PROVICHEM 0111

Provichem 0111 is a crystalline powder with practically no odor. 
Provichem 0111 has the lowest acidity of any of the acids commonly used in foods and has excellent buffering capacity in the range of pH 2.5 to 3.0. 
Like succinic and fumaric acid, Provichem 0111 is practically nonhygroscopic. 

CAS:    124-04-9
MF:    C6H10O4
MW:    146.14
EINECS:    204-673-3

Provichem 0111's addition to foods imparts a smooth, tart taste. 
In grape-flavored products, Provichem 0111 adds a lingering supplementary flavor and gives an excellent set to food powders containing gelatin. 
As a result, Provichem 0111 has found a wide number of uses as an accidulant in dry powdered food mixtures, especially in those products having delicate flavors and where addition of tang to the flavor is undesirable.
Provichem 0111's aqueous solutions have the lowest acidity of any of the common food acids. 
For concentrations from 0.5 to 2.4 g/100 mL, the pH of Provichem 0111's solution varies less than half a unit. 
Hence, Provichem 0111 can be used as a buffering agent to maintain acidities within the range of 2.5 to 3.0. 
Provichem 0111 is highly desirable in certain foods, yet the pH is low enough to inhibit the browning of most fruits and other foodstuffs.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.
Provichem 0111 is a white crystalline solid. 
Provichem 0111 is insoluble in water. 
The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. 
Immediate steps should be taken to limit Provichem 0111's spread to the environment. 
Provichem 0111 is used to make plastics and foams and for other uses.

Provichem 0111 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 151-154 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 265 °C100 mm Hg(lit.)
Density: 1,36 g/cm3
Vapor density: 5 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 159.5 °C)
Refractive index: 1.4880
FEMA: 2011 | ADIPIC ACID
Fp: 385 °F
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility: methanol: 0.1 g/mL, clear, colorless
pka: 4.43(at 25℃)
Form: Solid
Color: White
PH: 3.74(1 mM solution);3.22(10 mM solution);2.71(100 mM solution);
Water Solubility: 1.44 g/100 mL (15 ºC)
Merck: 14,162
JECFA Number: 623
BRN: 1209788
Exposure limits: ACGIH: TWA 5 mg/m3
Stability: Stable. Substances to be avoided include ammonia, strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 0.09 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 124-04-9(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Provichem 0111(124-04-9)
EPA Substance Registry System: Provichem 0111 (124-04-9)

Provichem 0111 is the organic compound with the formula (CH2)4(COOH)2. 
From the industrial perspective, Provichem 0111 is the most important dicarboxylic acid: About 2.5 billion kilograms of this white crystalline powder are produced annually, mainly as a precursor for the production of nylon. 
Provichem 0111 otherwise rarely occurs in nature.
Provichem 0111 is a straight-chain dicarboxylic acid that exists as a white crystalline compound at standard temperature and pressure. 
Provichem 0111 is one of the most important industrial chemicals and typically ranks in the top 10 in terms of volume used annually by the chemical industry.

Uses    
Provichem 0111’s main use is in the production of 6,6 nylon. 
Provichem 0111 is also used in resins, plasticizers, lubricants, polyurethanes, and food additives.
Provichem 0111 is primarily used in the synthesis of nylon. 
Provichem 0111 has been used as a reagent in the solid-state polymerization of nylon analogs.
Provichem 0111 is an acidulant and flavoring agent. it is characterized as stable, nonhygroscopic, and slightly soluble, with a water solubility of 1.9 g/100 ml at 20°c. 
Provichem 0111 has a ph of 2.86 at 0.6% usage level at 25°c. 
Provichem 0111 is used in powdered drinks, beverages, gelatin desserts, loz- enges, and canned vegetables. 
Provichem 0111 is also used as a leavening acidulant in baking powder. 
Provichem 0111 can be used as a buffering agent to maintain acidities within a range of ph 2.5–3.0. 
Provichem 0111 is occasionally used in edi- ble oils to prevent rancidity.

Provichem 0111 is used as an acidifying and buffering agent in intramuscular, intravenous and vaginal formulations. 
Provichem 0111 is also used in food products as a leavening, pH-controlling, or flavoring agent.
Provichem 0111 has been incorporated into controlled-release formulation matrix tablets to obtain pH-independent release for both weakly basicand weakly acidic drugs.
Provichem 0111 has also been incorporated into the polymeric coating of hydrophilic monolithic systems to modulate the intragel pH, resulting in zero-order release of a hydrophilic drug.
The disintegration at intestinal pH of the enteric polymer shellac has been reported to improve when Provichem 0111 was used as a pore-forming agent without affecting release in the acidic media.
Other controlled-release formulations have included Provichem 0111 with the intention of obtaining a late-burst release profile.

Production Methods    
Provichem 0111 can be manufactured using several methods, but the traditional and main route of preparation is by the two-step oxidation of cyclohexane (C6H12). 
In the first step, cyclohexane is oxidized to cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol with oxygen or air. 
This occurs at a temperature of approximately 150°C in the presence of cobalt or manganese catalysts. 
The second oxidation is done with nitric acid and air using copper or vanadium catalysts. 
In this step, the ring structure is opened and adipic acid and nitrous oxide are formed. 
Other feedstocks such as benzene and phenol may be use to synthesize Provichem 0111. 
Provichem 0111 production used to be a large emitter of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas, but these have been controlled in recent years using pollution abatement technology.

Preparation    
Provichem 0111 is produced from a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone called "KA oil", the abbreviation of "ketone-alcohol oil." 
The KA oil is oxidized with nitric acid to give Provichem 0111, via a multistep pathway. 
Early in the reaction the cyclohexanol is converted to the ketone, releasing nitrous acid:
HOC6H11 + HNO3 → OC6H10 + HNO2 + H2O
Among its many reactions, the cyclohexanone is nitrosated, setting the stage for the scission of the C- C bond:
HNO2 + HNO3 → NO+NO3- + H2O
OC6H10 + NO+→ OC6H9-2 - NO + H+
Side products of the method include glutaric and succinic acids.
Related processes start from cyclohexanol, which is obtained from the hydrogenation of phenol.

Reactivity Profile    
Provichem 0111 is a carboxylic acid. 
Provichem 0111 donate hydrogen ions if a base is present to accept them. 
They react in this way with all bases, both organic (for example, the amines) and inorganic. 
Their reactions with bases, called "neutralizations", are accompanied by the evolution of substantial amounts of heat. 
Neutralization between an acid and a base produces water plus a salt. 
Provichem 0111 with six or fewer carbon atoms are freely or moderately soluble in water; those with more than six carbons are slightly soluble in water. 
Soluble Provichem 0111 dissociate to an extent in water to yield hydrogen ions. 

The pH of solutions of Provichem 0111 is therefore less than 7.0. 
Many insoluble Provichem 0111 react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve as the neutralization generates a soluble salt. 
Provichem 0111 in aqueous solution and liquid or molten carboxylic acids can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. 
Such reactions occur in principle for solid Provichem 0111 as well, but are slow if the solid acid remains dry. 
Even "insoluble" Provichem 0111 may absorb enough water from the air and dissolve sufficiently in Provichem 0111 to corrode or dissolve iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers. 
Provichem 0111, like other acids, react with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. The reaction is slower for dry, solid carboxylic acids. 
Insoluble Provichem 0111 react with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide. 

Flammable and/or toxic gases and heat are generated by the reaction of Provichem 0111 with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides. 
Provichem 0111, especially in aqueous solution, also react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. 
Their reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates generates a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still heat. 
Like other organic compounds, Provichem 0111 can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. 
Provichem 0111 reactions generate heat. 
A wide variety of products is possible. 
Like other acids, Provichem 0111 may initiate polymerization reactions; like other acids, they often catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions. 
Behavior in Fire: Melts and may decompose to give volatile acidic vapors of valeric acid and other substances.

Health Hazard    
Exposures to Provichem 0111 cause pain, redness of the skin and eyes, tearing or lacrimation. 
Provichem 0111 has been reported as a non-toxic chemical. 
Excessive concentrations of Provichem 0111 dust are known to cause moderate eye irritation, irritation to the skin, and dermatitis.
Provichem 0111 may be harmful if swallowed or inhaled. 
Provichem 0111 causes respiratory tract irritation with symptoms of coughing, sneezing, and blood-tinged mucous.

Synonyms
adipic acid
hexanedioic acid
124-04-9
Adipinic acid
1,4-Butanedicarboxylic acid
Adilactetten
Acifloctin
Acinetten
1,6-Hexanedioic acid
Molten adipic acid
Kyselina adipova
Adipinsaure [German]
Acide adipique [French]
FEMA No. 2011
Kyselina adipova [Czech]
Hexanedioate
Adipinsaeure
adipic-acid
Adipidic acid
Adi-pure
NSC 7622
Adipic acid [NF]
NSC-7622
Hexan-1,6-dicarboxylate
76A0JE0FKJ
Hexanedioc acid
INS NO.355
1,6-HEXANE-DIOIC ACID
DTXSID7021605
E-355
CHEBI:30832
INS-355
NSC7622
Adipic acid (NF)
NCGC00091345-01
E355
hexane-1,6-dioic acid
DTXCID301605
Adipinsaure
Acide adipique
FEMA Number 2011
CAS-124-04-9
CCRIS 812
HSDB 188
EINECS 204-673-3
MFCD00004420
UNII-76A0JE0FKJ
BRN 1209788
Adipinate
Molten adipate
AI3-03700
hexane dioic acid
1,6-Hexanedioate
0L1
Adipic acid, 99%
Neopentyl Glycol Flake
Adipic acid-[13C6]
1, 6-Hexanedioic Acid
Adipic acid, >=99%
ADIPIC ACID [II]
ADIPIC ACID [MI]
WLN: QV4VQ
ADIPIC ACID [FCC]
bmse000424
EC 204-673-3
ADIPIC ACID [FHFI]
ADIPIC ACID [HSDB]
ADIPIC ACID [INCI]
SCHEMBL4930
CHEMBL1157
NCIOpen2_001004
NCIOpen2_001222
HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH
ADIPIC ACID [MART.]
Adipic acid, >=99.5%
4-02-00-01956 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
ADIPIC ACID [USP-RS]
ADIPIC ACID [WHO-DD]
BIDD:ER0342
INS No. 355
Adipic acid, puriss., 99.8%
Pharmakon1600-01301012
ADIPIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH]
ZINC1530348
Tox21_111118
Tox21_202161
Tox21_300344
BBL011615
LMFA01170048
NSC760121
s3594
STL163338
AKOS000119031
Tox21_111118_1
CCG-230896
CS-W018238
HY-W017522
NSC-760121
NCGC00091345-02
NCGC00091345-03
NCGC00091345-04
NCGC00091345-05
NCGC00254389-01
NCGC00259710-01
AC-10343
BP-21150
BP-30248
Hexanedioic Acid, Butanedicarboxylic Acid
A0161
Adipic acid, BioXtra, >=99.5% (HPLC)
Adipic acid, SAJ special grade, >=99.5%
E 355
FT-0606810
EN300-18041
Adipic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, >=99%
C06104
D08839
D70505
AB00988898-01
AB00988898-03
Q357415
SR-01000944270
J-005034
J-519542
SR-01000944270-2
Z57127533
Adipic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)
F0001-0377
Adipic acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
1F1316F2-7A32-4339-8C2A-8CAA84696C95
Adipic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard