adequately support the formation of erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells. 

Iron(II) Sulfate is a synthetic agent used in the treatment of iron deficiency. 
Iron(II) Sulfate is the gold standard of oral iron therapy in the UK and many other countries.

Iron(II) Sulfate is an iron supplement you may use to treat iron-deficiency anemia. 
You may need Iron(II) Sulfate if you don’t get enough iron through the foods you eat. 

Iron(II) Sulfate comes in tablet and liquid form. 
Side effects may include constipation, stomach cramps and other digestive issues. 
Only take an iron supplement as directed.

Iron(II) Sulfate is a type of iron supplement. 
You normally get all the iron you need from the foods you eat. 

Your healthcare provider may recommend Iron(II) Sulfate if you don’t get enough iron in your diet. 
Iron supplements can be especially beneficial for women or people assigned female at birth.

A sulfate salt of mineral iron formulated for oral administration and used as a dietary supplement, Iron(II) Sulfate is absorbed in the stomach and small intestine and combines with apoferritin to form ferritin, which is stored in the liver, spleen, red bone marrow, and intestinal mucosa. 
Important in transport of oxygen by hemoglobin to the tissues, iron is also found in myoglobin, transferrin, and ferritin, and is a component of many enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, and cytochromes.

The iron supplement Iron(II) Sulfate is an iron salt with the chemical formula FeSO4.
Iron salts are one type of the mineral iron. 
People often use them as a supplement to treat iron deficiency.

Iron(II) Sulfate is also called Ferrous sulfate, green vitriol, and iron vitriol.
This article is an overview of Iron(II) Sulfate, Iron(II) Sulfate benefits and side effects, and how you can use Iron(II) Sulfate to treat and prevent iron deficiency.

Iron(II) Sulfate is just one of many forms of the metal element iron.

In Iron(II) Sulfate natural state, the solid mineral resembles small crystals. 
The crystals are typically a shade of yellow, brown, or bluish-green — hence why Iron(II) Sulfate is sometimes called green vitriol.

Supplement makers use multiple types of iron in dietary supplements. 
Aside from Iron(II) Sulfate, the most common are ferrous gluconate, ferric citrate, and ferric sulfate.

Most types of iron in supplements are in one of two forms — ferric or ferrous. 
This depends on the chemical state of the iron atoms.

The body absorbs ferrous forms of iron better than ferric forms. 
Thus, healthcare providers often consider ferrous forms, including Iron(II) Sulfate, to be the best choice for iron supplements.

Iron(II) Sulfate is a mineral salt of iron, a dietary mineral essential for the production of red blood cells. 
Iron is a mineral in our blood cells responsible for transporting and storing needed oxygen. 

Iron(II) Sulfate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 to < 10 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Iron(II) Sulfate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Iron(II) Sulfate is available in over-the-counter vitamin supplements both individually and in combination with other nutrients. 
Iron(II) Sulfate is also sometimes used in prescription Iron(II) Sulfate supplements that treat iron-deficient anemia (low numbers of red blood cells caused by low iron). 

Iron(II) Sulfate is an iron salt popularly known as green vitriol. 
Imferon and iron dextran are injectable iron. 

Ferrous fumarate, ferrous gluconate, and Iron(II) Sulfate are generic names for oral iron. 
Iron(II) Sulfate is by far the best and cheapest for iron supplement.

Iron(II) Sulfate is formed when iron filings are mixed into a solution of copper sulfate, iron pushes the copper since Iron(II) Sulfate is more reactive and takes Iron(II) Sulfate place resulting in the formation of iron sulfate.

Uses of Iron(II) Sulfate:
Iron(II) Sulfate is used as iron supplements are indicated in patients with diseases caused by iron deficiency.
Iron(II) Sulfate is used in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia, prophylaxis for iron deficiency in pregnancy.

Iron(II) Sulfate is used in precaution if sedation or general anaesthesia is required; risk of the hypotensive episode.
Iron(II) Sulfate can also be used with chlorine. 
This treatment is normally known as chlorinated copperas treatment.

Iron(II) Sulfate is used as a mordant in textile dyeing.
Iron(II) Sulfate is used to make iron compounds and in engraving, lithography, water treatment, aluminum etching, and qualitative analysis (brown ring test for nitrates).

Iron(II) Sulfate is also used in iron electroplating baths, fertilizers and pesticides, food and feed supplements, radiation dosimeters, wood preservative, inks, leather dyes, polymerization catalysts, and pharmaceuticals (iron deficiency anemia).
Iron(II) Sulfate is used as iron oxide pigment, catalyst (especially for synthetic ammonia), and food supplement.

Iron(II) Sulfate is an iron supplement used to treat or prevent low blood levels of iron (such as those caused by anemia or pregnancy). 
Iron is an important mineral that the body needs to produce red blood cells and keep you in good health.

Industrially, Iron(II) Sulfate is mainly used as a precursor to other iron compounds. 
Iron(II) Sulfate is a reducing agent, and as such is useful for the reduction of chromate in cement to less toxic Cr(III) compounds. 

Historically Iron(II) Sulfate was used in the textile industry for centuries as a dye fixative. 
Iron(II) Sulfate is used historically to blacken leather and as a constituent of iron gall ink.
The preparation of sulfuric acid ('oil of vitriol') by the distillation of green vitriol (iron(II) sulfate) has been known for at least 700 years.

Medical use:
Follow all directions on Iron(II) Sulfate package, or take as directed by your doctor. 
Do not take more than the recommended dosage. 
If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

Iron is best absorbed on an empty stomach (usually if taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals). 
If stomach upset occurs, you may take this medication with food. 

See the instructions below for the liquid drops for infants/children. 
Avoid taking antacids, dairy products, tea, or coffee within 2 hours before or after this medication because they will decrease Iron(II) Sulfate effectiveness.

Take tablets or capsules with a full glass of water (8 ounces or 240 milliliters) unless otherwise directed by your doctor. 
Do not lie down for at least 10 minutes after taking your tablet or capsule dose.

Swallow extended-release capsules whole. 
Do not crush or chew extended-release capsules or tablets. 

Doing so can release all of the drug at once, increasing the risk of side effects. 
Also, do not split extended-release tablets unless they have a score line and your doctor or pharmacist tells you to do so. 
Swallow the whole or split tablet without crushing or chewing.

If you are taking chewable tablets, chew the medication thoroughly, then swallow.
If you are taking a liquid suspension form of this medication, shake the bottle well before each dose.

If you are taking the liquid form for adults, carefully measure the dose using a special measuring device/spoon. 
Do not use a household spoon because you may not get the correct dose. 
Mix the dose in a glass of water or juice, and drink the mixture through a straw to prevent staining the teeth.

If you are giving the liquid drops to an infant or child, use the dropper provided to carefully measure the dose. 
The dose may be placed directly into the mouth (towards the back of the tongue) or Iron(II) Sulfate may be mixed in formula (not milk), fruit juice, cereal, or other food as directed to increase your child's acceptance. 

Iron(II) Sulfate is best to give this medication right after a meal. 
Follow the directions on Iron(II) Sulfate package for the brand that you use.

Take this medication regularly in order to get the most benefit from Iron(II) Sulfate. 
To help you remember, take Iron(II) Sulfate at the same time(s) each day.

Before taking this medicine:

Ask a doctor or pharmacist if Iron(II) Sulfate is safe to use if you have ever had:
Iron overload syndrome,
A red blood cell disorder such as thalassemia,
A condition for which you receive regular blood transfusions.

Ask a doctor before using this medicine if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Do not give Iron(II) Sulfate to a child without medical advice.

Plant growth:
Iron(II) Sulfate is sold as Iron(II) Sulfate, a soil amendment for lowering the pH of a high alkaline soil so that plants can access the soil's nutrients.

In horticulture Iron(II) Sulfate is used for treating iron chlorosis.
Although not as rapid-acting as ferric EDTA, Iron(II) Sulfate effects are longer-lasting. 

Iron(II) Sulfate can be mixed with compost and dug into the soil to create a store which can last for years.
Iron(II) Sulfate can be used as a lawn conditioner.
Iron(II) Sulfate can also be used to eliminate silvery thread moss in golf course putting greens.

Pigment and craft:
Iron(II) Sulfate can be used to stain concrete and some limestones and sandstones a yellowish rust color.
Woodworkers use Iron(II) Sulfate solutions to color maple wood a silvery hue.
Green vitriol is also a useful reagent in the identification of mushrooms.

Historical uses:
Iron(II) Sulfate was used in the manufacture of inks, most notably iron gall ink, which was used from the middle ages until the end of the 18th century. 
Chemical tests made on the Lachish letters (c. 588–586 BCE) showed the possible presence of iron.

Iron(II) Sulfate is thought that oak galls and copperas may have been used in making the ink on those letters.
Iron(II) Sulfate also finds use in wool dyeing as a mordant. 
Harewood, a material used in marquetry and parquetry since the 17th century, is also made using Iron(II) Sulfate.

Two different methods for the direct application of indigo dye were developed in England in the 18th century and remained in use well into the 19th century. 
One of these, known as china blue, involved Iron(II) Sulfate. 

After printing an insoluble form of indigo onto the fabric, the indigo was reduced to leuco-indigo in a sequence of baths of Iron(II) Sulfate (with reoxidation to indigo in air between immersions). 
The china blue process could make sharp designs, but Iron(II) Sulfate could not produce the dark hues of other methods.

In the second half of the 1850s Iron(II) Sulfate was used as a photographic developer for collodion process images.

Used to treat iron deficiency anemia:
Anemia is a condition that occurs when your blood has low amounts of red blood cells or hemoglobin.
Because iron is a critical part of the red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body, having iron deficiency is one of the most common causes of anemia.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a severe form of iron deficiency that has significant effects on the human body and may cause some of the more serious symptoms associated with iron deficiency.
One of the most common and effective treatments for IDA is taking an oral iron supplement, such as Iron(II) Sulfate.

Might improve surgical outcomes:
Multiple research studies have cited having iron deficiency as a risk factor for increased rates of complications and mortality following surgery.
One study looked at the outcomes for 730 people who underwent heart surgery, including those with ferritin levels below 100 mcg per liter — a sign of iron deficiency.

The iron deficient participants were more likely to experience serious adverse events during surgery, including death. 
They also required a longer stay in the hospital, on average, after surgery.

Iron deficiency appears to have similar effects in other types of surgery. 
One study analyzed more than 227,000 surgical procedures and determined that even mild IDA prior to surgery increased the risk of health complications and mortality following the procedure.

Because Iron(II) Sulfate supplements can treat and prevent iron deficiency, taking them prior to having surgery could improve the outcome and reduce the risk of complications.
However, Iron(II) Sulfate may take time to increase iron levels via supplementation.

Though oral iron supplements like Iron(II) Sulfate are an effective way to increase iron stores in the body, a person may need to take supplements every day for 2–5 months to bring their iron stores up to normal levels.
Thus, people with iron deficiency who do not have multiple months to try and increase iron stores prior to surgery may not benefit from Iron(II) Sulfate supplements and require another type of iron therapy instead.

Furthermore, research studies on iron therapy for people who have anemia before surgery are limited in size and scope. 
Scientists still need to conduct more high quality studies to investigate the best ways for people to increase their iron levels before surgery.

Biocidal Uses:
Iron(II) Sulfate is approved in the EEA and/or Switzerland for use in biocidal products more favourable for the environment, human or animal health.

Consumer Uses:
Iron(II) Sulfate is used in the following products: fertilisers, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, plant protection products, adhesives and sealants and metal surface treatment products.
Other release to the environment of Iron(II) Sulfate is likely to occur from: outdoor use, indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Iron(II) Sulfate is used in the following products: fertilisers, pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, water treatment chemicals, metal surface treatment products, plant protection products and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay.
Iron(II) Sulfate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Iron(II) Sulfate is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing, building & construction work, scientific research and development and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Iron(II) Sulfate is used for the manufacture of: mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement).
Other release to the environment of Iron(II) Sulfate is likely to occur from: outdoor use and indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).

Uses at industrial sites:
Iron(II) Sulfate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, water treatment chemicals, laboratory chemicals, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, fertilisers and metal surface treatment products.
Iron(II) Sulfate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Iron(II) Sulfate is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, building & construction work and scientific research and development.
Iron(II) Sulfate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, metals, fabricated metal products, electrical, electronic and optical equipment and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement).
Release to the environment of Iron(II) Sulfate can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and formulation of mixtures.

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Electroplating
Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides)
Applying Wood Preservatives
Sewer and Wastewater Treatment
Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing)
Farming (Feed Additives)

Activities with risk of exposure:
Textile arts
Lithography printing

Benefits of Iron(II) Sulfate:
The primary benefit of taking Iron(II) Sulfate supplements is to maintain normal iron levels in the body.
Doing so may prevent you from experiencing iron deficiency, as well as the range of mild to severe side effects that often accompany Iron(II) Sulfate.

Here’s a closer look at the benefits of taking Iron(II) Sulfate supplements.

Helps maintain normal blood iron levels:
Iron is one of the most common elements on earth, and Iron(II) Sulfate’s an essential mineral. 
That means people need to consume Iron(II) Sulfate in their diet for optimal health.

The body primarily uses iron as part of the red blood cell proteins myoglobin and hemoglobin, which are essential for transporting and storing oxygen.
Iron also plays an important role in the formation of hormones, the health and development of the nervous system, and basic cell functioning 

Although many people consume iron as a dietary supplement, you can also find Iron(II) Sulfate naturally in many foods, including beans, spinach, potatoes, tomatoes, and particularly meat and seafood, including oysters, sardines, poultry, and beef.
Some foods, such as fortified breakfast cereals, are not naturally high in iron, but manufacturers add iron to make them a good source of this mineral.

Many of the highest sources of iron are animal products. 
Therefore, vegans, vegetarians, and people who do not consume many iron-rich foods as a part of their normal diet may benefit from taking Iron(II) Sulfate iron supplements to help maintain their iron stores.

May prevent symptoms of iron deficiency:
Taking Iron(II) Sulfate supplements is a simple way to treat, prevent, or reverse low blood iron levels.

Preventing iron deficiency not only ensures that your body has enough of the essential nutrient to continue functioning properly but also can help you avoid many of the unpleasant side effects of low iron levels.

Some of the most notable side effects of low iron levels include:
Fatigue
Headaches
Feeling weak
Low energy levels
Difficulty concentrating
Difficulty thinking clearly
Hair loss
Brittle nails
Upset stomach
Poor immunity
Heart palpitations
Restless leg syndrome
Shortness of breath
The inability to regulate body temperature
Pica, an urge to eat nonfood items, such as paint or soap

This is a general overview — not a comprehensive list — of all the symptoms of low iron levels.
Symptoms may worsen as an iron deficiency progresses from mild to severe.

Chemical Properties of Iron(II) Sulfate:
Iron(II) Sulfate reacts with aluminium under displacement reaction forming aluminium sulfate and metallic iron. 

The chemical reaction is given below.
2Al + 3FeSO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3Fe

Iron(II) Sulfate reacts with potassium permanganate in the presence of sulphuric acid forms ferric sulfate, manganese sulfate, potassium sulfate, and water.
10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 → 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + K2SO4

Hydrates of Iron(II) Sulfate:
Iron(II) Sulfate can be found in various states of hydration, and several of these forms exist in nature or were created synthetically.

FeSO4·H2O (mineral: szomolnokite, relatively rare, monoclinic)
FeSO4·H2O (synthetic compound stable at pressures exceeding 6.2 GPa, triclinic)

FeSO4·4H2O (mineral: rozenite, white, relatively common, may be dehydration product of melanterite, monoclinic)
FeSO4·5H2O (mineral: siderotil, relatively rare, triclinic)

FeSO4·6H2O (mineral: ferrohexahydrite, very rare, monoclinic)
FeSO4·7H2O (mineral: melanterite, blue-green, relatively common, monoclinic)

The tetrahydrate is stabilized when the temperature of aqueous solutions reaches 56.6 °C (133.9 °F). At 64.8 °C (148.6 °F) these solutions form both the tetrahydrate and monohydrate.

Mineral forms are found in oxidation zones of iron-bearing ore beds, e.g. pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, etc. 
They are also found in related environments, like coal fire sites. 

Many rapidly dehydrate and sometimes oxidize. 
Numerous other, more complex (either basic, hydrated, and/or containing additional cations) Fe(II)-bearing sulfates exist in such environments, with copiapite being a common example.

Production and Reactions of Iron(II) Sulfate:
In the finishing of steel prior to plating or coating, the steel sheet or rod is passed through pickling baths of sulfuric acid. 

This treatment produces large quantities of Iron(II) Sulfate as a by-product.
Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2

Another source of large amounts results from the production of titanium dioxide from ilmenite via the sulfate process.

Iron(II) Sulfate is also prepared commercially by oxidation of pyrite:
2 FeS2 + 7 O2 + 2 H2O → 2 FeSO4 + 2 H2SO4

Iron(II) Sulfate can be produced by displacement of metals less reactive than Iron from solutions of their sulfate:
CuSO4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Cu

Reactions:
Upon dissolving in water, Iron(II) Sulfates form the metal aquo complex [Fe(H2O)6]2+, which is an almost colorless, paramagnetic ion.

On heating, Iron(II) Sulfate first loses Iron(II) Sulfate water of crystallization and the original green crystals are converted into a white anhydrous solid.
When further heated, the anhydrous material decomposes into sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide, leaving a reddish-brown iron(III) oxide. 
Thermolysis of Iron(II) Sulfate begins at about 680 °C (1,256 °F).

2FeSO4→ΔFe2O3+SO2+SO3

Like other iron(II) salts, Iron(II) Sulfate is a reducing agent. 

For example, Iron(II) Sulfate reduces nitric acid to nitrogen monoxide and chlorine to chloride:
6 FeSO4 + 3 H2SO4 + 2 HNO3 → 3 Fe2(SO4)3 + 4 H2O + 2 NO
6 FeSO4 + 3 Cl2 → 2 Fe2(SO4)3 + 2 FeCl3

Iron(II) Sulfate mild reducing power is of value in organic synthesis.
Iron(II) Sulfate is used as the iron catalyst component of Fenton's reagent.

Iron(II) Sulfate can be detected by the cerimetric method, which is the official method of the Indian Pharmacopoeia. 
This method includes the use of ferroin solution showing a red to light green colour change during titration.

Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Iron(II) Sulfate:

Pharmacodynamics:
Iron(II) Sulfate replenishes iron, an essential component in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and various enzymes. 
Iron(II) Sulfate replaces the iron that is usually found in hemoglobin and myoglobin. 
Iron participates in oxygen transport and storage, electron transport and energy metabolism, antioxidant and beneficial pro-oxidant functions, oxygen sensing, tissue proliferation and growth, as well as DNA replication and repair.

Action Mechanism of Iron(II) Sulfate:
Iron is required to maintain optimal health, particularly for helping to form red blood cells (RBC) that carry oxygen around the body. 
A deficiency in iron indicates that the body cannot produce enough normal red blood cells.

Iron deficiency anemia occurs when body stores of iron decrease to very low levels, and the stored iron is insufficient to support normal red blood cell (RBC) production. 
Insufficient dietary iron, impaired iron absorption, bleeding, pregnancy, or loss of iron through the urine can lead to iron deficiency.
Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia include fatigue, breathlessness, palpitations, dizziness, and headache.

Taking iron in supplement form, such as Iron(II) Sulfate, allows for more rapid increases in iron levels when dietary supply and stores are not sufficient.
Iron is transported by the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) across the endolysosomal membrane to enter the macrophage. 

Iron(II) Sulfate can then can be incorporated into ferritin and be stored in the macrophage or carried of the macrophage by ferroportin. 
This exported iron is oxidized by the enzyme to ceruloplasmin to Fe3+, followed by sequestration by transferrin for transport in the serum to various sites, including the bone marrow for hemoglobin synthesis or into the liver.
Iron combines with porphyrin and globin chains to form hemoglobin, which is critical for oxygen delivery from the lungs to other tissues.

Absorption of Iron(II) Sulfate:
Approximately 5 – 10% of dietary iron is absorbed, and this absorption rate increases to up to 30% in iron deficiency states. 
Oral iron supplements are absorbed up to 60% via active and passive transport processes.

Gastrointestinal absorption of iron occurs via strict regulation by the enterocyte and duodenal cytochrome and ferric reductase enzymes.
The hormone hepcidin heavily regulates iron absorption and distribution throughout the body.

The median time to maximum serum concentration (Tmax) is generally 4 hours after administration. 
Between 2-8 hours post administration, average serum iron concentrations fluctuate by 20%, according to one study.

Bioavailability of iron depends on whether Iron(II) Sulfate is administered in a film coated tablet or enteric coated tablet. 
One pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers revealed a 30% bioavailability for enteric coated tablets. 

The AUC of enteric coated tablets varied between a lower limit of -46.93 to 5.25 µmolxh/l. 
Cmax is higher for film coated tablets, ranging from 3.4 to 22.1 µmol/h/l.

Iron(II) Sulfate is advisable to take Iron(II) Sulfate with ascorbic acid, as this practice may increase absorption.
Avoid antacids, tea, coffee,tea, dairy products, eggs, and whole-grain bread for at least an hour after taking Iron(II) Sulfate. 
Calcium can decrease iron absorption by 33% if taken concomitantly.

First Aid Measures of Iron(II) Sulfate:

INGESTION:
Give milk immediately and then induce vomiting by stroking the pharynx with a blunt object such as a spoon handle. 
Gastric lavage with 1 pint of 5% aqueous solution of mono- or disodium phosphate if promptly available; otherwise use water. 
Get medical attention.

Fire Fighting of Iron(II) Sulfate:

If material involved in fire: 
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.)

Accidental Release Measures of Iron(II) Sulfate:

Environmental considerations: 

Water spill: 
Adjust pH to neutral (pH= 7). 
Allow to aerate. 

Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). 
Adjust pH to neutral (pH= 7). 
Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Environmental considerations: 

Land spill: 
Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding rea to contain liquid or solid material. 
If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner.
Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Disposal Methods of Iron(II) Sulfate:
The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. 
Recycle any unused portion of the material for Iron(II) Sulfate approved use or return Iron(II) Sulfate to the manufacturer or supplier.

Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider:
The material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Precipitation and landfill: 
Treat water or scrap material with soda ash or dilute sodium hydroxide to precipitate iron. 
Separate the precipitate and dispose of in an approved landfill. 

Identifiers of Iron(II) Sulfate:
CAS Number: 
Anhydrous: 7720-78-7
Monohydrate: 17375-41-6
Dihydrate: 10028-21-4
Heptahydrate: 7782-63-0

ChEBI: 
Anhydrous: CHEBI:75832
ChEMBL: 
Anhydrous: ChEMBL1200830

ChemSpider: 
Anhydrous: 22804
Monohydrate: 56459
Heptahydrate: 22804

ECHA InfoCard: 100.028.867
EC Number: 
Anhydrous: 231-753-5

PubChem CID: 
Anhydrous: 24393
Monohydrate: 62712
Heptahydrate: 62662

RTECS number Anhydrous: 
NO8500000 (anhydrous)
NO8510000 (heptahydrate)

UNII: 
Anhydrous: 2IDP3X9OUD
Monohydrate: RIB00980VW
Dihydrate: G0Z5449449
Heptahydrate: 39R4TAN1VT

UN number: 3077
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) anhydrous: DTXSID0029688
InChI: InChI=1S/Fe.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2
Key: BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L

Anhydrous: InChI=1/Fe.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2
Key: BAUYGSIQEAFULO-NUQVWONBAS
SMILES anhydrous: [O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Fe+2]

EC / List no.: 231-753-5
CAS no.: 7720-78-7

Synonyms: Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate, Iron(II) Sulfate heptahydrate
Linear Formula: FeSO4 · 7H2O
CAS Number: 7782-63-0
Molecular Weight: 278.01

Properties of Iron(II) Sulfate:
Chemical formula: FeSO4

Molar mass: 
151.91 g/mol (anhydrous)
169.93 g/mol (monohydrate)
241.99 g/mol (pentahydrate)
260.00 g/mol (hexahydrate)
278.02 g/mol (heptahydrate)

Appearance: White crystals (anhydrous)
White-yellow crystals (monohydrate)
Blue-green crystals (heptahydrate)

Odor: Odorless

Density: 
3.65 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
3 g/cm3 (monohydrate)
2.15 g/cm3 (pentahydrate)
1.934 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)
1.895 g/cm3 (heptahydrate)

Melting point: 
680 °C (1,256 °F; 953 K) (anhydrous) decomposes
300 °C (572 °F; 573 K) (monohydrate) decomposes
60–64 °C (140–147 °F; 333–337 K) (heptahydrate) decomposes

Solubility in water: Monohydrate:
44.69 g/100 mL (77 °C)
35.97 g/100 mL (90.1 °C)

Heptahydrate:
15.65 g/100 mL (0 °C)
19.986 g/100 mL (10 °C)
29.51 g/100 mL (25 °C)
39.89 g/100 mL (40.1 °C)
51.35 g/100 mL (54 °C)

Solubility: Negligible in alcohol
Solubility in ethylene glycol: 6.38 g/100 g (20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 1.95 kPa (heptahydrate)

Magnetic susceptibility (χ): 
1.24×10−2 cm3/mol (anhydrous)
1.05×10−2 cm3/mol (monohydrate)
1.12×10−2 cm3/mol (heptahydrate)
+10200×10−6 cm3/mol

Refractive index (nD): 
1.591 (monohydrate)
1.526–1.528 (21 °C, tetrahydrate)
1.513–1.515 (pentahydrate)
1.468 (hexahydrate)
1.471 (heptahydrate)

Molecular Weight: 151.91
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 151.886665
Monoisotopic Mass: 151.886665
Topological Polar Surface Area: 88.6 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Complexity: 62.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Structure of Iron(II) Sulfate:
Crystal structure: 
Orthorhombic, oP24 (anhydrous)
Monoclinic, mS36 (monohydrate)
Monoclinic, mP72 (tetrahydrate)
Triclinic, aP42 (pentahydrate)
Monoclinic, mS192 (hexahydrate)
Monoclinic, mP108 (heptahydrate)

Space group: 
Pnma, No. 62 (anhydrous) 
C2/c, No. 15 (monohydrate, hexahydrate)
P21/n, No. 14 (tetrahydrate)
P1, No. 2 (pentahydrate)
P21/c, No. 14 (heptahydrate)

Point group: 
2/m 2/m 2/m (anhydrous)
2/m (monohydrate, tetrahydrate, hexahydrate, heptahydrate)
1 (pentahydrate)

Lattice constant: 
a = 8.704(2) Å, b = 6.801(3) Å, c = 4.786(8) Å (293 K, anhydrous)
α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°

Coordination geometry: Octahedral (Fe2+)

Thermochemistry of Iron(II) Sulfate:
Heat capacity (C): 100.6 J/mol·K (anhydrous) 394.5 J/mol·K (heptahydrate)
Std molarbentropy (S⦵298): 107.5 J/mol·K (anhydrous) 409.1 J/mol·K (heptahydrate)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −928.4 kJ/mol (anhydrous) −3016 kJ/mol (heptahydrate)
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵): −820.8 kJ/mol (anhydrous) −2512 kJ/mol (heptahydrate)

Related compounds of Iron(II) Sulfate:
Iron(III) sulfate

Other cations:
Cobalt(II) sulfate
Copper(II) sulfate
Manganese(II) sulfate
Nickel(II) sulfate

Names of Iron(II) Sulfate:

Regulatory process names:
ferrous sulfate heptahydrate
Ferrous sulphate
iron (II) sulfate
iron (II) sulfate (1:1) heptahydrate
Iron (II) sulphate
Iron sulfate
Iron sulphate
Iron sulphate
iron sulphate
Iron(II)sulfate anhydrous
Sulfuric acid, iron(2+) salt (1:1)
sulfuric acid, iron(II) salt (1:1), heptahydrate

Translated names:
acid sulfuric, sare de fier(II) (1:1), heptahidrat (ro)
acide sulfurique, sel de fer (II) (1:1), heptahydrate (fr)
Dzelzs sulfāts (lv)
dzelzs(II) sulfāta (1:1) heptahidrāts (lv)
dzelzs(II) sulfāta heptahidrāts (lv)
dzelzs(II) sulfāts (lv)
Eisen(II)-sulfat (de)
Eisen(II)sulfat(1:1)heptahydrat (de)
Eisensulfat (de)
Eisensulfatheptahydrat (de)
fero sulfat heptahidrat (hr)
ferrosulfaat heptahydraat (nl)
ferrosulfaattiheptahydraatti (fi)
ferrosulfat heptahydrat (da)
ferrosulfatheptahydrat (no)
ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (mt)
geležies (II) sulfatas (lt)
geležies (II) sulfatas (1:1) heptahidratas (lt)
Geležies sulfatas (lt)
geležies sulfatas, heptahidratas (lt)
heptahydrát síranu železnatého (sk)
ijzer(II)sulfaat (nl)
ijzer(II)sulfaat (1:1) heptahydraat (nl)
IJzersulfaat (nl)
iron (II) sulfate (1:1) heptahydrate (mt)
Iron sulphate (no)
jern(II)sulfat (da)
jern(II)sulfat (no)
jern(II)sulfat (1:1) heptahydrat (da)
jern(II)sulfat (1:1) heptahydrat (no)
Jernsulfat (da)
järn(II)sulfat (sv)
järn(II)sulfat, heptahydrat (sv)
Järnsulfat (sv)
järnsulfatheptahydrat (sv)
kwas siarkowy(VI), sól żelaza(II) (1:1), heptahydrat (pl)
kyselina sírová, železnatá soľ, heptahydrát (sk)
kénsav, vas(II)-só, (1:1) heptahidrát (hu)
raud(II)sulfaat (et)
raud(II)sulfaat (1:1), heptahüdraat (et)
raud(II)sulfaatheptahüdraat (et)
Raudsulfaat (et)
Rauta(II)sulfaatti (fi)
Rauta(II)sulfaattiheptahydraatti (fi)
Rautasulfaatti (fi)
Biocidal active substances
sal de ferro (II) (1:1) de ácido sulfúrico, hepta-hidratado (pt)
sale di ferro (II) di acido solforico, eptaidrato (it)
Schwefelsäure, Eisen(II)salz (1:1), Heptahydrat (de)
Siarczan żelaza (pl)
siarczan żelaza (II) (pl)
siarczan żelazawy heptahydrat (pl)
sieros rūgštis, geležies(II) druska (1:1), heptahidratas (lt)
Solfato di ferro (it)
solfato di ferro (II) (it)
solfato di ferro (II) eptaidrato (it)
solfato ferroso eptaidrato (it)
Sulfat de fier (ro)
sulfat de fier (II) (1:1) heptahidrat (ro)
sulfat de fier(II) (ro)
sulfat feros heptahidrat (ro)
Sulfat tal-ħadid (mt)
sulfat tal-ħadid (II) (mt)
Sulfate de fer (fr)
sulfate de fer (II) (fr)
sulfate de fer (II), heptahydrate (1:1) acide sulfurique, sel de fer(II) (1:1), heptahydratesulfate ferreux, heptahydrate (fr)
sulfate ferreux , heptahydrate (fr)
Sulfato de ferro (pt)
sulfato de ferro (II) (pt)
sulfato de ferro (II) (1:1) heptahidratado (pt)
Sulfato de hierro (es)
sulfato de hierro (II) (es)
sulfato de hierro (II), heptahidrato (es)
sulfato ferroso hepta-hidratado (pt)
sulfato ferroso, heptahidrato (es)
sulfuric acid, iron(II) salt (1:1), heptahydrate (mt)
sumporna kiselina, željezova(II) sol (1:1), heptahidrat (hr)
svavelsyra, järn(II)salt (1:1), heptahydrat (sv)
svovelsyre, jern(II)salt (1:1), heptahydrat (no)
svovlsyre, jern(II)-salt (1:1), heptahydrat (da)
Síran železnatý (cs)
síran železnatý (cs)
Síran železnatý (sk)
síran železnatý (sk)
síran železnatý (1:1) heptahydrát (cs)
síran železnatý heptahydrát (cs)
sērskābes dzelzs(II) sāls (1:1), heptahidrāts (lv)
vas(II)-szulfát (hu)
vas(II)-szulfát (1:1) heptahidrát (hu)
vas(II)-szulfát, heptahidrát (hu)
Vas-szulfát (hu)
väävelhappe raud(II)sool (1:1), heptahüdraat (et)
zwavelzuur, ijzer(II)zout, (1:1) heptahydraat (nl)
ácido sulfúrico, sal de hierro (II), heptahidrato (es)
železnatá sůl kyseliny sírové (1:1), heptahydrát (cs)
železov (II) sulfat (sl)
železov (II) sulfat (1:1) heptahidrat, (sl)
Železov sulfat (sl)
železov sulfat heptahidrat (sl)
železova(II) sol (1:1) žveplove kisline, heptahidrat (sl)
Željezov sulfat (hr)
željezov(II) sulfat (hr)
željezov(II) sulfat (1:1) heptahidrat (hr)
άλας θειικού οξέος με σίδηρο(ΙΙ) (1:1), επταένυδρο (el)
Θειικός σίδηρος (el)
θειικός σίδηρος (ΙΙ) (el)
θειικός σίδηρος(ΙΙ) (1:1), επταένυδρος (el)
θειικός υποσίδηρος, επταένυδρος (el)
железен (II) сулфат (bg)
железен (II) сулфат (1:1) хептахидрат (bg)
Железен сулфат (bg)
C&L Inventory
C&L Inventory
Sulfuric acid, iron(2+) salt (1:1)

IUPAC names:
Eisen(II)sulfat heptahydrat
Ferrosulfate, Copperas
Ferrous sulfate
Ferrous sulfate
Ferrous sulfate (1:1)
Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate
ferrous sulfate heptahydrate
Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate
ferrous sulphate
Ferrous Sulphate
Ferrous sulphate
Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate
ferrous sulphate, ferrous sulfate, iron sulfate, ferric sulfate, iron(II)sulfate
GFU Iron(II)sulphate
iron (2+) sulfate
iron (2+) sulfate heptahydrate
iron (2+) sulphate
Iron (II) sulfate
iron (II) sulfate
iron (II) sulfate (1:1) heptahydrate
IRON (II) SULFATE HEPTAHYDRATE
iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate
Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate
iron (II) sulphate
iron (II) sulphate monohydrate
Iron (II)sulfato hydrate
iron sulfate
Iron sulfate
iron sulfate heptahydrate
Iron Sulphate
Iron sulphate
iron sulphate
Iron Sulphate
Iron sulphate
iron sulphate
iron sulphate (technical grade)
iron sulphate heptahydrate
iron sulphate hydrates SBE (by-product of the steel industry where the pickling process are used to clean the metal surface placed on the market)
Iron sulphate, Ferrous sulfate
Iron(+2) cation sulfate
iron(2+) sulfate
iron(2+) sulfate
Iron(2+) sulfate heptahydrate
iron(2+) sulfate heptahydrate
iron(2+) sulfate monohydrate
iron(2+);sulfate;heptahydrate
Iron(II) sulfate
Iron(II) sulfate
Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate
iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate
Iron(II) sulfate or Iron(2+) sulfate
iron(II) sulphate
iron(II)sulfate
iron(II)sulfate heptahydrate
Iron(III) sulfate
iron; sulfuric acid
iron;sulfuric acid
siarczan żalazawy
solfato di ferro (II) eptaidrato
Sulfuric acid, iron(2+) salt (1:1)
sulfuric acid, iron(II) salt (1:1), heptahydrate
Síran železnatý bezvodý, mono(hepta)hydrátIron Sulphate unhydrous, monohydrous, heptahydrous
Vas(II)-szulfát-heptahidrát
Zelená skalice

Trade names:
[CZ] Skalice zelená
[EN] Green Vitriol
Caparrosa
Coagulant
Combiron
Copperas
Dechromator
Duretter
Duroferon
Eisensulfat Feinkristallin Heptahydrat FeSO4.7 H2O
Eisensulfat Feinkristallin Heptahydrat FeSO4.7 H2O, rieselfähig
Exsiccated ferrous sulfate
Exsiccated ferrous sulphate
Feofol Spansule
Feosol
Feospan
Fer-In-Sol
Fero-Folic 500
Ferralyn
Ferro-Gradumet
Ferro-Theron
FERROGRANUL 20
FERROGRANUL 30
Ferromyn
FERROPOWDER 30
FERROSALT 18
Ferrosand
Ferrosulfaatti, Kemwater COP
Ferrosulfate
Ferrous sulfate
Ferrous sulfate (1:1)
Ferrous sulfate dried
Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate
Ferrous Sulphate
Ferrous sulphate
Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate
ferrous sulphate heptahydrate
Ferrous sulphate microcrystalline Heptahydrate FeSO4.7H2O
Ferrous sulphate microcrystalline Heptahydrate FeSO4.7H2O, freeflowing
Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate
Ferrous sulphate monohydrate
ferrous sulphate monohydrate
Fersolate
FESPOL 20
FESPOL 28
Green Salts
Green vitriol
HEPTASAL
Iron monosulfate
Iron sulfate (1:1)
Iron sulfate (FeSO4)
Iron sulphate
Iron sulphate heptahydrate
Iron vitriol
Iron(2+) sulfate
iron(2+) sulfate
Iron(2+) sulfate (1:1)
Iron(II) sulfate
Irospan
Kesuka
KROnoCHROME
Microfer Spansule
Mistrale 50
MONOSAL
Odophos
QUICKFLOC
Quickfloc
Quickfloc (salt)
SACHTOFER DD2C
SACHTOFER DRY
SACHTOFER MOIST
SACHTOFER S
SACHTOFER SEMIDRY
SACHTOFER TM
SFE 171
siarczan żelaza(II) jednowodny
siarczan żelaza(II) siedmiowodny
Slow-Fe
Solfato di ferro microcristallino eptaidrato
Sulferrous
Sulfuric acid, iron(2+) salt (1:1) (8CI, 9CI) (CA INDEX NAME)
Sulphate of iron

Other names:
Iron(II) sulphate
Ferrous sulfate
Green vitriol
Iron vitriol
Ferrous vitriol 
Copperas
Melanterite
Szomolnokite

Other identifiers:
026-003-00-7
026-003-01-4
13463-43-9
139939-63-2
139939-63-2
56172-58-8
56172-58-8
7720-78-7

Synonyms of Iron(II) Sulfate:
ferrous salt
FERROUS SULFATE
Iron(II) sulfate
7720-78-7
Iron sulfate
Iron(2+) sulfate
Iron sulphate
Ferrous sulfate anhydrous
Iron sulfate (1:1)
Iron(2+) sulphate
FeSO4
Iron(II) sulfate (1:1)
Iron sulfate (FeSO4)
Ferrous sulfate (1:1)
Sulfuric acid, iron(2+) salt (1:1)
Sulfuric acid, iron(2+) salt
2IDP3X9OUD
16547-58-3
iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous)
Iron vitriol; Iron(2+) sulfate
Combiron
Odophos
Kesuka
Sal chalybis
Quickfloc (salt)
Slow Fe
Ferrosulfat [German]
Ferrosulfat
CCRIS 6796
HSDB 465
SFE 171
EINECS 231-753-5
UNII-2IDP3X9OUD
NSC 57631
NSC 146177
AI3-51903
FERROUS SULPHATE ANHYDROUS
iron(II)sulphate
Fe(II) sulphate
iron(II) sulphate
EINECS 240-616-9
iron(2+);sulfate
Iron (as sulphate)
iron (II) sulphate
Ferrous sulfate,dried
errous hydrogen sulfide
Sulfuric acid, iron(2+) salt (1:?)
Iron sulphate (feso4)
Ferrous sulfate, 98%
ferrous sulfate (anh.)
Fe(II)SO4
Ferrous sulfate, anhydrous
Ferrous sulphate (1:1)
EC 231-753-5
Ferrous sulphate, anhydrous
ferrous sulfate (anhydrous)
iron(2+) sulfate (anh.)
FERROUS SULFATE [MI]
Iron(II) sulfate (FeSO4)
FERROUS SULFATE [ISO]
FERROUS SULFATE [HSDB]
DTXSID0029688
CHEBI:75832
FERROUS SULFATE [WHO-DD]
Ferrous Sulphate Exsiccated (Dried)
IRON(II) SULPHATE (1:1)
Tox21_202580
FERROUS SULFATE,DRIED [VANDF]
DB13257
NCGC00260129-01
CAS-7720-78-7
FT-0626420
Q214863
8063-79-4