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EC / List no.: 200-751-6
CAS no.: 71-36-3
Mol. formula: C4H10O
n-Butanol (IUPAC: Butan-1-ol) also known as 1-Butanol is a primary alcohol with the chemical formula C4H9OH and a linear structure.
Isomers of n-Butanol are isobutanol, 2-butanol, and tert-butanol.
The unmodified term butanol usually refers to the straight chain isomer.
n-Butanol is a colourless flammable liquid with strong alcoholic odour. n-Butanol is a highly refractive liquid and burns with a strongly luminous flame.
n-Butanol is incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidising agents, aluminium, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, copper, and copper alloys.
n-Butanol has an extensive use in a large number of industries. For instance, it is used as solvent in industries associated with the manufacturing of paints, varnishes, synthetic resins, gums, pharmaceuticals, vegetable oils, dyes, and alkaloids.
n-Butanol finds its use in the manufacture of artificial leather, rubber, plastic cements, shellac, raincoats, perfumes, and photographic films.
n-Butanol occurs naturally as a minor product of the fermentation of sugars and other carbohydrates and is present in many foods and beverages.
n-Butanol is also a permitted artificial flavorant in the United States, used in butter, cream, fruit, rum, whiskey, ice cream and ices, candy, baked goods, and cordials.
n-Butanolis also used in a wide range of consumer products.
The largest use of n-Butanol is as an industrial intermediate, particularly for the manufacture of butyl acetate (itself an artificial flavorant and industrial solvent).
n-Butanol is a petrochemical derived from propylene.
Estimated production figures for 1997 are: United States 784,000 tonnes; Western Europe 575,000 tonnes; Japan 225,000 tonnes.
Production
Since the 1950s, most n-Butanol is produced by the hydroformylation of propylene (oxo process) to preferentially form the butyraldehyde n-butanal.
Typical catalysts are based on cobalt and rhodium.
Butyraldehyde is then hydrogenated to produce butanol.
A second method for producing butanol involves the Reppe reaction of propylene with CO and water:
CH3CH=CH2 + H2O + 2 CO → CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + CO2
In former times, butanol was prepared from crotonaldehyde, which can be obtained from acetaldehyde.
Butanol can also be produced by fermentation of biomass by bacteria.
Prior to the 1950s, Clostridium acetobutylicum was used in industrial fermentation to produce butanol.
Research in the past few decades showed results of other microorganisms that can produce butanol through fermentation.
Industrial use
Constituting 85% of its use, n-Butanol is mainly used in the production of varnishes.
n-Butanol is a popular solvent, e.g. for nitrocellulose.
A variety of butyl esters are used as solvents, e.g. butoxyethanol.
Many plasticizers are based on butyl esters, e.g., dibutyl phthalate.
The monomer butyl acrylate is used to produce polymers.
n-Butanol is the precursor to n-butylamines.
Biofuel
n-Butanol has been proposed as a substitute for diesel fuel and gasoline.
n-Butanol is produced in small quantities in nearly all fermentations (see fusel oil).
Clostridium produces much higher yields of butanol.
Research is underway to increase the biobutanol yield from biomass.
Butanol is considered as a potential biofuel (butanol fuel).
Butanol at 85 percent strength can be used in cars designed for gasoline (petrol) without any change to the engine (unlike 85% ethanol), and it provides more energy for a given volume than ethanol, due to butanol's lower oxygen content, and almost as much as gasoline.
Therefore, a vehicle using butanol would return fuel consumption more comparable to gasoline than ethanol.
Butanol can also be added to diesel fuel to reduce soot emissions.
The production of, or in some cases, the use of, the following substances may result in exposure to n-Butanol: artificial leather, butyl esters, rubber cement, dyes, fruit essences, lacquers, motion picture, and photographic films, raincoats, perfumes, pyroxylin plastics, rayon, safety glass, shellac varnish, and waterproofed cloth.
Occurrence in nature
n-Butanol occurs naturally as a result of carbohydrate fermentation in a number of alcoholic beverages, including beer, grape brandies, wine, and whisky.
n-Butanol has been detected in the volatiles of hops, jack fruit, heat-treated milks, musk melon, cheese, southern pea seed, and cooked rice.
n-Butanol is also formed during deep frying of corn oil, cottonseed oil, trilinolein, and triolein.
n-Butanol is one of the "fusel alcohols" (from the German for "bad liquor"), which include alcohols that have more than two carbon atoms and have significant solubility in water.
n-Butanol is a natural component of many alcoholic beverages, albeit in low and variable concentration.
n-Butanol (along with similar fusel alcohols) is reputed to be responsible for severe hangovers, although experiments in animal models show no evidence for this.
n-Butanol is used as an ingredient in processed and artificial flavorings, and for the extraction of lipid-free protein from egg yolk, natural flavouring materials and vegetable oils, the manufacture of hop extract for beermaking, and as a solvent in removing pigments from moist curd leaf protein concentrate.
n-Butanol is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, coating products, anti-freeze products, adhesives and sealants, polishes and waxes, finger paints, washing & cleaning products, inks and toners, leather treatment products and non-metal-surface treatment products.
Other release to the environment of n-Butanol is likely to occur from: outdoor use, indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).
Release to the environment of n-Butanol can occur from industrial use: of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release.
Other release to the environment of n-Butanol is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).
n-Butanol can be found in products with material based on: metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery) and plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones).
n-Butanol is used in the following products: coating products, washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases, laboratory chemicals, adhesives and sealants and metal working fluids.
n-Butanol is used in the following areas: building & construction work, scientific research and development, printing and recorded media reproduction and health services.
n-Butanol is used for the manufacture of: plastic products, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement) and furniture.
Other release to the environment of n-Butanol is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
n-Butanol is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and inks and toners.
Release to the environment of n-Butanol can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and manufacturing of the substance.
Uses at industrial sites
n-Butanol is used in the following products: coating products, washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases, metal working fluids, laboratory chemicals and fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay.
n-Butanol has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
n-Butanol is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of n-Butanol can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Manufacture
Release to the environment of n-Butanol can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and formulation of mixtures.
n-Butanol is a primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group.
n-Butanol is produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.
n-Butanol has a role as a protic solvent, a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite.
n-Butanol is a primary alcohol and an alkyl alcohol.
Physical Description
n-Butanol is a colorless liquid.
Used in organic chemical synthesis, plasticizers, detergents, etc.
Color/Form
Colorless liquid
Solubility
9 % (NIOSH, 2016)
63200 mg/L (at 25 °C)
0.85 M
For more Solubility (Complete) data for n-Butanol (17 total)
In water, 68 g/L at 25 °C
In water, 6.32X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C
Miscible with many organic solvents
Very soluble in acetone; miscible with ethanol and ethyl ether
Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 7.7
Density
0.81 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999)
0.8098 at 20 °C/4 °C
PERCENT IN SATURATED AIR 0.86 (25 °C); DENSITY OF SATURATED AIR: 1.01 (AIR= 1)
Relative density (water = 1): 0.81
0.81
Liquid heat capacity = 0.566 BTU/lb-F at 75 °F; Liquid thermal conductivity = 1.028 BTU-inch/hr-sq ft-F at 75 °F; Saturated vapor density = 0.00145 lb/cu ft at 75 °F; Ideal gas heat capacity = 0.354 BTU/lb-F at 75 °F
Vapor Pressure
15.51 mm Hg (USCG, 1999)
6.70 mmHg
7.0 mm Hg at 25 °C
Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.58
15.51 mmHg
6 mmHg
Household & Commercial/Institutional Products
Information on 77 consumer products that contain Butanol in the following categories is provided:
• Auto Products
• Hobby/Craft
• Home Maintenance
• Inside the Home
• Landscaping/Yard
• Personal Care
• Pesticides
Uses
• General adhesives and binding agents for a variety of uses
• Relating to agricultural, including the raising and farming of animals and growing of crops
• Related to animals (but non-veterinary) e.g., animal husbandry, farming of animals/animal production, raising of animals for food or fur, animal feed, products for household pets
• Products used on crops, or related to the growing of crops
• Agents to prevent condensation, or condensation removers
• General antifouling agents (application unknown), sometimes applied to paint and then indicated as such
• Antifreezing agents, or de-icing products
• For prevention and removal of static
• Products used to care for apparel (e.g., she polish, products to repair footwear or leather, waterproofing sprays, etc.)
• Arts and crafts supplies such as painting, beading/jewelry making, scrapbooking, needlecrafts, clay, etc.
• Relatived to the maintenance and repair of automobiles, products for cleaning and caring for automobiles (auto shampoo, polish/wax, undercarriage treatment, brake grease)
• Components of automobiles (e.g. gaskets, cavity seals, bearings, gears), accessories such as batteries or safety accessories, etc
• Binding agents, used in paint, sand, etc
• Various types of paint for various uses
• General bleaching agents, bleaching agents for textiles (unclear if bleaching agents are for consumer or industrial use)
• Related to the building or construction process for buildings or boats (includes activities such as plumbing and electrical work, bricklaying, etc)
• Related to the building or repair of ships, pleasure boats, or sporting boats
• Bricks or related to bricklaying/masonry
• Flooring materials (carpets, wood, vinyl flooring), or related to flooring such as wax or polish for floors
• Related to heating, such as heating systems, heating fuels, fireplaces, furnaces, radiators, boilers, etc
• Plumbing, plumbing tools (home or industrial use)
• Roofing materials or roofing activities
• Materials used in the building process, such as flooring, insulation, caulk, tile, wood, glass, etc.
• Fillers for paints, textiles, plastics, etc
• Flooring materials (carpets, wood, vinyl flooring), or related to flooring such as wax or polish for floors
• Insulating materials to protect from noise, cold, etc (such as used in homes or buildings), insulating materials related to electricity
• Related to cement, concrete, or asphalt materials
• Plastic products, industry for plastics, manufacturing of plastics, plastic additives
• Caulk, mortar, or putty compounds
• Wall construction materials, or wall coverings
• Includes preservatives used in cosmetics, film, wood preserving agents, foods, etc
• Casting agents or molding compounds for plastics, sand, or metals
• Catalyst
• Modifier used for chemical, when chemical is used in a laboratory
• Related to products specifically designed for children (e.g. toys, children's cosmetics, etc)
• Chemicals in cigarettes, or tobacco related products, or related to the manufacturing of tobacco products
• Related to all forms of cleaning/washing, including cleaning products used in the home, laundry detergents, soaps, de-greasers, spot removers, etc.
• Used on windows (e.g. cleaning agents for windows)
• Detergents with wide variety of applications.
• Laundry products (such as cleaning/washing agents), or laundry facilities
• Flooring materials (carpets, wood, vinyl flooring), or related to flooring such as wax or polish for floors
• Furniture, or the manufacturing of furniture (can include chairs and tables, and more general furniture such as mattresses, patio furniture, etc.)
• Term used for colorants, dyes, or pigments; includes colorants for drugs, textiles, personal care products (cosmetics, tatoo inks, hair dye), food colorants, and inks for printing
• Cooling agents
• Drug product, or related to the manufacturing of drugs; modified by veterinary, animal
• Pharmaceutical related
• Insulating materials to protect from noise, cold, etc (such as used in homes or buildings), insulating materials related to electricity
• Materials and agents for writing, including correction materials, writing inks
• Products used to care for apparel (e.g., she polish, products to repair footwear or leather, wterproofing sprays, etc.)
• Related to computers or the manufacturing of computers
• Related to food production (restaurants, catering, etc)
• Laundry products (such as cleaning/washing agents), or laundry facilities
• Products or chemicals found or used in drycleaning establishments
• Fertilizer for consumer or industrial use, and manufacturing of fertilizers
• Fillers for paints, textiles, plastics, etc
• Fixatives or fixing agents
• Includes antifoaming agents, coagulating agents, dispersion agents, emulsifiers, flotation agents, foaming agents, viscosity adjustors, etc
• Includes spices, extracts, colorings, flavors, etc added to food for human consumption
• General flavoring agents used in foods, including condiments and seasonings
• Includes food packaging, paper plates, cutlery, small appliances such as roasters, etc.; does not include facilities that manufacture food
• Fragrances or odor agents, can be used in home products (cleaners, laundry products, air fresheners) or similar industrial products
• General fuels, fuel additives, motor/automotive fuels
• Additive for products to promote hardening, used in paints and varnishes, plastics, etc.
• Heat transferring agents, unknown usage or application
• Human metabolites
• Related to the activity of hunting
• Impregnation materials and impregnation agents for various prodcts (wood, oils, grease, paper)
• Related to the manufcturing of pulp or paper products, or paper products in general
• Leather products, and products/chemicals used in the process of tanning and dressing leather
• Related to the activity of hunting
• Textiles used for clothing or furniture upholstery, processes related to textiles (e.g. softeners, antiwrinkle agents), or the processing/manufacturing of textiles
• Related to the manufcturing of pulp or paper products, or paper products in general
• Wood used as a building material, wood preservatives
• Industrial fluids such as hydraulic fluids, lubricating agents, functional fluids, etc
• Generic lubricants, lubricants for engines, brake fluids, oils, etc (does not include personal care lubricants)
• General adhesives and binding agents for a variety of uses
• Agricultural chemicals used on a variety of crops
• Generally related to automobiles or their manufacture
• Components of automobiles (e.g. gaskets, cavity seals, bearings, gears), accessories such as batteries or safety accessories, etc
• Beverages for human consumption (e.g., juice, water, alcohol), or related to beverages for human consumption (e.g. machinery for production of beverages, or facilities serving beverages)
• Wood used as a building material, wood preservatives
• Materials used in the building process, such as flooring, insulation, caulk, tile, wood, glass, etc.
• Fertilizer for consumer or industrial use, and manufacturing of fertilizers
• Chemicals in cigarettes, or tobacco related products, or related to the manufacturing of tobacco products
• Car wax/polish, floor wax, general polishing agents, polish for metals, plastics, rubber, lacquers, leather, furniture, etc
• Trash cans, steel drums, tanks, and reservoirs
• Related to metals - manufacturing of metals, casting of metals, production of metals, surface treatment of metals, etc
• Detergents with wide variety of applications
• Drug product, or related to the manufacturing of drugs; modified by veterinary, animal, or pet if indicated by source
• Paint removers, graffiti removers, or general solvents
• Related to computers or the manufacturing of computers
• General equipment that does not fall into another category (communication equipment, lifting and handling equipment)
• Fertilizer for consumer or industrial use, and manufacturing of fertilizers
• Furniture, or the manufacturing of furniture (can include chairs and tables, and more general furniture such as mattresses, patio furniture, etc.)
• Related to chairs and seats
• Products used in the kitchen (includes kitchen furniture, kitchen cleaners, excludes appliances, food, or food contact items)
• Includes office supplies, school supplies, filing and storage equipment, office furniture, office machinery and equipment
• Impregnation materials and impregnation agents for various prodcts (wood, oils, grease, paper)
• Relating to agricultural, including the raising and farming of animals and growing of crops
• Related to forestry
• General medical instruments or medical facilities, spectacle lenses and optical instruments
• Can be used with drug; otherwise indicates the casting or processing of iron
• Plastic products, industry for plastics, manufacturing of plastics, plastic additives
• Crude oil, crude petroleum, refined oil products, fuel oils, drilling oils
n-Butanol is employed as a solvent for paints, lacquers & varnishes, natural & synthetic resins, gums, vegetable oils, dyes & alkaloids.
n-Butanol is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals & chemicals, & employed in industries producing artificial leather, textiles, safety glass, rubber cement, shellac, raincoats, photographic films & perfumes.
n-Butanol is used primarily as an industrial intermediate in the production of ethers and butyl ether acetates, pharmaceuticals, polymers and plastics.
n-Butanol is used to a lesser extent as a solvent, reactant/diluent and component in consumer (nail polish formulations, rubber cement and safety glass) and industrial products.
As organic solvent for fats, waxes, resins, shellac, varnish gums, etc.; manufacture lacquers, rayon, detergents, other butyl compounds; in microscopy for preparing paraffin imbedding materials.
n-Butanol is a primary aliphatic alcohol historically used as a solvent in nail care cosmetic products, but new concentration of use data indicate that it also is being used at low concentrations in eye makeup, personal hygiene, and shaving cosmetic products.
n-Butanol has been generally recognized as safe for use as a flavoring substance in food and appears on the 1982 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) list of inactive ingredients for approved prescription drug products...
Industry Uses
• Adhesives and sealant chemicals
• Composite component
• Fuels and fuel additives
• Intercompany shipment
• Intermediates
• PAINT
• Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
• Plasticizers
• Plating agents and surface treating agents
• Processing aids, not otherwise listed
• Solids separation agents
• Solvent from imported Raw Material
• Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing)
• Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)
• Surface active agents
• catalyst for Detergent alcohol
Consumer Uses
• Adhesives and sealants
• Cleaning and furnishing care products
• Fuels and related products
• Ink, toner, and colorant products
• Intercompany shipment
• Kansas City facility herbicide process.
• Paints and coatings
• Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere
• Process Intermediates
• detergent alcohol
Methods of Manufacturing
The principal commercial source of n-Butanol is n-butyraldehyde, obtained from the Oxo reaction of propylene.
A mixture of n- and isobutyraldehyde is obtained in this process; this mixture is either separated initially and the individual aldehyde isomers hydrogenated, or the mixture of isomeric aldehydes is hydrogenated directly and the n- and isobutyl alcohol product mix separated by distillation.
n-Butanol is obtained by fermentation of glycerol, mannite, starches, and sugars in general, using Bacillus butylicus sometimes synergized by presence of Clostridium acetobutyricum, synthetically, from acetylene.
Ethyl alcohol may be converted directly to n-Butanol at 325 °C and 13 MPa (128 atm) over magnesium oxide/copper oxide.
A mixture of butanol, hexyl and octyl alcohols, acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, and crontonaldehyde is obtained when ethanol and hydrogen are passed over magnesium oxide at 200 °C and 10 MPa (99 atm).
Butyl bromide can be hydrolyzed at 130-180 °C at 350-700 kPa (3.5-6.9 atm) to give a mixture of butanol and dibutyl ether; the dibutyl ether can be converted to 81% butanol by heating with 48% aq hydrobromic acid in an autoclave at 150 °C.
An 82% yield of n-Butanol can be obtained from a low temp reduction of n-butyraldehyde with sodium borohydride.
At 200-300 °C and 10 MPa (99 atm), furan has been reduced in the presence of copper chromite-barium chromite catalyst to butanol in 70% yields.
General Manufacturing Information
Industry Processing Sectors
• Adhesive manufacturing
• All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing
• All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
• All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
• Asphalt paving, roofing, and coating materials manufacturing
• Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing
• Fabricated metal product manufacturing
• Furniture and related product manufacturing
• Intercompany shipment
• Mining (except oil and gas) and support activities
• Miscellaneous manufacturing
• Paint and coating manufacturing
• Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
• Petrochemical manufacturing
• Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing
• Plastic material and resin manufacturing
• Plastics product manufacturing
• Printing and related support activities
• Services
• Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing
• Transportation equipment manufacturing
• Wholesale and retail trade
DENTIFICATION:
n-Butanol (BA) is an aliphatic alcohol with a rancid sweet odor, that is liquid at room temperature. n-Butanol has numerous applications in the plastics and textile sector.
n-Butanol is ofen used as an industrial intermediate, converted into derivatives including butyl acetate and other butyl esters, which serve as solvents or monomer components in the production of artificial leather, textiles, safety glass, rubber cement, shellac, raincoats, photographic films, or perfumes.
n-Butanol can also be used directly as a solvent for paints, lacquers and varnishes, natural and synthetic resins, gums, vegetable oils, dyes and alkaloids.
n-Butanol is historically used as a solvent in nail care cosmetic products, and is also being used at low concentrations in eye makeup, personal hygiene, and shaving cosmetic products.
n-Butanol has been generally recognized as safe for use as a flavoring substance in food and appears on the 1982 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) list of inactive ingredients for approved prescription drug products.
Characteristics and history of discovery
n-Butanol is a type of alcohol with four carbon atoms being contained per molecule. n-Butanol s molecular formula is CH3CH2CH2CH2OH with three isomers, namely iso-butanol, sec-butanol and tert-butanol.
n-Butanol is colorless liquid with alcohol odor.
n-Butanol has the boiling point of being 117.7 ℃, the density (20 ℃) being 0.8109g/cm3, the freezing point being-89.0 ℃, flash point being 36~38 ℃, self-ignition point being 689F and the refractive index being (n20D) 1.3993.
At 20 ℃, its solubility in water is 7.7% (by weight) while the water solubility in n-Butanol was 20.1% (by weight).
n-Butanol is miscible with ethanol, ether and other kinds of organic solvents.
n-Butanol can be used as the solvents of a variety of paints and the raw material for producing the plasticizers, dibutyl phthalate.
n-Butanol can also be used for the manufacture of butyl acrylate, butyl acetate, and ethylene glycol butyl ether and also used as the extract of intermediates of organic synthesis and biochemical drugs and can also used in the manufacture of surfactants.
n-Butanol s steam can form explosive mixtures with air with the explosion limit being 3.7%~10.2% (volume fraction).
n-Butanol was first discovered by C-A. Wurtz (French) from the fusel oil obtained from the fermentation process of alcohol in 1852.
In 1913, the British Strange-Graham Companies have used corn as raw material for production of acetone through the fermentation process with butanol being the main byproduct.
Later, due to the increasing demand for butanol, the fermentation production factory began to mainly synthesize n-butanol with acetone and ethanol being the major byproduct.
During the Second World War, the German chemical company (Ruhr) began to apply propylene carboxyl method for the production of n-Butanol.
With the rise of the oil industry in 1950s, the n-Butanol synthesis method had gotten rapid development with the propylene carboxyl method having the fastest speed.
Preparation of water saturated n-Butanol solution
Add 21 mL of water and 100 mL of n-Butanol to separating funnel of 150 mL, shake for 3 min, stand for layering; and then remove the lower layer with the upper layer being water-saturated n-Butanol solution.
(The density of water: 1 g/ml; n-Butanol density: 0.808~0.811 g/ml).
Uses
n-Butanol is the most important in industries and the most extensively studied. n-Butanol is a colorless liquid with a strong, mildly alcoholic odor.
n-Butanol is used in chemical derivatives and as a solvent for paints, waxes, brake fluid, and cleaners.
Butanol is the allowable food flavors documented in the "food additives health standards" of China. n-Butanol is mainly used for the preparation of food flavors of bananas, butter, cheese and whiskey.
For the candy, the usage amount should be 34mg/kg; for baked foods, it should be 32mg/kg; for soft drinks, it should be 12mg/kg; for cold drinks, it should be 7.0mg/kg; for the cream, it should be 4.0mg/kg; for alcohol, it should be 1.0mg/kg.
n-Butanol is mainly used for the manufacture of the n-butyl plasticizers of phthalic acid, aliphatic dicarboxylic acid and phosphoric acid that are widely applied to various kinds of plastic and rubber products.
n-Butanol can also be used as the raw material of producing butyraldehyde, butyric acid, butyl-amine and butyl lactate in the field of organic synthesis.
n-Butanol can also be used as the extraction agent of oil, drugs (such as antibiotics, hormones and vitamins) and spices as well as the alkyd paint additives.
n-Butanol can be used as the solvent of organic dyes and printing ink and de-waxing agent.
n-Butanol is used in the production of butylacetate, butyl glycol ether, and plasticizerssuch as dibutyl phthalate; as a solvent in thecoating industry; as a solvent for extractionsof oils, drugs, and cosmetic nail products;and as an ingredient for perfumes and flavor.
n-Butanol occurs in fusel oil and as aby-product of the fermentation of alcoholicbeverages such as beer or wine.
n-Butanol is presentin beef fat, chicken broth, and nonfilteredcigarette smoke (Sherman 1979).
Lacquer solvent; manufacture of plastics and rubber cements
As solvent for fats, waxes, resins, shellac, varnish, gums etc.; manufacture of lacquers, rayon, detergents, other butyl Compounds; in microscopy for preparing paraffin imbedding materials.
Production method
There are several methods for their preparation.
Fermentation
In the past, the production of butanol has also used potatoes, grain or sugar as raw material and through their hydrolysis fermentation.
The resulting product from the fermentation broth contains a butanol content of 54.8%~58.5%, acetone content of 30.9%~33.7%, and the ethanol content of 7.8%-14.2%.
With the development of petrochemical industry, fermentation method has been gradually phased out.
The reaction equation is as follows: ,
(C6H10O5) n [n (H2O)] → [strain] n-C6H12O6 [fermentation] → CH3COCH3 + C4H9OH + C2H5OH
The resulted fermentation broth was further fractionated to obtain acetone, ethanol and n-butanol separately.
Acetaldehyde method
Take acetaldehyde as raw material, add dilute alkali solution to give 2-hydroxybutyraldehyde at temperature below 20 ℃ with the reaction being stopped upon reaching 50%.
Use alkali to neutralize the acid and recycle the unreacted acetaldehyde and extract the 2-hydroxybutyraldehyde.
Then use acidic catalyst such as sulfuric acid and acetic acid for dehydration to obtain crotonaldehyde at 105~137 ℃, then use copper complex catalyst for hydrogenation at 160~240 ℃ to obtain the crude butyraldehyde and n-Butanol with distillation to obtain the products.
CH3CH = CHCHO + H2 [catalyst] CH3CH2CH2CHO + CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
n-Butanol s synthesis method including the following several ways:
Fermentation and Propylene carbonyl synthesis
Put propylene, carbon monoxide and hydrogen to the catalytic bed for reaction with catalyst being zeolite for absorbing cobalt salt or fatty acid cobalt with the reaction temperature being 130~160 ℃ and the reaction pressure being 20~25MPa.
The reaction can generate n-butyraldehyde and iso-butyraldehyde with separation via distillation and further catalytic hydrogenation of the n-butyraldehyde to obtain the n-Butanol .
CH3CH2CH2CHO + H2 → CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
You can alternatively use low pressure method with first-step method of propylene, carbon monoxide and water for synthesizing the butanol with the reaction temperature being 100~104 ℃ and pressure being 1.5MPa.
n-Butanol applies the mixture of iron pentacarbonyl, n-butyl pyrrolidine and water.
However, the one-way conversion of the propylene is low with only 8% to 10%. Reaction equation:
CH3CH = CH2 + 3CO + 2H2O → n-C4H9OH + 2CO2
Chemical Properties
n-Butanol is a colorless flammable liquid with a strong alcoholic odor.
n-Butanol is a highly refractive liquid and burns with a strongly luminous flame.
It is incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents, aluminium, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, copper, and copper alloys.
n-Butanol has extensive use in a large number of industries.
For instance, it is used as a solvent in industries associated with the manufacturing of paints, varnishes, synthetic resins, gums, pharmaceuticals, vegetable oils, dyes, and alkaloids.
n-Butanol is used in the manufacture of artificial leather, rubber, and plastic cements, shellac, raincoats, perfumes, and photographic films.
It is a solvent, chemical intermediate and an additive in unleaded gasoline.
Physical properties
Clear, colorless liquid with a rancid sweet odor similar to fusel oil.
Experimentally determined detection and recognition odor threshold concentrations were 900 μg/m3 (300 ppbv) and 3.0 mg/m3 (1.0 ppmv), respectively (Hellman and Small, 1974). Odor threshold concentration in water is 500 ppb (Buttery et al., 1988).
The least detectable odor threshold in concentration water at 60 °C was 0.2 mg/L (Alexander et al., 1982).
Cometto-Mu?iz et al. (2000) reported nasal pungency threshold concentrations ranging from approximately 900 to 4,000 ppm.
Storage of n-Butanol
Store n-Butanol in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location, away from smoking areas. Fire hazard may be acute.
Outside or detached storage is preferred. Separate from incompatibles.
Containers should be bonded and grounded for transfer to avoid static sparks
Purification Methods
Dry it with MgSO4, CaO, K2CO3, or solid NaOH, followed by refluxing with, and distillation from, small amounts of calcium, magnesium activated with iodine, or aluminium amalgam.
It can also be dried with molecular sieves, or by refluxing with n-butyl phthalate or succinate.
(For method, see Ethanol.)
n-Butanol can also be dried by efficient fractional distillation, water passing over in the first fraction as a binary azeotrope (contains about 37% water).
An ultraviolet-transparent distillate has been obtained by drying with magnesium and distilling from sulfanilic acid.
To remove bases, aldehydes and ketones, the alcohol is washed with dilute H2SO4, then NaHSO4 solution; esters are removed by boiling for 1.5hours with 10% NaOH.
It has also been purified by adding 2g NaBH4 to 1.5L butanol, gently bubbling with argon and refluxing for 1 day at 50o.
Then adding 2g of freshly cut sodium (washed with butanol) and refluxed for 1day. Distil and collect the middle fraction [Jou & Freeman J Phys Chem 81 909 1977]. [Beilstein 1 IV 1506.]
IUPAC NAMES
n-Butanol
n-Butanol
n-Butanol
n-Butanol
n-Butanol
n-Butanol (n-Butanol)
n-Butanol (n-Butanol)
1-Hydroxy Butane
Buan-1-ol
Butan-1-ol
butan-1-ol
Butan-1-ol
butan-1-ol
Butan-1-ol,
butan-1-ol/n-butanol
butan-1-ol; n-butanol
butan-1.ol
Butan-2-ol
Butanol
butanol
Butanol
butanol
butyl alcohol
Butyl Alcohol
EC 200-751-6 n-Butanol
Isobutanol
Isobutanol, n-Butanol
n-butano
n-Butanol
n-butanol
N-Butanol
N-butanol
n-Butanol
n-butanol
n-Butanol
n-Butanol
n-Butanol
NORMAL BUTYL ALCOHOL
Reaction mass of benzyl alcohol and xylene and m-phenylenebis(methylamine) and Quartz (SiO2) and Formaldehyde, oligomeric reaction products with phenol and m-phenylenebis(methylamine)
SYNONYMS:
alcoolbutylique(french)
butanol(french)
Butanol-1
Butanolen
Butanolo
butanols
butylalcohol(non-specificname)
Butylowy alkohol
butylowyalkohol
butylowyalkohol(polish)
Butyric alcohol
butyricalcohol
butyricornormalprimarybutylalcohol
CCS 203
ccs203
femanumber2178
Hemostyp
Methylolpropane
NA 1120
NBA
n-Butan-1-ol
n-Butanolbutanolen
n-C4H9OH
normalprimarybutylalcohol
Propylcarbinol
Propylmethanol
Rcra waste number U031
rcrawastenumberu031
Tebol 88, 99
n-Butanol, hplc grade
BUTYLALCOHOL,HPLCGRADE
BUTYLALCOHOL,NF
BUTYLALCOHOL,OMNISOLV
BUTYLALCOHOL,PESTISOLV
BUTYLALCOHOL,REAGENT,ACS
N-BUTYLALCOHOL,ACETATEACS,REAGENT(BULK
BUTYL ALCOHOL, n(SG)
TYROSOL(P)
TYROSOL(RG)
n-Butanol [for SpectrophotoMetry]
Butyl Alcohol, Exceeds A.C.S. Specifications, HPLC Grade
Butyl Alcohol, UniSolv(R) , HPLC
n-Butanol (1.2 mL/ampule
3 ampules)
2-Propanol (1.2 mL/ampule
Residual Solvent Class 1 - 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (1.2 mL/ampule
Residual Solvent Class 1 - 1,1-Dichloroethene (1.2 mL/ampule
Residual Solvent Class 1 - 1,2-Dichloroethane (1.2 mL/ampule
Residual Solvent Class 1 - Benzene (1.2 mL/ampule
Residual Solvent Class 1 - Carbon Tetrachloride (1.2 mL/ampule
Residual Solvent Class 2 - 1,2-Dichloroethene (1.2 mL/ampule
Residual Solvent Class 2 - 1,2-Dimethoxyethane (1.2 mL/ampule
Residual Solvent Class 2 - 1,4-Dioxane (1.2 mL/ampule
Residual Solvent Class 2 - 2-Ethoxyethanol (1.2 mL/ampule
Residual Solvent Class 2 - 2-Methoxyethanol (1.2 mL/ampule
Residual Solvent Class 2 - Acetonitrile (1.2 mL/ampule
Residual Solvent Class 2 - Chlorobenzene (1.2 mL/ampule
Residual Solvent Class 2 - Chloroform (1.2 mL/ampule
