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CAS Number: 99-76-3
Nipagin M is the best water soluble short-chain Paraben.
Nipagin M is freely soluble in most oils, waxes, fatty alcohols, but have relatively low solubility in water.
The low aqueous solubility does not affect the microbiological efficacy of the esters.
Most formulations requiring preservation contain a significant amount of water.
This may mean that Nipagin M cannot readily be added directly to the formulation.
Other methods of incorporation are quite straightforward however, and are listed below.
Uses of Nipagin M:
Nipagin M is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics, toiletries and topical pharmaceuticals.
Nipagin M is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave- on formulations.
Applications of Nipagin M:
Typical use concentrations of Nipagin M is 0.1 – 0.3 %.
Combinations of p- Hydroxybenzoic acid esters, e.g.with Nipasol M, Nipagin A or Nipabutyl exhibit increased activity compared with individual esters.
Benefits of Nipagin M:
Broad spectrum of activity against bacteria and fungi,
Low order of toxicity,
Effectiveness at low concentrations,
Stability over a broad pH-range,
Water-soluble,
Biodegradability at environmental concentrations,
Global acceptance in personal care applications.
Dissolving in Water of Nipagin M:
The solubility of Nipagin M increases greatly as the temperature of the water rises.
Therefore a concentrate may be made up by heating an appropriate quantity of water to 60- 100 °C prior to addition of Nipagin M.
This concentrate may then be added to the formulation, provided that the ester concentration does not exceed Nipagin M solubility in the formulation at normal ambient temperatures.
Dissolving in organic solvents Nipagin M is readily soluble in polar organic solvents.
Where such a solvent is already part of a formulation an
Nipagin M concentrate may be made up prior to addition.
If a suitable solvent is not already part of the formulation,a highly concentrated solution may be made up e.g. 32 % in Ethanol, which would give insignificant residual levels of ethanol in the end product.
Solubilisation in oils, emulsifiers etc.:
Nipagin M is readily soluble in lipophilic ingredients and may be introduced to a formulation by adding to the oil phase with some warming before any emulsification stage.
In multiphase systems, such as emulsions, Nipagin M is often advisable to use a combination of aqueous dissolution
with either of the other methods to ensure adequate preservation.
The ester may be incorporated in the water to Nipagin M maximum solubility and any further quantities may be dissolved in the oil phase, or solvent, as appropriate.
pH stability of Nipagin M:
Nipagin M remains fully stable over a wide pH range from 4- 8.
In general the lower the pH of the formulation, the more active is Nipagin M.
That can result in a lower use concentration when the pH of the formulation is more acidic.
Temperature stability of Nipagin M:
Nipagin M is stable up to 80 °C.
Solubility of Nipagin M:
The solubility of Nipagin M in different solvents is illustrated in the following table.
Solvent % (w/w)
Water 10 °C - 0.13
Water 25 °C - 0.25
Water 80 °C - 3.1
Water 100 °C - 6.2
Acetone - 39
Methanol - 37
Ethanol - 32
Propylene Glycol - 26
Glycerol - 3.3
Vegetable oils (arachis) - 2.4
Liquid paraffin - 0.02
Microbial Activity of Nipagin M:
Nipagin M exhibits microbiostatic activity against a wide range of bacteria, yeast and mould.
This is illustrated by the following table which shows the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Nipagin M against examples of different groups of microorganisms.
Microorganisms MIC level (%)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - 0.20
Escherichia coli - 0.10
Klebsiella aerogenes - 0.075
Klebsiella pneumoniae - 0.10
Serratia marcescens - 0.075
Proteus vulgaris - 0.10
Salmonella enteritidis - 0.15
Salmonella typhi - 0.15
Microorganisms MIC level (%)
Stpahylococcus aureus - 0.15
Streptococcus haemolyticus - 0.10
Bacillus cereus - 0.075
Bacillus subtilis - 0.10
Lactobacillus buchneri - 0.10
Yeasts
Candida albicans - 0.10
Saccharomyces cerevisiae - 0.10
Molds
Aspergillus niger - 0.10
Penicillium digitatum - 0.05
Rhizopus nigricans - 0.05
Natural occurrences of Nipagin M:
Nipagin M serves as a pheromone for a variety of insects and is a component of queen mandibular pheromone.
Nipagin M is a pheromone in wolves produced during estrus associated with the behavior of alpha male wolves preventing other males from mounting females in heat.
Storage instructions of Nipagin M:
The product must be stored in tighly closed container in a cool, well- ventilated, dry place.
Further information on handling, storage and dispatch is given in the EC safety data sheet
Names of Nipagin M:
CAS names of Nipagin M:
Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, methyl ester
Trade names of Nipagin M:
Faracide M
Methyl parahydroxybenzoate
Methylparaben
Microcare MHB
Paratexin M
Solbrol M
Preferred IUPAC name of Nipagin M:
Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
IUPAC names of Nipagin M:
Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, methyl ester
Benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, methyl ester
Benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, methyl ester (6CI,8CI), 4-(Carbomethoxy)phenol, 4-(Methoxycarbonyl)phenol, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester, 4-Hydroxymethyl benzoate, Methyl 4-(3'-butenyloxy)benzoate
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate
methyl parabel
METHYL PARABEN
Methyl Paraben
methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate
Methylparaben
methylparaben
Metil-4-Hidroxibenzoát
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl ester
p-Hydroxybenzosäuremethylester
Other names of Nipagin M:
Methyl paraben
Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate
Methyl parahydroxybenzoate
Nipagin M
E number E218
Tegosept
Mycocten
Synonyms of Nipagin M:
4-hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl ester
Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
Methylparaben
