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SALICYLIC ACID
Salicylic acid (from Latin salix, "willow tree") is a lipophilic monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, and a beta hydroxy acid (BHA). This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis, and functions as a plant hormone. It is derived from the metabolism of salicin.
CAS NO: 69-72-7
EC NO: 200-712-3
IUPAC NAMES:
2-hydroxy benzoic acid
2-hydroxy-benzoic acid
2-Hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid
2-Hydroxybenzoesäure
2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
2-hydroxybenzoic acid
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-
o-Hydroxybenzoic acid
SALICYLIC ACID
Salicylic Acid
Salicylic acid
salicylic acid
Salicylic acid
salicylic acid
Salicylsaeure
Szalicilsav
SYNONYMS:
salicylic acid;2-Hydroxybenzoic acid;69-72-7;o-hydroxybenzoic acid;2-Carboxyphenol;o-Carboxyphenol;Rutranex;Salonil;Retarder W;Keralyt;Duoplant;Freezone;Saligel;Ionil;Psoriacid-S-stif;Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-;Stri-De;Salicylic acid soap;Salicylic acid collodion;Verrugon;Phenol-2-carboxylic aciD;;Acidum salicylicum;Trans-Ver-Sal;Orthohydroxybenzoic acid;2-Hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid;Acidosalicilico;IonilPlus;Salicylicacid,tech.;Kyselinasalicylova;Clearawaywartremover;Duofil;Domerine;Sebucare;Duofilm;Sebulex;Salicyclic acid;Ionil plus;Dr. Scholl's corn remover;Kyselina salicylova [Czech];Dr. Scholl's callus removers;Dr. Scholl's wart remover kit;Kyselina 2-hydroxybenzoova;Occlusal;Acido salicilico [Italian];Advanced pain relief corn removers;Caswell No. 731;2-hydroxy-benzoic acid;Kyselina 2-hydroxybenzoova [Czech];Advanced pain relief callus removers;Acido o-idrossibenzoico [Italian];NSC 180;Salicylicacid&SulfurSoap;CCRIS6714;HSDB672;AI302407;UNIIO414PZ4LPZ;MFCD00002439;EPAPestiideChemicalCode076602;BRN0774890;CHEBI:16914;CHEMBL424;O414PZ4LPZ;MLS000069653;NSC180;Salicylic acid inclusion complex;K 537;NSC-180;ATA fraction 10, ammonium salt;NCGC00159447-05;SMR000059163;Mediplast pads;Salicylic acid, 99+%;Akurza Lotion;Hydrisalic Gel;Akurza Cream;Salex Lotion;Salex Cream;DSSTox_CID_6368;DuoPlant Gel;DHS Sal Shampoo;DSSTox_RID_78106;P&S Shampoo;DSSTox_GSID_26368;Salicylic acid [USAN:JAN];Acido o-idrossibenzoico;Durasal;Salicylic acid, 99+%, ACS reagent;salicylicum acidum;CAS-69-72-7;Propa pH Peel-Off Acne Mask;NSC629474;phenol derivative, 7;Salicylic acid (TN);Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, ion(1-);EINECS 200-712-3;Salicylic acid [USP:JAN];Azurechelin;Salicylic acid (6CI,8CI);Anti-blemish;Salicylic acid rs;hydroxy-benzoic acid;ortho-salicylic acid;CMC_13852;Fostex (Salt/Mix);Pernox (Salt/Mix);Duofilm Wart Remover;Phenol-2-carboxylate;Duofilm (Salt/Mix);Salicylic Acid,(S);Sebulex (Salt/Mix);2-hydroxobenzoic acid;Domerine (Salt/Mix);Sebucare (Salt/Mix);2-Hydroxybenzoate, I;Natural Salicylic Acid;o-hydroxybenzoicacid;2hydroxybenzoicacid;Spectrum_000948;Salicylicacid,medicinal;ACMC-1AZI;Opera_ID_582;Sulfasalazine Impurity H;Salicylic acid ACS grade;[O]C(=O)c1ccccc1O;WLN: QVR BQ;Benzoic acid, o-hydroxy-;Bazuka Extra Strength Gel;2-Hydroxybenzenecarboxylate;bmse000252;Epitope ID:124929;RetarderSAX(Salt/Mix);UPCMLD-DP126;E200-712-3;SCHEMBL1967;Oprea1_040343;KBioSS_001428;ARONIS27188;BIDD:ER0602;DivK1c_000301;Salicylic acid (JP17/USP);2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid, Natural;FEMA3985;GTPL4306;SGCUT00012;ZINC1554;Salicylic acid, >=99%, FG;Salicylic acid, LR, >=99%;component of Tinver (Salt/Mix);DTXSID7026368;FEMA NO. 3985;UPCMLD-DP126:001;BDBM26193;component of Keralyt (Salt/Mix);KBio1_000301;KBio2_001428;KBio2_003996;KBio2_006564;Alpha/BetaHydroxyAcids(GlycolicAcid,SalicylicAcid);E9A559BE383B4F83BC023031D03D558A;NINDS_000301;Salicylicacid,p.a.,99.0%;Benzoicacid,2hydroxy(9CI);BCP09067;HYB0167;to_000004;Lamivudineimpurity,salicylicacid;Tox21_113453;Tox21_201471;Tox21_303109;ANW43703;s4539;SBB052826;STK258681;AKOS000118979;Salicylicacid,BioXtra,>=99.0;CCG212792;DB00936;MCULE8407868694;NE10196;IDI1_000301;SMP2_000145;NCGC00159447-02;NCGC00159447-04;NCGC00159447-06;NCGC00257065-01;NCGC00259022-01;AK112186;BP-12826;KSC-11-207-4;Lamivudine related compound salicylic acid;Salicylic acid & Sulfur Soap (Salt/Mix);Salicylic acid, ACS reagent, >=99.0%;Salicylic acid, plant cell culture tested;Salicylic acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%;SC-18305;TS-03583;Salicylic Acid 1.0 mg/ml ;SBI0051510.P003;FT0645123;FT-0674502;FT-0674503;Salicylic acid, tested according to Ph.Eur.;ST51046715;Salicylic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%;Salicylic acid, Vetec(TM)reagentgrade98%;44642EP2281819A1;44642EP2292619A1;44642EP2305659A1;44642EP2311818A1;AB00489876_15;BENZOICACID,2HYDROXYSALICYLICACID;Salicylicacid,puriss.p.a.,>=99.0(T);197900EP2269975A2;197900EP2269997A2;197900EP2275415A2;Q193572;component of Solarcaine first aid spray (Salt/Mix);J-509667;component of Fostex medicated bar and cream (Salt/Mix);F2191-0216;Salicylic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R);UNII-I3P9R8317T component YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N;Salicylic acid, British Pharmacopoeia (BP) Reference Standard;Salicylic acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard;Salicylic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard;Salicylic acid, 1.0 mg/mL in acetonitrile, ampule of 1 mL, certified reference material;Salicylic acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material;8052-31-1;Salicylic acid, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, 99.5-100.5% (calc. to the dried substance)
SALICYLIC ACID
Salicylic acid ("willow tree" from Latin salix) is a lipophilic monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, and a beta hydroxy acid (BHA). This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone. It is obtained from salicin metabolism.
In addition to serving as an important active metabolite of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), which acts partly as a prodrug to salicylic acid, it is probably best known for its use as a key ingredient in topical antiacne products. Salts and esters of salicylic acid are known as salicylates.
The safest and most effective drugs needed in a health system are on the World Health Organization List of Essential Medicines.
Medicine
Main article: Medicinal uses of salicylic acid
Cotton pads dipped in salicylic acid can be used to chemically exfoliate the skin.
As a medicine, salicylic acid is most commonly used to help remove the outer layer of the skin. Therefore it is used to treat warts, psoriasis, acne vulgaris, ringworm, dandruff and ichthyosis.
Similar to other hydroxy acids, salicylic acid is a key ingredient in many skin care products for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, calluses, corns, keratosis pilaris, acanthosis nigricans, ichthyosis and warts.
Uses in manufacturing
It is used in the production of other pharmaceuticals, including salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, sandulpride and landetimide (via salethamide).
Salicylic acid was one of the original starting materials for making acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) in 1897. [13] Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid or ASA) can be prepared by esterifying the phenolic hydroxyl group of salicylic acid with acetyl group from acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride.
Bismuth subsalicylate, a salt of bismuth and salicylic acid, is the active ingredient in stomach-soothing aids such as Pepto-Bismol, is the main component of Kaopectate and has "anti-inflammatory action (due to salicylic acid) and also an antacid and a mild antibiotic". [14]
Other derivatives include methyl salicylate, used as a base to soothe joint and muscle pain, and choline salicylate, used topically to relieve the pain of mouth ulcers.
Other uses
Salicylic acid is used as a food preservative, bactericide and antiseptic.
Sodium salicylate is a useful phosphorus in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral range, with an almost flat quantum efficiency for wavelengths between 10 and 100 nm. [16] It emits blue light at 420 nm. It is easily prepared on a clean surface by spraying the saturated salt solution in methanol followed by evaporation.
Mechanism of action
Salicylic acid modulates COX1 enzymatic activity to reduce the formation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. Salicylate can competitively inhibit prostaglandin formation. The antirheumatic (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory) effects of salicylate are a result of its analgesic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
Salicylic acid works by causing the cells of the epidermis to shed more easily, preventing the pores from clogging, and leaving room for new cell growth. Salicylic acid inhibits the oxidation of uridine-5-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) competitively with nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide and non-competitive with UDPG. It also competitively inhibits the transfer of the glucuronyl group of uridine-5-phosphoglucuronic acid to its phenolic receptor.
The wound healing delaying effect of salicylates is likely mainly due to their inhibitory effect on mucopolysaccharide synthesis.
Safety
Salicylic acid 17-27% in the form of paint sold for warts and corn removal, and approximately 20-50% salicylic acid used in the form of plaster should not be applied to the face and used for acne treatment. [18] Even for wart removal, such a solution should be applied once or twice a day - more frequent use can lead to increased side effects without increased effectiveness.
If high concentrations of salicylic ointment are applied to a large percentage of the body surface, high levels of salicylic acid can enter the blood and hemodialysis is required to avoid further complications. [20]
Chemistry and production
Salicylic acid crystals under the microscope
Salicylic acid has the formula C6H4 (OH) COOH where the OH group is ortho to the carboxyl group. It is also known as 2-hydroxybenzoic acid. It is slightly soluble in water (2 g / l at 20 ° C).
Salicylic acid is biosynthesized from the amino acid phenylalanine. In Ara, bidopsis thaliana can be synthesized in a phenylalanine-independent route.
Sodium salicylate is commercially prepared by treating sodium phenolate (sodium salt of phenol) with carbon dioxide at high pressure (100 atm) and high temperature (115 ° C) - a method known as the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction. Acidification of the product with sulfuric acid gives salicylic acid:
Salicylic Acid General Synthesis
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
It can also be prepared by hydrolysis of methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) with a strong acid or base.
Salicylic acid decomposes into phenol and carbon dioxide at 200-230 ° C:
C6H4OH (CO2H) → C6H5OH + CO2
History
Main article: History of safflower
White willow (Salix alba) is a natural source of salicylic acid.
Hippocrates, Galen, Pliny the Elder, and others knew that willow bark can relieve pain and reduce fever. [24] It was used in Europe and China to treat these conditions. [25] This remedy is mentioned in Ancient Egyptian, Sumerian and Assyrian texts. [26] Cherokee and other Native Americans use an infusion of bark for fever and other medicinal purposes.
In 2014, archaeologists detected traces of salicylic acid in seventh-century pottery found in eastern Colorado. [28] Reverend Edward Stone, a pastor from Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire, England, noted in 1763 that willow bark was effective in lowering fevers.
The active extract of the bark of white willow (Salix alba), named after its Latin name salicin, was isolated and named in 1828 by the German chemist Johann Andreas Buchner. [30] Most of the substance was isolated in 1829 by the French pharmacist Henri Leroux. [31] Italian chemist Raffaele Piria was able to convert the substance into a sugar and a second ingredient, which, upon oxidation, turns into salicylic acid.
Dietary sources
Salicylic acid is found in plants as free salicylic acid and its carboxylated esters and phenolic glycosides. Various studies suggest that humans metabolize measurable amounts of salicylic acid from these herbs. [35] High-salicylate drinks and foods include beer, coffee, tea, numerous fruits and vegetables, sweet potatoes, nuts and olive oil. [36] Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, sugar, and bread and cereals have low salicylate content.
Plant hormone
Salicylic acid is a phenolic phytohormone and is found in plants that have roles in plant growth and development, photosynthesis, transpiration, and ion uptake and transport. [38] Salicylic acid plays a role in endogenous signaling that mediates plant defense against pathogens. [39] It plays a role in resistance to pathogens (ie systemic acquired resistance) by inducing the production of proteins and other defense metabolites associated with pathogenesis.
Methyl salicylate, the volatile methyl ester of salicylic acid, can also spread in the air and facilitate plant-plant communication. [41] Methyl salicylate is taken up by the stomata of the nearby plant, where it can induce an immune response after being converted to salicylic acid.
Signal transmission
A number of proteins that interact with SA in plants have been identified, in particular salicylic acid binding proteins (SABPs) and NPR genes (those whose pathogenesis-related genes are not expressed), which are putative receptors.
History
In 1979, salicylates were found to play a role in their evoked defenses against tobacco mosaic virus. [44] In 1987, salicylic acid was identified as the long-sought signal causing heating of thermogenic plants such as voodoo lily, Sauromatum guttatum. [45]
Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid. It is known for reducing acne by exfoliating the skin and keeping the pores clear.
You can find salicylic acid in a variety of over-the-counter (OTC) products. It is also available in prescription-proof formulas.
Salicylic acid works best for mild acne (blackheads and whiteheads). It can also help prevent future breakouts.
How does salicylic acid work on acne?
Blackheads (open clogged pores), whiteheads (closed blocked pores) or pimples (pustules) often occur when your hair follicles (pores) are clogged with dead skin cells and oil.
Salicylic acid penetrates your skin and tries to dissolve dead skin cells clogging your pores.
Which form and dosage of salicylic acid is recommended for acne?
Your doctor or dermatologist will recommend a form and dosage specifically based on your skin type and current condition of your skin. They may also recommend that you apply only a limited amount to a small area of the affected skin for 2 or 3 days to test your reaction before applying to the entire area.
Products containing higher concentrations of salicylic acid can be used as exfoliants.
Salicylic acid is also used in higher concentrations as a peeling agent for the treatment of:
*acne
* acne scars
* age spots
* melasma
Things to consider before using salicylic acid
Although salicylic acid is available in OTC preparations, as you can buy from your local grocery store, you should talk to your doctor before using it.
Salicylic acid toxicity is rare but may result from topical application of salicylic acid. To reduce your risk, follow these suggestions:
Salicylic acid works best for blackheads and whiteheads. When used regularly, this ingredient will prevent future comedones.
It can also prevent n from occurring.
Topical dosages for creams, washes, astringents, and other OTC products usually contain concentrations between 0.5 and 5 percent.
Salicylic acid can be used morning and night. Since it is very gentle, it can also be applied as a spot treatment in the middle of the day.
What does salicylic acid do for the skin?
What all this means is that salicylic acid can penetrate deep into your skin to do its job. This quality is what makes salicylic acid such a powerful ingredient for targeting acne, especially for blackheads and whiteheads.
Salicylic acid is an odorless white to light tan solid. It slowly sinks and mixes with water. White to pale yellow crystalline powder; pale walnut odor. White crystals, fine needles or a fluffy white crystalline powder.
Salicylic acid is available in OTC topical acne preparations (in concentrations 2% to 5%), external analgesics, and skin protectants for poison ivy, oak, and sumac, and topical antifungal drug products. Salicylic acid is used topically for its keratolytic effect. in the control of seborrheic dermatitis of the body and scalp, body and scalp psoriasis, dandruff and other scaling dermatoses. The drug is also used topically for its keratolytic and caustic effect in removing common and plantar warts, corns and calluses. Salicylic acid has also been used in the treatment of localized hyperkeratosis, such as those occurring on the palms and soles. 40% salicylic acid disc has been used to help remove inaccessible splinters in children covered with an adhesive strip.
Salicylic acid is not used systemically due to its severe irritant effect on the GI mucosa and other tissues; Therefore, chemical derivatives that are better tolerated for systemic use have been prepared.
Normal skin necrosis has been associated with overuse of the drug. Salicylic acid at high concentrations (eg 20%) has a caustic effect.
Salicylic acid treats pimples by preventing clogging of pores, causing skin cells to peel more easily. This effect on skin cells also makes salicylic acid an active ingredient in various shampoos to treat dandruff. The use of plain salicylic solution may result in hyperpigmentation of untreated skin and not using a broad-spectrum sunscreen for those with darker skin types (Fitzpatrick phototypes IV, V, VI). Along with the bismuth form, subsalicylate is the popular stomach relief aid commonly known as Pepto-Bismol. Combining the two essential ingredients helps control diarrhea, nausea, heartburn and even gas. It is also very mildly anti-biotic. Salicylic Acid is a beta hydroxy acid that occurs as a natural compound in plants. It has direct activity as an anti-inflammatory agent and acts as a topical antibacterial agent due to its ability to promote exfoliation.
At a low dose, about 80% of salicylic acid is metabolized in the liver. Combination with glycine forms salicyluric acid, and when combined with glucuronic acid, acyl and phenolic glucuronide are formed. Small amounts of salicylic acid are also hydroxylated to gentic acid. In large doses, kinetics shifts from first order to zero order.
Salicylic acid directly irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 to reduce the conversion of arachidonic acid to precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The use of salicylate in rheumatic diseases is due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Salicylic acid is an essential ingredient in many skin care products for the treatment of acne, psoriasis, calluses, calluses, keratosis, pilaris and warts. Salicylic acid allows the cells of the epidermis to be stripped more easily. Salicylic acid is used in various shampoos used in the treatment of dandruff due to its effect on skin cells. Salicylic acid is also used as an active ingredient in gels to remove warts (plantar warts). Salicylic acid competitively inhibits the oxidation of uridine-5-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) by nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD) and UDPG in a competitive manner. It also competitively inhibits the transfer of the glucuronyl group of uridine-5-phosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA) to a phenolic receptor. Inhibition of mucopoly saccharide synthesis is probably responsible for slowing wound healing by salicylates.
Salicylic acid has a strong keratolytic effect and a mild antiseptic effect when applied topically to the skin. At low concentrations, the drug has keratoplastic activity (correction of abnormal keratinization), and at higher concentrations (i.e. 1% or higher, depending on the vehicle), the drug has keratolytic activity (causes peeling of the skin). Salicylic acid is likely to cause swelling, softening of the cornified epithelium (horny layer) of the skin.
It then softens and destroys the stratum corneum by increasing endogenous hydration (water concentration) due to the low pH that causes exfoliation.
USE OF
* Salicylic acid is used in the synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid, the most widely used pharmaceutical product. In the form of esters, amides and salicylic acid salts, it serves as a starting material for other pharmaceutical products. Technical grade salicylic acid is primarily used as an intermediate in the production of agricultural chemical products, dyes and colorants, as well as in the rubber industry and in the production of phenolic resins.
* In the production of aspirin, methyl salicylate and other salicylates. * Bonding agent for azo dyes. It has been used as a food preservative. Keratolytic. Sodium salt as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic.
* Manufacturing of resin, prevulcanization inhibitor, analytical reagent,
/ formerly / as a fungicide
Industry Uses
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Finishing agents
Intermediates
Paint additives and coating additives not defined by other categories
Processing aids not otherwise listed
Propellants and blowing agents
Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing)
Consumer Uses
Building / construction materials not elsewhere
Paints and coatings
Personal care products
Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere
Water purification products
urethane intermediate
Salicylic acid is prepared on an industrial scale by Kolbe-Schmitt synthesis from dry sodium phenoxide in a carbon dioxide stream at 150-160 ° C and 5 bar pressure. The use of pressure results in an efficiency of about 90%, while the yield without pressure does not exceed 50% because disodium salicylate and phenol are formed in equivalent amounts.
Technical grade salicylic acid obtained from the Kolbe-Schmitt process is already extremely pure: salicylic acid content 99.5%; phenol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid or 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid 0.05 - 0.1% (as impurity); ash <0.1%; water 0.2%. By crystallizing sodium salicylate from water at a temperature not exceeding 20 ° C or subliming the acid at 20 mbar and a temperature of 154 ° C, or a higher quality acid (pharmaceutical grade) can be obtained. Carrier gas. A more modern process achieves sublimation directly using the neutralization heat from sodium salicylate's reaction with hydrogen chloride.
Salicylic acid should be stored in well-sealed containers. Salicylic acid collodion should be stored at 15-30 ° C in tight containers. As Kolodion is flammable, it should not be stored near heat or open flame. Salicylic acid gypsum should be stored in well-sealed containers, preferably at 15-30 ° C. Trans-Ver-Sal plaster should be stored at a temperature lower than 37.8 ° C.
SALICILIC ACID is a carboxylic acid. Carboxylic acids donate hydrogen ions if there is a base to accept them. In this way, they react with all bases, both organic (eg amines) and inorganic. Its reactions with bases called "neutralization" are accompanied by the evolution of a significant amount of heat. Neutralization between an acid and a base produces water plus a salt. Carboxylic acids with six or fewer carbon atoms are freely or moderately soluble in water; Those with more than six carbons are poorly soluble in water. Soluble carboxylic acid dissociates to some extent in water to give hydrogen ions. The pH of carboxylic acid solutions is therefore less than 7.0. Many insoluble carboxylic acids react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve while neutralization forms a soluble salt. Carboxylic acids and liquid or molten carboxylic acids in aqueous solution can react with gaseous hydrogen and active metals to form a metal salt. Such reactions in principle also occur for solid carboxylic acids, but are slow if the solid acid remains dry. Even "insoluble" carboxylic acids can absorb enough water from the air and dissolve enough in it to corrode or dissolve iron, steel and aluminum parts and containers. Like other acids, carboxylic acids react with cyanide salts to form gaseous hydrogen cyanide. The reaction is slower for dry, solid carboxylic acids. Insoluble carboxylic acids react with cyanide solutions to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Flammable and / or toxic gases and heat are generated by the reaction of carboxylic acids with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides and sulfides. Carboxylic acids also react with sulfides, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2) to generate flammable and / or toxic gases and heat, especially in aqueous solution. Its reactions with carbonates and bicarbonates produce a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still heat it. Like other organic compounds, carboxylic acids can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and strong reducing agent.
It can be reduced by seams. These reactions generate heat. A wide variety of products are possible. Like other acids, carboxylic acids can initiate polymerization reactions; Like other acids, they often catalyze (increase the rate) chemical reactions.
Used only as a preservative, salicylic acid is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.
Salicylic acid is an analgesic and antipyretic drug. Salicylic acid in the ester form has been found in many plants, particularly in partridge leaves and the bark of sweet birch trees. It was made synthetically by heating sodium phenolate under pressure with carbon dioxide and microbial oxidation of naphthalene. Salicylic acid is colorless or white crystals. Colorless sharp crystals or white crystalline powder. Its synthetic form is white, but can have a slightly yellow or pink hue if prepared from natural methyl salicylate. Salicylic acid is a white crystalline powder with a sweetish bitter taste. If prepared from natural methyl salicylate, it may have a mild mint-like odor. Available in ointment, cream, gel, transdermal patches, liquids and plaster forms. Salicylic acid is soluble in water, boiling water, alcohol, ether and chloroform. Salicylic acid has keratinolytic properties and is applied topically in the treatment of hyperkeratotic and scaling conditions such as dandruff, ichthyosis, and psoriasis. Initially, a 2% concentration is used, increasing to about 6% if necessary. It is often used in combination with many other agents such as benzoic acid, coal tar, resorcinol and sulfur. Salicylic acid is also used in the form of a dye and as a collodion-based (10 to 17%) or plaster (20 to 50%) to eliminate warts and corns. It also has fungicidal properties and is used topically in the treatment of fungal skin infections such as tinea.
Salicylic acid is ubiquitous in plants and functions as an allelopathic chemical, an inducer of thermogenesis, and a signal that activates disease resistance (1). It is found in the form of esters in a variety of plants, particularly wintergreen leaves and bark of sweet birch (2). Salicylic acid is produced extracellularly by most mycobacteria when grown under iron-deficient conditions.
The production and use of salicylic acid as a dyestuff intermediate (1) in the production of resins, prevulcanization inhibitor, analytical reagents (2), and aspirin and salicylates (1) can result in its release to the environment with various waste streams (SRC). Old US use as a fungicide (2) resulted in its direct release into the environment.
Salicylic acid
Sulfur in common fruits such as apples, oranges, plums, and grapes, which explain their presence in most wines (1). Salicylic acid has been quantitatively detected in many foods, including whole tomatoes, cinnamon, thyme, thyme, red wine, beer, honey, licorice and raisins (2). A concentration of 1474.7mg / 100g of salicylic acid was measured in cumin, while other common spices contained 23.3mg / 100g of salicylic acid (3). Salicylic acid has also been detected in blueberry Vaccinium arctostaphylos (4) and barley (5). A study on vegetable soup found that the organic soup tested had a median salicylic acid concentration of 117 ng / g salicylic acid, while the non-organic soup had a median concentration of 20 ng / g.
This product is used to treat mild to moderate acne. It can be used with other acne treatments. Consult your doctor or pharmacist before combining acne treatments. Salicylic acid belongs to a class of drugs known as salicylates. When applied to the skin, salicylic acid can work by helping the skin remove dead cells from the top layer and reduce redness and swelling (inflammation). This reduces the number of pimples that occur and speeds healing.
If you are using a cream, lotion, solution or gel, apply a thin film to the acne-affected areas of your skin, usually 1 to 2 times a day or as directed by your doctor. Before applying each dose, gently wash the affected area with a mild cleanser, then pat dry. Apply a small amount of medication to the affected area and rub gently. If using the pads, wash the affected skin with a mild cleanser, then pat dry. Gently wipe the pad over the skin to apply the medicine, usually 1 to 3 times a day, or as directed by your doctor. Wash hands after use.
If you are using cleansers containing salicylic acid, soak the affected area. Gently rub the cleanser into the skin for 10 to 20 seconds. Do not scrub the skin. Thoroughly lather and rinse well and then pat dry. If too much drying occurs, you may need to wash the cleanser earlier or use it less frequently.
What is this?
Let's start with science. Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA shorten
This is where the gold comes from). It is a derivative of aspirin and differs from alpha hydroxy acids (such as glycolic acid) in that it exfoliates, opens pores, and has antibacterial properties.
The structure of this compound is what makes it very hardworking, as it can penetrate deep into the pores and dissolve the "glue" in the skin. This deep cleansing exfoliation is the reason why this ingredient is featured in some of our favorite skin care products.
How does it work?
When salicylic acid begins to act on the skin, it penetrates the pores and dissolves the bonds between the skin cells on the surface. It is this process that opens up the pores and makes it a great fighter against blemishes. Deep cleansing and exfoliating properties that make it stand out in the skincare range.
It can also reduce sebum secretion (which is what makes skin oily, shiny, and can cause blemishes) and reduce inflammation.
Why is salicylic acid used?
This is an expert exfoliator essential to opening pores and improving the radiance of your skin. It works best on blackheads and whiteheads and is best if used in a targeted manner to reduce inflammation and redness and clear pores.
And as always, great power comes with great responsibility. Salicylic acid can potentially dry out the skin when overused, so always watch how your skin reacts to the skin to avoid flaky patches or further irritation.
Where can I find salicylic acid products?
You can find this hard-working ingredient in skin care products (especially acne treatments) and is also used in some anti-dandruff treatments. When used in its purest form, it can generally be found in concentrations ranging from 0.5-2%.
Whether you're battling stubborn blackheads or looking to rejuvenate your dull complexion, you may have seen this single ingredient in many skincare products: salicylic acid. This ingredient is best known for its exfoliation and bacteria-fighting powers.
According to Caren Campbell, MD, a San Francisco-based dermatologist, salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA), a type of carbon-based organic compound that occurs naturally in willow bark, fruits and vegetables. "BHAs are lipid / fat soluble and can enter the pores to clog blackheads," says Danusia Wnek, chemist at the Good Housekeeping Institute Beauty Lab. In addition to fighting bacteria, salicylic acid also reduces inflammation and exfoliates the skin, Campbell says.
What does salicylic acid do for your skin?
"Salicylic acid is an excellent pore cleansing ingredient because it exfoliates the surface of the skin and penetrates the pores to remove oil," says MD Hadley King, a board-certified dermatologist in NYC. "This helps prevent clogging of pores and can help clear clogs that have already formed."
As an oil-soluble BHA, salicylic acid has the ability to travel deep into your skin, breaking down excess oil and dead skin cells. Dr. Campbell says it works by breaking down the "glue" between cells to exfoliate and reduce oil secretion. The main benefits are:
Fights acne
Removes dead skin cells
Decreases oil secretion
Reduces inflammation and redness
Besides acne treatments, you may have seen salicylic acid in products that "revitalize" or "brighten" your skin. This is because "it is used as a milder chemical peel for acne-prone patients or patients who want a less intense peel," explains Dr. Campbell. "In higher concentrations, it is used to treat warts and other skin growths by breaking down skin cells."
Who is salicylic acid best for?
Dr. "Salicylic acid is a great ingredient for people with oily and acne-prone skin, and especially for treating and preventing comedonal acne (blackheads and whiteheads)," says King.
Higher concentrations can be used to treat cystic acne, but you should always consult your dermatologist first. People with dry or sensitive skin should be extra careful as this ingredient can dry and irritate the skin further.
Which products contain salicylic acid?
In light of its many skincare benefits, it's no wonder why salicylic acid is included in so many skincare products. You can find it in cleansers, toners, spot treatments, masks, and makeup. This ingredient can even be found in shampoos to treat dandruff.
"For patients with folliculitis or bacteria in their hair follicles, salicylic acid shampoos can help kill bacteria," says Campbell. "Additionally, patients with psoriasis or other skin conditions can use salicylic acid shampoo to help remove arthritis."
Dr. "I suggest starting once or twice a week, increasing the frequency tolerated," says King.
It will depend on how sensitive you are and the other products you use ... If your skin is excessively peeling, reduce the frequency of salicylic acid or stop using it after it becomes irritated or too dry. "
Where can you find the best salicylic acid products?
You can get salicylic acid over-the-counter, but not as a prescription. "Salicylic acid is in lower concentrations, usually 1-5% OTC," says Campbell. These OTC salicylic acid products are used to gently exfoliate the skin and treat breakouts.
"Salicylic acid peels are close to 10-30% and should be applied by a board-certified dermatologist or plastic surgeon, or by a certified esthetician under their supervision." These high strength prescriptions offer the same benefits as lower strength products, but they are stronger and produce better results. Meanwhile, "salicylic acid for warts can go up to 40%."
How to find the best salicylic acid products for you?
Since salicylic acid has many uses, the best products for you will depend on your skin type and what benefits you can expect from it. Because salicylic dries, it is important to pay extra attention to moisturizing your skin. You should look for products with moisturizing ingredients such as soothing oils, hyaluronic acid, and ceramides. If you have dry or sensitive skin, look for products that have a lower salicylic acid concentration (close to 1%).
Salicylic acid helps exfoliate the skin by loosening the "glue" that holds skin cells together. Salicylic acid helps loosen dead skin cells by promoting their natural exfoliation, revealing fresh, healthy looking skin. This mild exfoliation can also help prevent pores from clogging up with dead skin cells, which can help minimize acne. Salicylic acid also helps improve symptoms of psoriasis, with certain levels, reducing scaling and helping prevent recurrence.
The gentle exfoliating benefits of salicylic acid can be found in cleansers, lotions, creams, and other skincare formulations specifically designed for rough and bumpy skin and psoriasis. Used as directed, these products can help you achieve smoother, healthier looking skin.
Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid or BHA, a desmolytic component. This means it targets certain protein bonds known as desmosomes in the skin that allow dead cells to stick to the skin instead of shedding. The natural shedding process of the skin can be faulty due to age, sun damage and problems such as acne and excess oil. Peeling helps to restore this natural ability.
Salicylic acid is unique because it not only loosens the bonds between dead skin on the surface, but also loosens deep within the pore lining where the spent cells are trapped below the surface by mixing with oil and debris. Left unchecked, all this build-up leads to dull, rough skin and clogged pores, setting the stage for blackheads and bumps.
Compared to water-soluble alpha hydroxy acids, this type of acid is oil-soluble, so it can pass through the oil and flow freely to the thinned skin surface that your cleanser washes off. Its oil-soluble nature makes it preferable for oily, break-prone skin, and medicated salicylic acid products for acne work so well; however, all skin types can benefit from this ingredient.
Before you list the benefits of using this ingredient, there is a formula requirement that you should know: To exfoliate, it must be within the pH range that research has shown to be most effective. The best release products have a pH between 3 and 4, ideal for efficacy but are also sensitive to skin whose pH is naturally acidic. Products with rinses tend to have a higher pH, so you won't get the exfoliation benefit, but your skin will get soothing and calming benefits.
Concentration is important as well as pH! Use a permanent peeling with a concentration of 1-2% to exfoliate and to deal with clogged pores and rough tissue. If you are more stubborn or more concerned about pores and signs of aging, concentrations of 4-9% can make a nice difference.
What about products containing 0.5% salicylic acid? This amount can provide a slight exfoliation if the pH range is right and left on the skin for a while, but whether you rinse or rinse, you can rely on this amount to soothe the skin first.
In addition to being an effective exfoliant, salicylic acid has been proven to have:
Minimize enlarged pores
Reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles
Noticeably rash and c alm stressed skin
Reduce excess oil in pores
Factors that trigger acne on the skin
Using Salicylic Acid for Blackheads
If you have blackheads, using a well-formulated, leave-on salicylic acid exfoliant will not only help dissolve existing blackheads, but continuous use will also help prevent new ones from forming in the pores. For best results, apply the exfoliant to cleansed skin once or twice a day.
Another measure that applies to all exfoliants on it is to protect your fresh and puffy skin with a broad spectrum sunscreen every day.
Salicylic Acid is a white crystalline powder or needle-shaped crystals with a sweetish flavor; Soluble in acetone, ether, alcohol, boiling water, benzene and turpentine, slightly soluble in chloroformbenzene, slightly soluble in water; Melts at 158 ° C. The sodium salt form (sodium salicylate) is commercially common, mainly prepared from sodium phenolate under heating and pressure with carbon dioxide. It contains both a hydroxyl and a carboxyl group that reacts with an acid or an alcohol. The carboxyl group forms esters with alcohols; For example. methyl salicylate is formed with methanol used in food flavorings and preservatives; Methyl salicylate is created with methanol used in sunscreen lotions. The hydroxyl group reacts with acetic acid to form acetylsalicylic acid (called aspirin), which is the most common antiseptic and antipyretic agent. Phenyl salicylate (called salol) is created with phenol, which is also used as an antiseptic and antipyretic agent. Sodium salt (Sodium salicylate), a bright white powder, is used as antiseptic preparations and preservatives. In addition to salicylic acid, analgesic and antipyretic properties, it has keratinolytic properties and fungicidal properties. Its derivatives are used in the treatment of hyperkeratotic, dandruff, ichthyosis and psoriasis as well as in the treatment of fungal skin infections such as tinea. Para-Aminosalicylic acid (abbreviated as PAS and PASA) is a para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) analog that inhibits folic acid synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is bacteriostatic, inhibiting tubercle bacillus growth and reproduction. Para-Aminosalicylic acid and sodium salt (sodium p-Aminosalicylate) are bacteriostatic against mycobacteria and used in the treatment of tuberculosis; It is administered orally. Brand names are Tubasal, Nemasol Sodium and etc. Aminosalicylic acids are pharmaceutically active ingredients, including anti-infectives against common cold, flu or other viral infections. Mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid, abbreviated as 5-ASA), an active sulfasalazine metabolite used in the treatment of rectum and lower colon inflammation, mild to moderate ulcerative colitis, proctosigmoiditis, and proctitis. Para-Aminosalicylic acid (4-hydroxybenzoic acid) is used as a bacteriostatic agent intermediate, especially for parabens (alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid) used as a preservative in food and personal care products. It is applied in the production of liquid crystal polymers. It is also used as an intermediate to dyes, pesticides, drugs, pesticides and other chemical compounds. Salicylic Acid and its derivatives are important in the preparation of other pharmaceutical products, dyes, flavors and preservatives. Topical keratolytic agents are beta hydroxy acids such as salicylic acid.
Salicylic acid is a beta-hydroxy acid with keratolytic and anti-inflammatory activity. It helps to dissolve the upper layer of stratum corneum cells, improving the look and feel of the skin. Salicylic acid is an effective ingredient in acne products and is therefore widely used in acne soaps and lotions. Because it is oil soluble, it can more easily reduce sebaceous follicle blockage by penetrating the pores and exfoliating cell accumulation. It is antimicrobial, anti-septic, enhances the activity of preservatives, and can be used to adjust the pH of products. It appears to help improve skin wrinkles, roughness and tone for the treatment of aging skin. In addition, it is a useful ingredient for products formulated to treat cases of psoriasis, calluses, corns, and warts where dead skin cells accumulate. When applied topically, it is reported to penetrate 3 to 4 mm into the epidermis. A small amount of salicylic acid can turn into copper salicylate, a powerful anti-inflammatory. When used in high concentrations, salicylic acid can cause skin rashes and rashes. This is a naturally occurring organic acid related to aspirin. It is found in some plants, particularly plants such as wintergreen, willow bark leaves, and sweet birch bark. Salicylic acid is also produced synthetically.
SALICYLIC ACID (69-72-7) is a carboxylic acid. Carboxylic acids do not freeze
It ate the hydrogen ions if there was a base to accept them. In this way both organic (e.g. amines) as well as react with all inorganic bases. Its reactions with bases called "neutralization" are accompanied by the evolution of a significant amount of heat. Neutralization between an acid and a base produces water plus a salt. Carboxylic acids with six or fewer carbon atoms are freely or moderately soluble in water; Those with more than six carbons are poorly soluble in water. Soluble carboxylic acid dissociates to some extent in water to give hydrogen ions. The pH of carboxylic acid solutions is therefore less than 7.0. Many insoluble carboxylic acids react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve while neutralization forms a soluble salt. Carboxylic acids and liquid or molten carboxylic acids in aqueous solution can react with gaseous hydrogen and active metals to form a metal salt. Such reactions in principle also occur for solid carboxylic acids, but are slow if the solid acid remains dry.
