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NONYLPHENOL 10

NP-10 (NONYLPHENOL)
Nonylphenol 10s, from the Latin nōnus (number 9) and phenol, are a family of closely related organic compounds composed of phenol bearing a 9 carbon-tail. Nonylphenol 10s can come in numerous structures, all of which may be considered alkylphenols. They are used in manufacturing antioxidants, lubricating oil additives, laundry and dish detergents, emulsifiers, and solubilizers.[2] These compounds are also precursors to the commercially important non-ionic surfactants alkylphenol ethoxylates and Nonylphenol 10 ethoxylates, which are used in detergents, paints, pesticides, personal care products, and plastics. Nonylphenol 10 has attracted attention due to its prevalence in the environment and its potential role as an endocrine disruptor and xenoestrogen, due to its ability to act with estrogen-like activity.[3] The estrogenicity and biodegradation heavily depends on the branching of the nonyl sidechain.[4][5][6] Nonylphenol 10 has been found to act as an agonist of the GPER (GPR30).[7]

CAS No.: 104-40-5
EC No.: 203-199-4

Synonyms:
NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; 4-nonylphenol; 4-n-Nonylphenol; p-Nonylphenol; 104-40-5; Phenol, 4-nonyl-; para-Nonylphenol; p-n-Nonylphenol; 4-nonyl phenol; Phenol, p-nonyl-; Phenol, nonyl derivs.; Nonylphenol (mixed); p-nonyl phenol; para Nonyl phenol; p -n -Nonylphenol; 4-Nonyl-Phenol; 4-n-Nonyl phenol; CCRIS 1251; HSDB 5359; EINECS 203-199-4; BRN 2047450; 68081-86-7; DTXSID5033836; CHEBI:34440; MFCD00002396; P-NONYLPHENOL (ENDOCRINE DISRUPTER); DSSTox_CID_1857; DSSTox_RID_79098; DSSTox_GSID_33836; 4-NP; CAS-104-40-5; C9-Alkylated phenol; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; (C9)Alkylated phenol; UNII-I03GBV4WEL; 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)nonane; nonyl-phenol; p-nonyl-phenol; Para-nonyl phenol; EINECS 268-359-8; 1-Nonyl-4-phenol; 211947-56-7; Spectrum_001973; SpecPlus_000624; Spectrum2_001832; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; Spectrum3_000872; Spectrum4_000712; Spectrum5_002066; 4-Nonyl Phenol-13C6; 4-n-Nonylphenol, 85%; 4-n-Nonylphenol, 98%; I03GBV4WEL; BIDD:PXR0002; SCHEMBL15887; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; BSPBio_002543; KBioGR_001263; KBioSS_002539; SPECTRUM330085; 3-06-00-02067 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); KSC180Q2T; BIDD:ER0006; DivK1c_006720; SPBio_001903; CHEMBL153062; CTK0I0829; KBio1_001664; KBio2_002530; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; KBio2_005098; KBio2_007666; KBio3_002043; 4-Nonylphenol, analytical standard; ZINC1850497; Tox21_201241; Tox21_303647; BDBM50410532; CCG-39613; LMPK15010001; LS-375; SBB059316; STL453644; AKOS015888197; MCULE-5930378829; NCGC00090918-01; NCGC00090918-02; NCGC00090918-03; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; NCGC00090918-05; NCGC00090918-06; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; NCGC00090918-07; NCGC00090918-08; NCGC00257420-01; NCGC00258793-01; FT-0619310; FT-0673035; ST50827096; 4-n-Nonylphenol 10 microg/mL in Acetonitrile; 4-n-Nonylphenol 10 microg/mL in Cyclohexane; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; 4-n-Nonylphenol 100 microg/mL in Cyclohexane; C14550; 4-Nonylphenol, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard; SR-05000002459; J-001167; Q4545806; SR-05000002459-1; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; 4-Nonylphenol, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R); PNP; 4-NonyL; -2Gal-ßp-Nonylhenol; 4-NONYLPHENOL; P-NONYLPHENOL; p-nonyl-pheno; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; 4-nonyl-pheno; 4-n-Nonylpheno; P-N-NONYLPHENOL; 4-N-NONYLPHENOL; 4-N-NONYLPHENOL-D4; 4-NONYLPHENOL; NONYLPHENOL; PARA-NONYLPHENOL; P-N-NONYLPHENOL; P-N-NONYLPHENOL-D4; P-NONYLPHENOL; PNP; 4-nonyl-pheno; Phenol, 4-nonyl-; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; Phenol, p-nonyl-; p-nonyl-pheno; 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)nonane; 4-N-NONYLPHENOL, PESTANAL; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; 4-NONYLPHENOL, 100MG, NEAT; 4-N-NONYLPHENOL 98+%; 4-NONYLPHENOL, 99% MIXTURE OF ISOMERS; UVIRRADIATED4-N-NONYLPHENOL; Nonylphenol (4-) NFO; Phenol, p-nonyl-; p-Nonylphenol; 4-n-Nonyl phenol; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; Phenol, 4-nonyl-; para Nonyl phenol; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; 4-nonylphenol; 4-n-Nonylphenol; p-Nonylphenol; 104-40-5; Phenol, 4-nonyl-; para-Nonylphenol; p-n-Nonylphenol; 4-nonyl phenol; Phenol, p-nonyl-; Phenol, nonyl derivs.; Nonylphenol (mixed); p-nonyl phenol; para Nonyl phenol; p -n -Nonylphenol; 4-Nonyl-Phenol; 4-n-Nonyl phenol; CCRIS 1251; HSDB 5359; EINECS 203-199-4; BRN 2047450; 68081-86-7; DTXSID5033836; CHEBI:34440; MFCD00002396; P-NONYLPHENOL (ENDOCRINE DISRUPTER); DSSTox_CID_1857; DSSTox_RID_79098; DSSTox_GSID_33836; 4-NP; CAS-104-40-5; C9-Alkylated phenol; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; (C9)Alkylated phenol; UNII-I03GBV4WEL; 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)nonane; nonyl-phenol; p-nonyl-phenol; Para-nonyl phenol; EINECS 268-359-8; 1-Nonyl-4-phenol; 211947-56-7; Spectrum_001973; SpecPlus_000624; Spectrum2_001832; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; Spectrum3_000872; Spectrum4_000712; Spectrum5_002066; 4-Nonyl Phenol-13C6; 4-n-Nonylphenol, 85%; 4-n-Nonylphenol, 98%; I03GBV4WEL; BIDD:PXR0002; SCHEMBL15887; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; BSPBio_002543; KBioGR_001263; KBioSS_002539; SPECTRUM330085; 3-06-00-02067 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); KSC180Q2T; BIDD:ER0006; DivK1c_006720; SPBio_001903; CHEMBL153062; CTK0I0829; KBio1_001664; KBio2_002530; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; KBio2_005098; KBio2_007666; KBio3_002043; 4-Nonylphenol, analytical standard; ZINC1850497; Tox21_201241; Tox21_303647; BDBM50410532; CCG-39613; LMPK15010001; LS-375; SBB059316; STL453644; AKOS015888197; MCULE-5930378829; NCGC00090918-01; NCGC00090918-02; NCGC00090918-03; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; NCGC00090918-05; NCGC00090918-06; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; NCGC00090918-07; NCGC00090918-08; NCGC00257420-01; NCGC00258793-01; FT-0619310; FT-0673035; ST50827096; 4-n-Nonylphenol 10 microg/mL in Acetonitrile; 4-n-Nonylphenol 10 microg/mL in Cyclohexane; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; 4-n-Nonylphenol 100 microg/mL in Cyclohexane; C14550; 4-Nonylphenol, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard; SR-05000002459; J-001167; Q4545806; SR-05000002459-1; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; 4-Nonylphenol, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R); PNP; 4-NonyL; -2Gal-ßp-Nonylhenol; 4-NONYLPHENOL; P-NONYLPHENOL; p-nonyl-pheno; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; 4-nonyl-pheno; 4-n-Nonylpheno; P-N-NONYLPHENOL; 4-N-NONYLPHENOL; 4-N-NONYLPHENOL-D4; 4-NONYLPHENOL; NONYLPHENOL; PARA-NONYLPHENOL; P-N-NONYLPHENOL; P-N-NONYLPHENOL-D4; P-NONYLPHENOL; PNP; 4-nonyl-pheno; Phenol, 4-nonyl-; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; Phenol, p-nonyl-; p-nonyl-pheno; 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)nonane; 4-N-NONYLPHENOL, PESTANAL; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; 4-NONYLPHENOL, 100MG, NEAT; 4-N-NONYLPHENOL 98+%; 4-NONYLPHENOL, 99% MIXTURE OF ISOMERS; UVIRRADIATED4-N-NONYLPHENOL; Nonylphenol (4-) NFO; Phenol, p-nonyl-; p-Nonylphenol; 4-n-Nonyl phenol; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10; Phenol, 4-nonyl-; para Nonyl phenol; NONYLPHENOL 10; NONİLFENOL 10; nonylphenol 10; nonilfenol 10

NONYLPHENOL 10

NP-10 (NONYLPHENOL)
Nonylphenol 10s, from the Latin nōnus (number 9) and phenol, are a family of closely related organic compounds composed of phenol bearing a 9 carbon-tail. Nonylphenol 10s can come in numerous structures, all of which may be considered alkylphenols. They are used in manufacturing antioxidants, lubricating oil additives, laundry and dish detergents, emulsifiers, and solubilizers.[2] These compounds are also precursors to the commercially important non-ionic surfactants alkylphenol ethoxylates and Nonylphenol 10 ethoxylates, which are used in detergents, paints, pesticides, personal care products, and plastics. Nonylphenol 10 has attracted attention due to its prevalence in the environment and its potential role as an endocrine disruptor and xenoestrogen, due to its ability to act with estrogen-like activity.[3] The estrogenicity and biodegradation heavily depends on the branching of the nonyl sidechain.[4][5][6] Nonylphenol 10 has been found to act as an agonist of the GPER (GPR30).[7]

Contents
1    Structure and basic properties
2    Production
3    Applications
4    Prevalence in the environment
4.1    Environmental hazards
5    Human health hazards
5.1    Effects in pregnant women
5.2    Effects on metabolism
5.3    Cancer
5.4    Human exposure and breakdown
5.4.1    Exposure
5.4.2    Breakdown
6    Analytics
7    Regulation
8    References
Structure and basic properties
Nonylphenol 10s fall into the general chemical category of alkylphenols.[8] The structure of NPs may vary. The nonyl group can be attached to the phenol ring at various locations, usually the 4- and, to lesser extent, the 2-positions, and can be either branched or linear. A branched Nonylphenol 10, 4-Nonylphenol 10, is the most widely produced and marketed Nonylphenol 10.[9] The mixture of Nonylphenol 10 isomers is a pale yellow liquid, although the pure compounds are colorless. The Nonylphenol 10s are moderately soluble in water [9] but soluble in alcohol.

Nonylphenol 10 arises from the environmental degradation of Nonylphenol 10 ethoxylates, which are the metabolites of commercial detergents called alkylphenol ethoxylates. NPEs are a clear to light orange color liquid. Nonylphenol 10 ethoxylates are nonionic in water, which means that they have no charge. Because of this property they are used as detergents, cleaners, emulsifiers, and a variety of other applications. They are amphipathic, meaning they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, which allows them to surround non-polar substances like oil and grease, isolating them from water.[2]

Production
Nonylphenol 10 can be produced industrially, naturally, and by the environmental degradation of alkylphenol ethoxylates. Industrially, Nonylphenol 10s are produced by the acid-catalyzed alkylation of phenol with a mixture of nonenes. This synthesis leads to a very complex mixture with diverse Nonylphenol 10s.[10][11][12] Theoretically there are 211 constitutional isomers and this number rise to 550 isomers if we take the enantiomers into account.[4] To make NPEs, manufacturers treat NP with ethylene oxide under basic conditions.[9] Since its discovery in 1940, Nonylphenol 10 production has increased exponentially, and between 100 and 500 million pounds of Nonylphenol 10 are produced globally every year,[9][13] meeting the definition of High Production Volume Chemicals.

Nonylphenol 10s are also produced naturally in the environment. One organism, the velvet worm, produces Nonylphenol 10 as a component of its defensive slime. The Nonylphenol 10 coats the ejection channel of the slime, stopping it from sticking to the organism when it is secreted. It also prolongs the drying process long enough for the slime to reach its target.[14]

Another surfactant called nonoxynol, which was once used as intravaginal spermicide and condom lubricant, was found to metabolize into free Nonylphenol 10 when administered to lab animals.[8]

Applications
Nonylphenol 10 is used in manufacturing antioxidants, lubricating oil additives, laundry and dish detergents, emulsifiers, and solubilizers.[2] It can also be used to produce tris(4-nonyl-phenyl) phosphite (TNPP), which is an antioxidant used to protect polymers, such as rubber, Vinyl polymers, polyolefins, and polystyrenics in addition to being a stabilizer in plastic food packaging. Barium and calcium salts of Nonylphenol 10 are also used as heat stabilizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC).[15] Nonylphenol 10 is also often used an intermediate in the manufacture of the non-ionic surfactants Nonylphenol 10 exthoxylates, which are used in detergents, paints, pesticides, personal care products, and plastics. Nonylphenol 10 and Nonylphenol 10 ethoxylates are only used as components of household detergents outside of Europe.[2] Nonyl Phenol, is used in many epoxy formulations mainly in North America.

Prevalence in the environment
Nonylphenol 10 persists in aquatic environments and is moderately bioaccumulative. It is not readily biodegradable, and it can take months or longer to degrade in surface waters, soils, and sediments. Nonbiological degradation is negligible.[3] Many products that contain Nonylphenol 10 have "down-the-drain" applications, such as laundry and dish soap, so the contaminants are frequently introduced into the water supply. In sewage treatment plants, Nonylphenol 10 ethoxylate degrades into Nonylphenol 10, which is found in river water and sediments as well as soil and groundwater.[16] Nonylphenol 10 photodegrades in sunlight, but its half-life in sediment is estimated to be more than 60 years. Although the concentration of Nonylphenol 10 in the environment is decreasing, it is still found at concentrations of 4.1 μg/L in river waters and 1 mg/kg in sediments.[2]

A major concern is that contaminated sewage sludge is frequently recycled onto agricultural land. The degradation of Nonylphenol 10 in soil depends on oxygen availability and other components in the soil. Mobility of Nonylphenol 10 in soil is low.[2]

Bioaccumulation is significant in water-dwelling organisms and birds, and Nonylphenol 10 has been found in internal organs of certain animals at concentrations of 10 to 1,000 times greater than the surrounding environment.[3] Due to this bioaccumulation and persistence of Nonylphenol 10, it has been suggested that Nonylphenol 10 could be transported over long distances and have a global reach that stretches far from the site of contamination.[17]

Nonylphenol 10 is not persistent in air, as it is rapidly degraded by hydroxyl radicals.[3]

Environmental hazards
Nonylphenol 10 is considered to be an endocrine disruptor due to its ability to mimic estrogen and in turn disrupt the natural balance of hormones in affected organisms.[4][5][6][18][19][20] The effect is weak because Nonylphenol 10s are not very close structural mimics of estradiol, but the levels of Nonylphenol 10 can be sufficiently high to compensate.


Structure of the hormone estradiol and one of the Nonylphenol 10s.
The effects of Nonylphenol 10 in the environment are most applicable to aquatic species. Nonylphenol 10 can cause endocrine disruption in fish by interacting with estrogen receptors and androgen receptors. Studies report that Nonylphenol 10 competitively displaces estrogen from its receptor site in rainbow trout.[21] It has a stronger affinity to the E2 receptor than estrogen.[21] Nonylphenol 10 causes the feminization of aquatic organisms, decreases male fertility, and decreases survival in young fish.[2] Studies show that male fish exposed to Nonylphenol 10 have lower testicular weight.[21] Nonylphenol 10 can disrupt steroidogenesis in the liver. One function of endogenous estrogen in fish is to stimulate the liver to make vitellogenin, which is a phospholipoprotein.[21] Vitellogenin is released by the maturing female and sequestered by developing oocytes to produce the egg yolk.[21] Males do not normally produce vitellogenin, but when exposed to Nonylphenol 10 they produce similar levels of vitellogenin to females.[21] The concentration needed to induce vitellogenin production in fish is 10 ug/L for NP in water.[21] Nonylphenol 10 can also interfere with the level of FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) being released from the pituitary gland. Concentrations of NP that inhibit reproductive development and function in fish also damages kidneys, decreases body weight, and induces stressed behavior.[22]

Human health hazards
Alkylphenols like Nonylphenol 10 and bisphenol A have estrogenic effects in the body. They are known as xenoestrogens.[23] Estrogenic substances and other endocrine disruptors are compounds that have hormone-like effects in both wildlife and humans. Xenoestrogens usually function by binding to estrogen receptors and acting competitively against natural estrogens. Nonylphenol 10 has been shown to mimic the natural hormone 17β-estradiol, and it competes with the endogeous hormone for binding with the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ.[2] Nonylphenol 10 was discovered to have hormone-like effects by accident because it contaminated other experiments in laboratories that were studying natural estrogens that were using polystyrene tubes.[8]

Nonylphenol 10
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Nonylphenol 10
Nonylphenol 10es V.svg
Names
IUPAC name
4-(2,4-dimethylheptan-3-yl)phenol
Other names
Phenol, nonyl-
Identifiers
CAS Number    
25154-52-3 (general class) check
104-40-5 (4-n-Nonyl phenol) check
84852-15-3 (branched 4-Nonyl phenols) check
11066-49-2 (isoNonylphenol 10s) ☒
3D model (JSmol)    
Interactive image
ChEMBL    
ChEMBL153062 ☒
ChemSpider    
60628 check
PubChem CID    
67296
UNII    
79F6A2ILP5 (general class) check
I03GBV4WEL (4-n-Nonyl phenol) check
JRW3Q994VG (branched 4-Nonyl phenols) check
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula    C15H24O
Molar mass    220.35 g/mol
Appearance    Light yellow viscous liquid with phenolic smell [1]
Density    0.953
Melting point    −8 to 2 °C (18 to 36 °F; 265 to 275 K)
Boiling point    293 to 297 °C (559 to 567 °F; 566 to 570 K)
Solubility in water    6 mg/L (pH 7)
Hazards
Main hazards    low level endrocrine disruptor
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒ verify (what is check☒ ?)
Infobox references
Nonylphenol 10s are a family of closely related organic compounds composed of phenol bearing a 9 carbon-tail. Nonylphenol 10s can come in numerous structures, all of which may be considered alkylphenols. They are used in manufacturing antioxidants, lubricating oil additives, laundry and dish detergents, emulsifiers, and solubilizers.[2] These compounds are also precursors to the commercially important non-ionic surfactants alkylphenol ethoxylates and Nonylphenol 10 ethoxylates, which are used in detergents, paints, pesticides, personal care products, and plastics. Nonylphenol 10 has attracted attention due to its prevalence in the environment and its potential role as an endocrine disruptor and xenoestrogen, due to its ability to act with estrogen-like activity.[3] The estrogenicity and biodegradation heavily depends on the branching of the nonyl sidechain.[4][5][6] Nonylphenol 10 has been found to act as an agonist of the GPER (GPR30).[7]


Contents
1    Structure and basic properties
2    Production
3    Applications
4    Prevalence in the environment
4.1    Environmental hazards
5    Human health hazards
5.1    Effects in pregnant women
5.2    Effects on metabolism
5.3    Cancer
5.4    Human exposure and breakdown
5.4.1    Exposure
5.4.2    Breakdown
6    Analytics
7    Regulation
8    References
Structure and basic properties
Nonylphenol 10s fall into the general chemical category of alkylphenols.[8] The structure of NPs may vary. The nonyl group can be attached to the phenol ring at various locations, usually the 4- and, to lesser extent, the 2-positions, and can be either branched or linear. A branched Nonylphenol 10, 4-Nonylphenol 10, is the most widely produced and marketed Nonylphenol 10.[9] The mixture of Nonylphenol 10 isomers is a pale yellow liquid, although the pure compounds are colorless. The Nonylphenol 10s are moderately soluble in water [9] but soluble in alcohol.

Nonylphenol 10 arises from the environmental degradation of Nonylphenol 10 ethoxylates, which are the metabolites of commercial detergents called alkylphenol ethoxylates. NPEs are a clear to light orange color liquid. Nonylphenol 10 ethoxylates are nonionic in water, which means that they have no charge. Because of this property they are used as detergents, cleaners, emulsifiers, and a variety of other applications. They are amphipathic, meaning they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, which allows them to surround non-polar substances like oil and grease, isolating them from water.[2]

Production
Nonylphenol 10 can be produced industrially, naturally, and by the environmental degradation of alkylphenol ethoxylates. Industrially, Nonylphenol 10s are produced by the acid-catalyzed alkylation of phenol with a mixture of nonenes. This synthesis leads to a very complex mixture with diverse Nonylphenol 10s.[10][11][12] Theoretically there are 211 constitutional isomers and this number rise to 550 isomers if we take the enantiomers into account.[4] To make NPEs, manufacturers treat NP with ethylene oxide under basic conditions.[9] Since its discovery in 1940, Nonylphenol 10 production has increased exponentially, and between 100 and 500 million pounds of Nonylphenol 10 are produced globally every year,[9][13] meeting the definition of High Production Volume Chemicals.

Nonylphenol 10s are also produced naturally in the environment. One organism, the velvet worm, produces Nonylphenol 10 as a component of its defensive slime. The Nonylphenol 10 coats the ejection channel of the slime, stopping it from sticking to the organism when it is secreted. It also prolongs the drying process long enough for the slime to reach its target.[14]

Another surfactant called nonoxynol, which was once used as intravaginal spermicide and condom lubricant, was found to metabolize into free Nonylphenol 10 when administered to lab animals.[8]

Applications
Nonylphenol 10 is used in manufacturing antioxidants, lubricating oil additives, laundry and dish detergents, emulsifiers, and solubilizers.[2] It can also be used to produce tris(4-nonyl-phenyl) phosphite (TNPP), which is an antioxidant used to protect polymers, such as rubber, Vinyl polymers, polyolefins, and polystyrenics in addition to being a stabilizer in plastic food packaging. Barium and calcium salts of Nonylphenol 10 are also used as heat stabilizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC).[15] Nonylphenol 10 is also often used an intermediate in the manufacture of the non-ionic surfactants Nonylphenol 10 ethoxylates, which are used in detergents, paints, pesticides, personal care products, and plastics. Nonylphenol 10 and Nonylphenol 10 ethoxylates are only used as components of household detergents outside of Europe.[2] Nonyl Phenol, is used in many epoxy formulations mainly in North America.

Prevalence in the environment
Nonylphenol 10 persists in aquatic environments and is moderately bioaccumulative. It is not readily biodegradable, and it can take months or longer to degrade in surface waters, soils, and sediments. Nonbiological degradation is negligible.[3] Nonylphenol 10 is partially removed during municipal wastewater treatment due to sorption to suspended solids and biotransformation.[16][17] Many products that contain Nonylphenol 10 have "down-the-drain" applications, such as laundry and dish soap, so the contaminants are frequently introduced into the water supply. In sewage treatment plants, Nonylphenol 10 ethoxylate degrades into Nonylphenol 10, which is found in river water and sediments as well as soil and groundwater.[18] Nonylphenol 10 photodegrades in sunlight, but its half-life in sediment is estimated to be more than 60 years. Although the concentration of Nonylphenol 10 in the environment is decreasing, it is still found at concentrations of 4.1 μg/L in river waters and 1 mg/kg in sediments.[2]

A major concern is that contaminated sewage sludge is frequently recycled onto agricultural land. The degradation of Nonylphenol 10 in soil depends on oxygen availability and other components in the soil. Mobility of Nonylphenol 10 in soil is low.[2]

Bioaccumulation is significant in water-dwelling organisms and birds, and Nonylphenol 10 has been found in internal organs of certain animals at concentrations of 10 to 1,000 times greater than the surrounding environment.[3] Due to this bioaccumulation and persistence of Nonylphenol 10, it has been suggested that Nonylphenol 10 could be transported over long distances and have a global reach that stretches far from the site of contamination.[19]

Nonylphenol 10 is not persistent in air, as it is rapidly degraded by hydroxyl radicals.[3]

Environmental hazards
Nonylphenol 10 is considered to be an endocrine disruptor due to its ability to mimic estrogen and in turn disrupt the natural balance of hormones in affected organisms.[4][5][6][20][21] The effect is weak because Nonylphenol 10s are not very close structural mimics of estradiol, but the levels of Nonylphenol 10 can be sufficiently high to compensate.


Structure of the hormone estradiol and one of the Nonylphenol 10s.
The effects of Nonylphenol 10 in the environment are most applicable to aquatic species. Nonylphenol 10 can cause endocrine disruption in fish by interacting with estrogen receptors and androgen receptors. Studies report that Nonylphenol 10 competitively displaces estrogen from its receptor site in rainbow trout.[22] It has much less affinity for the estrogen receptor than estrogen in trout (5 x 10−5 relative binding affinity compared to estradiol) making it 100,000 times less potent than estradiol.[22][23] Nonylphenol 10 causes the feminization of aquatic organisms, decreases male fertility, and decreases survival in young fish.[2] Studies show that male fish exposed to Nonylphenol 10 have lower testicular weight.[22] Nonylphenol 10 can disrupt steroidogenesis in the liver. One function of endogenous estrogen in fish is to stimulate the liver to make vitellogenin, which is a phospholipoprotein.[22] Vitellogenin is released by the maturing female and sequestered by developing oocytes to produce the egg yolk.[22] Males do not normally produce vitellogenin, but when exposed to Nonylphenol 10 they produce similar levels of vitellogenin to females.[22] The concentration needed to induce vitellogenin production in fish is 10 ug/L for NP in water.[22] Nonylphenol 10 can also interfere with the level of FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) being released from the pituitary gland. Concentrations of NP that inhibit reproductive development and function in fish also damages kidneys, decreases body weight, and induces stressed behavior.[24]

Human health hazards
Alkylphenols like Nonylphenol 10 and bisphenol A have estrogenic effects in the body. They are known as xenoestrogens.[25] Estrogenic substances and other endocrine disruptors are compounds that have hormone-like effects in both wildlife and humans. Xenoestrogens usually function by binding to estrogen receptors and acting competitively against natural estrogens. Nonylphenol 10 has been shown to mimic the natural hormone 17β-estradiol, and it competes with the endogeous hormone for binding with the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ.[2] Nonylphenol 10 was discovered to have hormone-like effects by accident because it contaminated other experiments in laboratories that were studying natural estrogens that were using polystyrene tubes.[8]

Effects in pregnant women
Subcutaneous injections of Nonylphenol 10 in late pregnancy causes the expression of certain placental and uterine proteins, namely CaBP-9k, which suggest it can be transferred through the placenta to the fetus. It has also been shown to have a higher potency on the first trimester placenta than the endogenous estrogen 17β-estradiol. In addition, early prenatal exposure to low doses of Nonylphenol 10 cause an increase in apoptosis (programmed cell death) in placental cells. These “low doses” ranged from 10−13-10−9 M, which is lower than what is generally found in the environment.[26]

Nonylphenol 10 has also been shown to affect cytokine signaling molecule secretions in the human placenta. In vitro cell cultures of human placenta during the first trimester were treated with Nonylphenol 10, which increase the secretion of cytokines including interferon gamma, interleukin 4, and interleukin 10, and reduced the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha. This unbalanced cytokine profile at this part of pregnancy has been documented to result in implantation failure, pregnancy loss, and other complications.[26]

Effects on metabolism
Nonylphenol 10 has been shown to act as an obesity enhancing chemical or obesogen, though it has paradoxically been shown to have anti-obesity properties.[27] Growing embryos and newborns are particularly vulnerable when exposed to Nonylphenol 10 because low-doses can disrupt sensitive processes that occur during these important developmental periods.[28] Prenatal and perinatal exposure to Nonylphenol 10 has been linked with developmental abnormalities in adipose tissue and therefore in metabolic hormone synthesis and release (Merrill 2011). Specifically, by acting as an estrogen mimic, Nonylphenol 10 has generally been shown to interfere with hypothalamic appetite control.[27] The hypothalamus responds to the hormone leptin, which signals the feeling of fullness after eating, and Nonylphenol 10 has been shown to both increase and decrease eating behavior by interfering with leptin signaling in the midbrain.[27] Nonylphenol 10 has been shown mimic the action of leptin on neuropeptide Y and anorectic POMC neurons, which has an anti-obesity effect by decreasing eating behavior. This was seen when estrogen or estrogen mimics were injected into the ventromedial hypothalamus.[29] On the other hand, Nonylphenol 10 has been shown to increase food intake and have obesity enhancing properties by lowering the expression of these anorexigenic neurons in the brain.[30] Additionally, Nonylphenol 10 affects the expression of ghrelin: an enzyme produced by the stomach that stimulates appetite.[31] Ghrelin expression is positively regulated by estrogen signaling in the stomach, and it is also important in guiding the differentiation of stem cells into adipocytes (fat cells). Thus, acting as an estrogen mimic, prenatal and perinatal exposure to Nonylphenol 10 has been shown to increase appetite and encourage the body to store fat later in life.[32] Finally, long-term exposure to Nonylphenol 10 has been shown to affect insulin signaling in the liver of adult male rats.[33]

Cancer
Nonylphenol 10 exposure has also been associated with breast cancer.[2] It has been shown to promote the proliferation of breast cancer cells, due to its agonistic activity on ERα (estrogen receptor α) in estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent breast cancer cells. Some argue that Nonylphenol 10's suggested estrogenic effect coupled with its widespread human exposure could potentially influence hormone-dependent breast cancer disease.[34]

Human exposure and breakdown
Exposure
Diet seems the most significant source of exposure of Nonylphenol 10 to humans. For example, food samples were found with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 19.4 µg/kg in a diet survey in Germany and a daily intake for an adult were calculated to be 7.5 µg/day.[35] Another study calculated a daily intake for the more exposed group of infants in the range of 0.23-0.65 µg/ kg bodyweight/ day.[36] In Taiwan, Nonylphenol 10 concentrations in food ranged from 5.8 to 235.8 µg/kg. Seafood in particular was found to have a high concentration of Nonylphenol 10.[37]

One study conducted in Italian women showed that Nonylphenol 10 was one of the highest contaminants at a concentration of 32 ng/mL in breast milk when compared to other alkyl phenols, such as octylphenol, Nonylphenol 10 monoethoxylate, and two octylphenol ethoxylates. The study also found a positive correlation between fish consumption and the concentration of Nonylphenol 10 in breast milk.[37] This is a large problem because breast milk is the main source of nourishment for newborns, who are in early stages of development where hormones are very influential. Elevated levels of endocrine disruptors in breast milk have been associated with negative effects on neurological development, growth, and memory function.

Drinking water does not represent a significant source of exposure in comparison to other sources such as food packing materials, cleaning products, and various skin care products. Concentrations of Nonylphenol 10 in treated drinking water varied from 85 ng/L in Spain to 15 ng/L in Germany.[2]

Microgram amounts of Nonylphenol 10 have also been found in the saliva of patients with dental sealants.[34]

Breakdown
When humans orally ingest Nonylphenol 10, it is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The metabolic pathways involved in its degradation are thought to involve glucuronide and sulfate conjugation, and the metabolites are then concentrated in fat. There is inconsistent data on bioaccumulation in humans, but Nonylphenol 10 has been shown to bioaccumulate in water-dwelling animals and birds. Nonylphenol 10 is excreted in feces and in urine.[3]

Analytics
Since Nonylphenol 10s are ubiquitous in different environmentally relevant matrices like food, drinking water and human tissue samples there are many possible analytical methods for their detection. Most common methods are the analysis with GC-MS. Also as special two-dimensional application with a GCxGC-ToF-MS.[38] Nevertheless, Nonylphenol 10s are also separated via HPLC technics.[39]

As the branching of the nonyl sidechain plays an important role because of their varying estrogen potential different Nonylphenol 10s where synthesized and analyzed on GC-MS or GC-FID systems.[40][41][42][43] In these studies the scope was also on the enantioselective separation of different Nonylphenol 10s since biological systems are usually enantioselective.

Regulation
The production and use of Nonylphenol 10 and Nonylphenol 10 ethoxylates is prohibited in the European Union due to its effects on health and the environment.[2][44] In Europe, due to environmental concerns, they also have been replaced by more expensive alcohol ethoxylates, which are less problematic for the environment due to their ability to degrade more quickly than Nonylphenol 10s. The European Union has also included NP on the list of priority hazardous substances for surface water in the Water Framework Directive. They are now implementing a drastic reduction policy of NP's in surface waterways. The Environmental quality standard for NP was proposed to be 0.3 ug/l.[2] In 2013 Nonylphenol 10s were registered on the REACH candidate list.

In the US, the EPA set criteria which recommends that Nonylphenol 10 concentration should not exceed 6.6 ug/l in fresh water and 1.7 ug/l in saltwater.[45] In order to do so, the EPA is supporting and encouraging a voluntary phase-out of Nonylphenol 10 in industrial laundry detergents. Similarly, the EPA is documenting proposals for a "significant new use" rule, which would require companies to contact the EPA if they decided to add Nonylphenol 10 to any new cleaning and detergent products. They also plan to do more risk assessments to ascertain the effects of Nonylphenol 10 on human health and the environment. It was suggested that Nonylphenol 10 could be added to the list of chemicals on the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, but this has yet to occur as of 2014.[3]

In other Asian and South American countries Nonylphenol 10 is still widely available in commercial detergents, and there is little regulation.[45]

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