SALICYLIC ACID

CAS Number: 69-72-7
EC Number: 200-712-3
IUPAC name: 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid

Salicylic acid is an organic compound with the formula HOC6H4CO2H. A colorless, bitter-tasting solid, it is a precursor to and a metabolite of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid).
Salicylic acid is a plant hormone, and has been listed by the EPA Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Chemical Substance Inventory as an experimental teratogen.
The name is from Latin salix for willow tree.
Salicylic acid is an ingredient in some anti-acne products.
Salts and esters of salicylic acid are known as salicylates.

Uses

Medicine
Main article: Medical uses of salicylic acid

Cotton pads soaked in salicylic acid can be used to chemically exfoliate skin.
Salicylic acid as a medication is commonly used to remove the outer layer of the skin. As such, it is used to treat warts, psoriasis, acne vulgaris, ringworm, dandruff, and ichthyosis.

Similar to other hydroxy acids, salicylic acid is an ingredient in many skincare products for the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, calluses, corns, keratosis pilaris, acanthosis nigricans, ichthyosis, and warts.

Uses in manufacturing
Salicylic acid is used as a food preservative, a bactericide, and an antiseptic.

Salicylic acid is used in the production of other pharmaceuticals, including 4-aminosalicylic acid, sandulpiride, and landetimide (via salethamide).

Salicylic acid has long been a key starting material for making acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid or ASA) is prepared by the esterification of the phenolic hydroxyl group of salicylic acid with the acetyl group from acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride.
ASA is the standard to which all the other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are compared.
In veterinary medicine, this group of drugs is mainly used for treatment of inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders.

Bismuth subsalicylate, a salt of bismuth and salicylic acid, is the active ingredient in stomach-relief aids such as Pepto-Bismol, is the main ingredient of Kaopectate, and "displays anti-inflammatory action (due to salicylic acid) and also acts as an antacid and mild antibiotic".

Other derivatives include methyl salicylate used as a liniment to soothe joint and muscle pain and choline salicylate used topically to relieve the pain of mouth ulcers.
Aminosalicylic acid is used to induce remission in ulcerative colitis, and has been used as an antitubercular agent often administered in association with isoniazid.

Sodium salicylate is a useful phosphor in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral range, with nearly flat quantum efficiency for wavelengths between 10 and 100 nm.
Salicylic acid fluoresces in the blue at 420 nm.
Salicylic acid is easily prepared on a clean surface by spraying a saturated solution of the salt in methanol followed by evaporation.

Mechanism of action
Salicylic acid modulates COX-1 enzymatic activity to decrease the formation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins.
Salicylate may competitively inhibit prostaglandin formation.
Salicylate's antirheumatic (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory) actions are a result of its analgesic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Salicylic acid works by causing the cells of the epidermis to slough off more readily, preventing pores from clogging up, and allowing room for new cell growth.
Salicylic acid inhibits the oxidation of uridine-5-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) competitively with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and noncompetitively with UDPG.
It also competitively inhibits the transferring of glucuronyl group of uridine-5-phosphoglucuronic acid to the phenolic acceptor.

The wound-healing retardation action of salicylates is probably due mainly to its inhibitory action on mucopolysaccharide synthesis.

Safety
If high concentrations of salicylic ointment are applied to a large percentage of body surface, high levels of salicylic acid can enter the blood, requiring hemodialysis to avoid further complications.

Mechanism of action
Salicylic acid modulates COX-1 enzymatic activity to decrease the formation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. Salicylate may competitively inhibit prostaglandin formation.
Salicylate's antirheumatic (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory) actions are a result of its analgesic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Salicylic acid works by causing the cells of the epidermis to slough off more readily, preventing pores from clogging up, and allowing room for new cell growth. Salicylic acid inhibits the oxidation of uridine-5-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) competitively with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and noncompetitively with UDPG. It also competitively inhibits the transferring of glucuronyl group of uridine-5-phosphoglucuronic acid to the phenolic acceptor.

The wound-healing retardation action of salicylates is probably due mainly to its inhibitory action on mucopolysaccharide synthesis.

Safety
If high concentrations of salicylic ointment are applied to a large percentage of body surface, high levels of salicylic acid can enter the blood, requiring hemodialysis to avoid further complications.

Production and chemical reactions
Biosynthesis
Salicylic acid is biosynthesized from the amino acid phenylalanine.
In Arabidopsis thaliana, it can be synthesized via a phenylalanine-independent pathway.

Industrial synthesis
Sodium salicylate is commercially prepared by treating sodium phenolate (the sodium salt of phenol) with carbon dioxide at high pressure (100 atm) and high temperature (115 °C) – a method known as the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction. Acidification of the product with sulfuric acid gives salicylic acid:

Salicylic-Acid General Synthesis V.2.svg
It can also be prepared by the hydrolysis of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) or methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) with a strong acid or base.

Reactions
Upon heating, salicylic acid converts to phenyl salicylate: 2 HOC6H4CO2H → C6H5O2C6H4OH + CO2 + H2O
Further heating gives xanthone.

Salicylic acid as its conjugate base is a chelating agent, with an affinity for iron(III).

Salicylic acid slowly degrades to phenol and carbon dioxide at 200–230 °C: C6H4OH(CO2H) → C6H5OH + CO2

History
Willow has long been used for medicinal purposes. Dioscorides, whose writings were highly influential for more than 1,500 years, used 'Itea' (which was possibly a species of willow) as a treatment for 'painful intestinal obstructions,' birth control, for 'those who spit blood,' to remove calluses and corns and, externally, as a 'warm pack for gout.

William Turner, in 1597, repeated this, saying that willow bark, 'being burnt to ashes, and steeped in vinegar, takes away corns and other like risings in the feet and toes.
Some of these cures may describe the action of salicylic acid, which can be derived from the salicin present in willow.
It is, however, a modern myth that Hippocrates used willow as a painkiller.

Hippocrates, Galen, Pliny the Elder, and others knew that decoctions containing salicylate could ease pain and reduce fevers.

It was used in Europe and China to treat these conditions.
This remedy is mentioned in texts from Ancient Egypt, Sumer, and Assyria.

The Cherokee and other Native Americans use an infusion of the bark for fever and other medicinal purposes.
In 2014, archaeologists identified traces of salicylic acid on seventh-century pottery fragments found in east-central Colorado.

The Reverend Edward Stone, a vicar from Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, England, reported in 1763 that the bark of the willow was effective in reducing a fever.

An extract of willow bark, called salicin, after the Latin name for the white willow (Salix alba), was isolated and named by German chemist Johann Andreas Buchner in 1828.
A larger amount of the substance was isolated in 1829 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist.
Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, was able to convert the substance into a sugar and a second component, which on oxidation becomes salicylic acid.

Salicylic acid was also isolated from the herb meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria, formerly classified as Spiraea ulmaria) by German researchers in 1839.
Their extract caused digestive problems such as gastric irritation, bleeding, diarrhea, and even death when consumed in high doses.

In 1874 the Scottish physician Thomas MacLagan experimented with salicin as a treatment for acute rheumatism, with considerable success, as he reported in The Lancet in 1876.
Meanwhile, German scientists tried sodium salicylate with less success and more severe side effects.

In 1979, salicylates were found to be involved in induced defenses of tobacco against tobacco mosaic virus.
In 1987, salicylic acid was identified as the long-sought signal that causes thermogenic plants, such as the voodoo lily, Sauromatum guttatum, to produce heat.

Dietary sources
Salicylic acid occurs in plants as free salicylic acid and its carboxylated esters and phenolic glycosides. Several studies suggest that humans metabolize salicylic acid in measurable quantities from these plants.
High-salicylate beverages and foods include beer, coffee, tea, numerous fruits and vegetables, sweet potato, nuts, and olive oil.
Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, sugar, breads and cereals have low salicylate content.

Some people with sensitivity to dietary salicylates may have symptoms of allergic reaction, such as bronchial asthma, rhinitis, gastrointestinal disorders, or diarrhea, so may need to adopt a low-salicylate diet.

Plant hormone
Salicylic acid is a phenolic phytohormone, and is found in plants with roles in plant growth and development, photosynthesis, transpiration, and ion uptake and transport.
Salicylic acid is involved in endogenous signaling, mediating plant defense against pathogens.
It plays a role in the resistance to pathogens (i.e. systemic acquired resistance) by inducing the production of pathogenesis-related proteins and other defensive metabolites.

SA's defense signaling role is most clearly demonstrated by experiments which do away with it: Delaney et al. 1994, Gaffney et al. 1993, Lawton et al.
1995, and Vernooij et al. 1994 each use Nicotiana tabacum or Arabidopsis expressing nahG, for salicylate hydroxylase.

Pathogen inoculation did not produce the customarily high SA levels, SAR was not produced, and no PR genes were expressed in systemic leaves.
Indeed, the subjects were more susceptible to virulent – and even normally avirulent – pathogens.

Exogenously, salicylic acid can aid plant development via enhanced seed germination, bud flowering, and fruit ripening, though too high of a concentration of salicylic acid can negatively regulate these developmental processes.

The volatile methyl ester of salicylic acid, methyl salicylate, can also diffuse through the air, facilitating plant-plant communication.
Methyl salicylate is taken up by the stomata of the nearby plant, where it can induce an immune response after being converted back to salicylic acid.

Signal transduction
A number of proteins have been identified that interact with SA in plants, especially salicylic acid binding proteins (SABPs) and the NPR genes (Nonexpressor of pathogenesis related genes), which are putative receptors.

Biocidal Uses of Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid is being reviewed for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for: disinfection, veterinary hygiene, food and animals feeds.

Consumer Uses of Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, washing & cleaning products, air care products, polishes and waxes and perfumes and fragrances.
Other release to the environment of Salicylic acid is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and outdoor use as processing aid.
Article service life
Other release to the environment of Salicylic acid is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)).
Salicylic acid can be found in products with material based on: rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys).

Widespread uses by professional workers 
Salicylic acid is used in the following products: fertilisers, laboratory chemicals, cosmetics and personal care products, pH regulators and water treatment products and pharmaceuticals. Salicylic acid is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing, health services and scientific research and development. Salicylic acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Other release to the environment of Salicylic acid is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Formulation or re-packing of Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, laboratory chemicals, perfumes and fragrances and fertilisers.
Release to the environment of Salicylic acid can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.

Uses at industrial sites of Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, polymers, metal surface treatment products, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics and personal care products.
Salicylic acid has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Salicylic acid is used in the following areas: health services, scientific research and development and mining.
Salicylic acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and .
Release to the environment of Salicylic acid can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.
Other release to the environment of Salicylic acid is likely to occur from: outdoor use as processing aid.
Manufacture
Release to the environment of Salicylic acid can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.

Salicylic Acid is a beta hydroxy acid that occurs as a natural compound in plants.
Salicylic acid has direct activity as an anti-inflammatory agent and acts as a topical antibacterial agent due to its ability to promote exfoliation.
Salicylic acid is an odorless white to light tan solid. Sinks and mixes slowly with water. (USCG, 1999)

Salicylic acid is a monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid with a hydroxy group at the ortho position. It is obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves.
It has a role as an antiinfective agent, an antifungal agent, a keratolytic drug, an EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, an algal metabolite and a plant hormone.
Salicylic acid is a conjugate acid of a salicylate.

Molecular Weight: 138.12
XLogP3: 2.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3

Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 138.031694049
Monoisotopic Mass: 138.031694049
Topological Polar Surface Area: 57.5 Ų

Heavy Atom Count: 10
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 133
Isotope Atom Count: 0

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: Colorless to white crystals
Odor: Odorless

Density    : 1.443 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point: 158.6 °C
Boiling point: 200 °C

Solubility in water    
1.24 g/L (0 °C)
2.48 g/L (25 °C)
4.14 g/L (40 °C)
17.41 g/L (75 °C)
77.79 g/L (100 °C)

Solubility in benzene    
0.46 g/100 g (11.7 °C)
0.775 g/100 g (25 °C)
0.991 g/100 g (30.5 °C)
2.38 g/100 g (49.4 °C)
4.4 g/100 g (64.2 °C)

Solubility in chloroform    
2.22 g/100 mL (25 °C)
2.31 g/100 mL (30.5 °C)

Solubility in methanol    
40.67 g/100 g (−3 °C)
62.48 g/100 g (21 °C)

Solubility in acetone    39.6 g/100 g (23 °C)
Vapor pressure: 10.93 mPa
Acidity (pKa):  2.97 (25 °C) 13.82 (20 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −72.23·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.565 (20 °C)
Dipole moment: 2.65 D

Salicylic acid (from Latin salix, willow tree) is a lipophilic monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, and a beta hydroxy acid (BHA). 
This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone. 
Salicylic acid is derived from the metabolism of salicin.

In addition to serving as an important active metabolite of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), which acts in part as a prodrug to salicylic acid, it is probably best known for its use as a key ingredient in topical anti-acne products. The salts and esters of salicylic acid are known as salicylates.

Salicylic acid is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system

Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid. It’s well-known for reducing acne by exfoliating the skin and keeping pores clear.

Salicylic acid is found in a variety of over-the-counter (OTC) products. 
Salicylic acid is also available in prescription-strength formulas.

Salicylic acid works best for mild acne (blackheads and whiteheads) and it can also help prevent future breakouts.

Salicylic acid has sterilization ability, 2.5% alcohol solution (called spiritus) is used as a topical medicine in the treatment of tinea manus and tinea pedis, also can be made into ointment.
Sodium salicylate can be used for food preservative or preservatives, also can be used for the preparation of toothpaste, mouthwash. 
Salicylic acid has antipyretic and analgesic effects, can cure rheumatism and so on.
It's all esters can be used as drug and spices.

Methyl salicylate has pleasant aromas of holly, is used for the preparation of perfume and soap flavor.
The methyl salicylate is coated on the skin, can penetrate into the muscle and let out of salicylic acid to release local pain, so it also can be used for the treatment of pain, contusion, sprain and other medication.
Isoamyl salicylate has orchid aroma, benzyl salicylate has weak ester aroma, both can prepare perfume or soap flavor.

The common name of phenyl salicylate is Salo, was hydrolyzed into phenol and salicylic acid in the intestine , is a kind of effective enteral preservatives. 
Another Kind drug related to salicylic acid is para aminosalicylic acid (PAS, see "Para amino salicylic acid) 
Its sodium and calcium salts are used as anti TB drugs for acute exudative pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and mucosal tuberculosis, is a weak antimicrobial drug, the effect is only 2% of streptomycin, often combined with streptomycin and isoniazid , in order to enhance the curative effect.
Salicylic acid can be acetylated to the aspirin.

Chemical property
White needle crystal or crystalline monoclinic edge, spicy. 
Salicylic acid is slightly soluble in water, soluble in acetone, turpentine oil, ethanol, ethyl ether, benzene and chloroform.
The acidity of salicylic acid is stronger than benzoic acid, it becomes darker in color in the sun.
In the case of iron ion, salicylic acid becomes into purple chelate.
Salicylic acid reacts with ferric chloride to show purple, is unstable to heat, easy to decarboxylation to produce phenol heating to 200 °C.

In Nature salicylic acid mostly is in the form of methyl existing in birch bark oil, content is up to 96%.
There are existing in cinnamon oil, violet oil, wintergreen oil.
Free salicylic acid only a few exist in plants.
Salicylic acid has double property of phenol and carboxylic acid.

When heated, it is sublimation, and rapid heated, it decomposites to phenol and carbon dioxide.
When react with sodium hydroxide , hydroxyl and carboxyl groups were neutralized to produce the double salt; but with sodium carbonate, only the carboxyl groups are neutralized and build a single salt.
When reacts with alcohol or phenol, it can generate the corresponding carboxylic acid ester.
This product is toxic and irritating to the skin, mucous membrane, and reaction with the body tissue protein, so it is corrosive, from another aspect, it can be sterilized.

Salicylic acid belongs to a group of medicines known as keratolytics. 
It is used in the treatment of scaly skin diseases where the skin has become thickened, scaly and flaky. 
Topical preparations of salicylic acid, either alone or in combination with other medicines, can be used to treat the following common scaly skin conditions:

Viral warts
Psoriasis
Seborrhoeic dermatitis
Chronic atopic dermatitis
Lichen simplex
Ichthyosis
Acne

What is Salicylic acid?
Let's start with science.
Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid.

This is where the gold comes from). It is a derivative of aspirin and differs from alpha hydroxy acids (such as glycolic acid) in that it exfoliates, opens pores, and has antibacterial properties.

The structure of this compound is what makes it very hardworking, as it can penetrate deep into the pores and dissolve the "glue" in the skin.
This deep cleansing exfoliation is the reason why this ingredient is featured in some of our favorite skin care products.

How does it work?
When salicylic acid begins to act on the skin, it penetrates the pores and dissolves the bonds between the skin cells on the surface. It is this process that opens up the pores and makes it a great fighter against blemishes. Deep cleansing and exfoliating properties that make it stand out in the skincare range.

It can also reduce sebum secretion (which is what makes skin oily, shiny, and can cause blemishes) and reduce inflammation.

Why is salicylic acid used?
This is an expert exfoliator essential to opening pores and improving the radiance of your skin.
It works best on blackheads and whiteheads and is best if used in a targeted manner to reduce inflammation and redness and clear pores.

And as always, great power comes with great responsibility. Salicylic acid can potentially dry out the skin when overused, so always watch how your skin reacts to the skin to avoid flaky patches or further irritation.

Where can I find salicylic acid products?

You can find this hard-working ingredient in skin care products (especially acne treatments) and is also used in some anti-dandruff treatments. When used in its purest form, it can generally be found in concentrations ranging from 0.5-2%.

Whether you're battling stubborn blackheads or looking to rejuvenate your dull complexion, you may have seen this single ingredient in many skincare products: salicylic acid. This ingredient is best known for its exfoliation and bacteria-fighting powers.

According to Caren Campbell, MD, a San Francisco-based dermatologist, salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid (BHA), a type of carbon-based organic compound that occurs naturally in willow bark, fruits and vegetables. "BHAs are lipid / fat soluble and can enter the pores to clog blackheads," says Danusia Wnek, chemist at the Good Housekeeping Institute Beauty Lab.

In addition to fighting bacteria, salicylic acid also reduces inflammation and exfoliates the skin, Campbell says.
What does salicylic acid do for your skin?
"Salicylic acid is an excellent pore cleansing ingredient because it exfoliates the surface of the skin and penetrates the pores to remove oil," says MD Hadley King, a board-certified dermatologist in NYC.

"This helps prevent clogging of pores and can help clear clogs that have already formed."
As an oil-soluble BHA, salicylic acid has the ability to travel deep into your skin, breaking down excess oil and dead skin cells.
Dr. Campbell says it works by breaking down the "glue" between cells to exfoliate and reduce oil secretion.
The main benefits are:

Fights acne
Removes dead skin cells
Decreases oil secretion
Reduces inflammation and redness
Besides acne treatments, you may have seen salicylic acid in products that "revitalize" or "brighten" your skin.
This is because "it is used as a milder chemical peel for acne-prone patients or patients who want a less intense peel," explains Dr. Campbell. "In higher concentrations, it is used to treat warts and other skin growths by breaking down skin cells."

Who is salicylic acid best for?
Dr. "Salicylic acid is a great ingredient for people with oily and acne-prone skin, and especially for treating and preventing comedonal acne (blackheads and whiteheads)," says King.

Higher concentrations can be used to treat cystic acne, but you should always consult your dermatologist first. People with dry or sensitive skin should be extra careful as this ingredient can dry and irritate the skin further.

Which products contain salicylic acid?
In light of its many skincare benefits, it's no wonder why salicylic acid is included in so many skincare products. You can find it in cleansers, toners, spot treatments, masks, and makeup. This ingredient can even be found in shampoos to treat dandruff.

"For patients with folliculitis or bacteria in their hair follicles, salicylic acid shampoos can help kill bacteria," says Campbell.
"Additionally, patients with psoriasis or other skin conditions can use salicylic acid shampoo to help remove arthritis."

Dr. "I suggest starting once or twice a week, increasing the frequency tolerated," says King.

It will depend on how sensitive you are and the other products you use.
If your skin is excessively peeling, reduce the frequency of salicylic acid or stop using it after it becomes irritated or too dry. "

Where can you find the best salicylic acid products?
You can get salicylic acid over-the-counter, but not as a prescription. "Salicylic acid is in lower concentrations, usually 1-5% OTC," says Campbell.
These OTC salicylic acid products are used to gently exfoliate the skin and treat breakouts.

"Salicylic acid peels are close to 10-30% and should be applied by a board-certified dermatologist or plastic surgeon, or by a certified esthetician under their supervision".
These high strength prescriptions offer the same benefits as lower strength products, but they are stronger and produce better results. Meanwhile, "salicylic acid for warts can go up to 40%."

How to find the best salicylic acid products for you?
Since salicylic acid has many uses, the best products for you will depend on your skin type and what benefits you can expect from it.
Because salicylic dries, it is important to pay extra attention to moisturizing your skin.
You should look for products with moisturizing ingredients such as soothing oils, hyaluronic acid, and ceramides.
If you have dry or sensitive skin, look for products that have a lower salicylic acid concentration (close to 1%).

Salicylic acid helps exfoliate the skin by loosening the "glue" that holds skin cells together.
Salicylic acid helps loosen dead skin cells by promoting their natural exfoliation, revealing fresh, healthy looking skin.
This mild exfoliation can also help prevent pores from clogging up with dead skin cells, which can help minimize acne.

Salicylic acid also helps improve symptoms of psoriasis, with certain levels, reducing scaling and helping prevent recurrence.
The gentle exfoliating benefits of salicylic acid can be found in cleansers, lotions, creams, and other skincare formulations specifically designed for rough and bumpy skin and psoriasis. Used as directed, these products can help you achieve smoother, healthier looking skin.

Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxy acid or BHA, a desmolytic component. This means it targets certain protein bonds known as desmosomes in the skin that allow dead cells to stick to the skin instead of shedding. The natural shedding process of the skin can be faulty due to age, sun damage and problems such as acne and excess oil. Peeling helps to restore this natural ability.

Salicylic acid is unique because it not only loosens the bonds between dead skin on the surface, but also loosens deep within the pore lining where the spent cells are trapped below the surface by mixing with oil and debris. Left unchecked, all this build-up leads to dull, rough skin and clogged pores, setting the stage for blackheads and bumps.

Compared to water-soluble alpha hydroxy acids, this type of acid is oil-soluble, so it can pass through the oil and flow freely to the thinned skin surface that your cleanser washes off. Its oil-soluble nature makes it preferable for oily, break-prone skin, and medicated salicylic acid products for acne work so well; however, all skin types can benefit from this ingredient.

Before you list the benefits of using this ingredient, there is a formula requirement that you should know: To exfoliate, it must be within the pH range that research has shown to be most effective. The best release products have a pH between 3 and 4, ideal for efficacy but are also sensitive to skin whose pH is naturally acidic. Products with rinses tend to have a higher pH, so you won't get the exfoliation benefit, but your skin will get soothing and calming benefits.

Concentration is important as well as pH! Use a permanent peeling with a concentration of 1-2% to exfoliate and to deal with clogged pores and rough tissue. If you are more stubborn or more concerned about pores and signs of aging, concentrations of 4-9% can make a nice difference.

What about products containing 0.5% salicylic acid? This amount can provide a slight exfoliation if the pH range is right and left on the skin for a while, but whether you rinse or rinse, you can rely on this amount to soothe the skin first.

In addition to being an effective exfoliant, salicylic acid has been proven to have:

Minimize enlarged pores
Reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles
Noticeably rash and c alm stressed skin
Reduce excess oil in pores
Factors that trigger acne on the skin

Using Salicylic Acid for Blackheads
If you have blackheads, using a well-formulated, leave-on salicylic acid exfoliant will not only help dissolve existing blackheads, but continuous use will also help prevent new ones from forming in the pores. For best results, apply the exfoliant to cleansed skin once or twice a day.

Another measure that applies to all exfoliants on it is to protect your fresh and puffy skin with a broad spectrum sunscreen every day.

Salicylic Acid is a white crystalline powder or needle-shaped crystals with a sweetish flavor; Soluble in acetone, ether, alcohol, boiling water, benzene and turpentine, slightly soluble in chloroformbenzene, slightly soluble in water; Melts at 158 ​​° C.
The sodium salt form (sodium salicylate) is commercially common, mainly prepared from sodium phenolate under heating and pressure with carbon dioxide.

Salicylic acid contains both a hydroxyl and a carboxyl group that reacts with an acid or an alcohol. The carboxyl group forms esters with alcohols; For example: methyl salicylate is formed with methanol used in food flavorings and preservatives; Methyl salicylate is created with methanol used in sunscreen lotions.
The hydroxyl group reacts with acetic acid to form acetylsalicylic acid (called aspirin), which is the most common antiseptic and antipyretic agent.

Phenyl salicylate (called salol) is created with phenol, which is also used as an antiseptic and antipyretic agent. Sodium salt (Sodium salicylate), a bright white powder, is used as antiseptic preparations and preservatives. In addition to salicylic acid, analgesic and antipyretic properties, it has keratinolytic properties and fungicidal properties.

Its derivatives are used in the treatment of hyperkeratotic, dandruff, ichthyosis and psoriasis as well as in the treatment of fungal skin infections such as tinea.
Para-Aminosalicylic acid (abbreviated as PAS and PASA) is a para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) analog that inhibits folic acid synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is bacteriostatic, inhibiting tubercle bacillus growth and reproduction.

Para-Aminosalicylic acid and sodium salt (sodium p-Aminosalicylate) are bacteriostatic against mycobacteria and used in the treatment of tuberculosis; It is administered orally. Brand names are Tubasal, Nemasol Sodium and etc. Aminosalicylic acids are pharmaceutically active ingredients, including anti-infectives against common cold, flu or other viral infections.

Mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid, abbreviated as 5-ASA), an active sulfasalazine metabolite used in the treatment of rectum and lower colon inflammation, mild to moderate ulcerative colitis, proctosigmoiditis, and proctitis.
Para-Aminosalicylic acid (4-hydroxybenzoic acid) is used as a bacteriostatic agent intermediate, especially for parabens (alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid) used as a preservative in food and personal care products.

Salicylic acid is applied in the production of liquid crystal polymers.
Salicylic acid is also used as an intermediate to dyes, pesticides, drugs, pesticides and other chemical compounds. Salicylic Acid and its derivatives are important in the preparation of other pharmaceutical products, dyes, flavors and preservatives. Topical keratolytic agents are beta hydroxy acids such as salicylic acid.

Salicylic acid is a beta-hydroxy acid with keratolytic and anti-inflammatory activity.
Salicylic acid helps to dissolve the upper layer of stratum corneum cells, improving the look and feel of the skin.
Salicylic acid is an effective ingredient in acne products and is therefore widely used in acne soaps and lotions.
Because it is oil soluble, it can more easily reduce sebaceous follicle blockage by penetrating the pores and exfoliating cell accumulation.

Salicylic acid is antimicrobial, anti-septic, enhances the activity of preservatives, and can be used to adjust the pH of products.
Salicylic acid appears to help improve skin wrinkles, roughness and tone for the treatment of aging skin.
In addition, it is a useful ingredient for products formulated to treat cases of psoriasis, calluses, corns, and warts where dead skin cells accumulate. When applied topically, it is reported to penetrate 3 to 4 mm into the epidermis.

A small amount of salicylic acid can turn into copper salicylate, a powerful anti-inflammatory.
When used in high concentrations, salicylic acid can cause skin rashes and rashes.
This is a naturally occurring organic acid related to aspirin.
Salicylic acid is found in some plants, particularly plants such as wintergreen, willow bark leaves, and sweet birch bark.

Salicylic acid is also produced synthetically.
Salicylic acid ate the hydrogen ions if there was a base to accept them. In this way both organic (e.g. amines) as well as react with all inorganic bases.
Salicylic acid's reactions with bases called "neutralization" are accompanied by the evolution of a significant amount of heat.

Neutralization between an acid and a base produces water plus a salt. Carboxylic acids with six or fewer carbon atoms are freely or moderately soluble in water; Those with more than six carbons are poorly soluble in water.
Soluble carboxylic acid dissociates to some extent in water to give hydrogen ions. The pH of carboxylic acid solutions is therefore less than 7.0.

Many insoluble carboxylic acids react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve while neutralization forms a soluble salt.
Carboxylic acids and liquid or molten carboxylic acids in aqueous solution can react with gaseous hydrogen and active metals to form a metal salt.
Such reactions in principle also occur for solid carboxylic acids, but are slow if the solid acid remains dry.

Health Hazard
Inhalation of dust irritates nose and throat. Vomiting may occur spontaneously if large amounts are swallowed. 
Contact with eyes causes irritation, marked pain, and corneal injury which should heal. 
Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause marked irritation or even a mild burn.

Mechanism of action
Salicylic acid has been shown to work through several different pathways. 
It produces its anti - inflammatory effects via suppressing the activity of cyclo oxygenase (COX), an enzyme which is responsible for the production of pro - inflammatory mediators such as the prostaglandins.
Notably, it does this not by direct inhibition of COX, unlike most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but instead by suppression of the expression of the enzyme (via a yet-un elucidated mechanism).

Salicylic acid has also been shown to activate adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and it is thought that this action may play a role in the anticancer effects of the compound and its prod rugs aspirin and salsalate.
In addition, the anti diabetic effects of salicylic acid are likely mediated by AMPK activation primarily through allosteric conformational change that increases levels of phosphorylation.

Salicylic acid also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation which leads to increased ADP:ATP and AMP:ATP ratios in the cell.
Consequently, salicylic acid may alter AMPK activity and subsequently exert its anti-diabetic properties through altered energy status of the cell. 
Even in AMPK knock - out mice, however, there is an anti-diabetic effect demonstrating that there is at least one additional, yet - unidentified action of the compound.

Side effects
Salicylic acid's side effects include erythema and scaling.

Safety Profile
Poison by ingestion, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous route. 
An experimental teratogen.
Human systemic effects by skin contact: ear tinnitus.
A skin and severe eye irritant. 
Experimental reproductive effects.
Incompatible with iron salts, spirit nitrous ether, lead acetate, iodine. Used in the manufacture of aspirin. 
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Potential Exposure
Used as a topical keratolytic agent; in manufacture of aspirin, salicylates, resins, as a dyestuff intermediate; prevulcanization inhibitor; analytical reagent; fungicide, antiseptic, and food preservative.

Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
Often combined with sulfur, salicylic acid shampoos are often employed to treat patients with seborrheic disorders (seborrhea sicca and oleosa) exhibiting mild to moderate scaling, with mild waxy and keratinous debris. 
In higher concentrations, topicals such as Kerasolv? Gel (6.6% salicylic acid) can be used to remove localized excessive tissues associated with hyperkeratotic disorders, such as calluses and idiopathic thickening of the planum nasale and footpads.

Salicylic acid has mildly antipruritic, antibacterial (bacteriostatic), keratoplastic and keratolytic actions.
Lower concentrations are primarily keratoplastic and higher concentrations, keratolytic.
Salicylic acid lowers skin pH, increases corneocyte hydration and dissolves the intercellular binder between corneocytes.
Salicylic acid and sulfur are thought to be synergistic in their keratolytic actions.

Purification Methods
Salicylic acid has been purified by steam distillation, by recrystallisation from H2O (solubility is 0.22% at room temperature and 6.7% at 100o), absolute MeOH, or cyclohexane and by sublimation in a vacuum at 76o. The acid chloride (needles) has m 19-19.5o, b 92o/15mm, the amide has m 133o (yellow needles from H2O), the O-acetyl derivative has m 135o (rapid heating and the liquid resolidifies at 118o), and the O-benzoyl derivative has m 132o (aqueous EtOH).

Plant hormone
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic phytohormone and is found in plants with roles in plant growth and development, photosynthesis, transpiration, ion uptake and transport.
SA also induces specific changes in leaf anatomy and chloroplast structure. SA is involved in endogenous signaling, mediating in plant defense against pathogens.
It plays a role in the resistance to pathogens by inducing the production of pathogenesis-related proteins .
It is involved in the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in which a pathogenic attack on one part of the plant induces resistance in other parts.
The signal can also move to nearby plants by salicylic acid being converted to the volatile ester, methyl salicylate.

In dye industry, salicylic acid is used for production mordant pure yellow , direct yellow 3GN, direct yellow GR, direct brown 3GN, acid mordant brown G, acid mordant yellow GG, acid yellow dye complex.

In pesticide production, salicylic acid is used for the synthesis of organic phosphorus pesticide Isocarbophos, intermediate isopropyl salicylate isofenphos methyl and Rodenticide warfarin, coumatetralyl intermediate 4-hydroxycoumarin.

In rubber industry, salicylic acid is used as anti scorching agent and production of ultraviolet absorbent and foaming agent.

Salicylic acid is perfume material, used for the preparation of methyl salicylate, salicylic acid ethyl ester; food preservatives, its sodium salt is mostly used, now a number of countries have been banned; methyl salicylate can be used as oral cleaning agents, such as toothpaste flavor.
Salicylic acid works by softening keratin, a protein that forms part of the skin structure.
This helps to loosen dry scaly skin making it easier to remove.

When salicylic acid is used in combination with other medicines it takes off the upper layer of skin allowing the additional medicines to penetrate more effectively.
In acne, topical salicylic acid helps slow down shedding of the cells inside the follicles, preventing clogging.
Salicylic acid also helps break down blackheads and whiteheads.
Salicylic Acid is an odourless slightly off-white powder or needle-shape crystal compound with the formula C7H6O3.

Salicylic Acid is an organic acid often used as the active ingredients in Anti-Acne skin care preparations.
The active of choice when you're looking to clear the skin of almost any build up, whether in the pores, or in the tissues.
Salicylic Acid is a Beta Hydroxy Acid (BHA) and it's activity is completely different from the Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHA) used in Anti-Aging Skin Care lines.

While the AHA's are small molecules that can get down into the pores quickly, and efficiently, offering enhanced and rapid cellular turn over, BHA's are a larger molecule which doesn't get through the pores as quickly.
The result is that they stay in the pore and continue to work, functioning to break down the build up that is responsible for enlarged pores, acne and inflammatory conditions.
Significantly improve the appearance of acne, Rosacea, & crow's feet as well as being an excellent agent for pore refinement and any condition that is the result of oil build up in the pores and tissues.

Salicylic acid helps cause the wart to gradually peel off.
This medication is also used to help remove corns and calluses.
This product should not be used on the face or on moles, birthmarks, warts with hair growing from them, or genital/anal warts.
Salicylic acid is a keratolytic. Salicylic acid belongs to the same class of drugs as aspirin (salicylates).

Salicylic acid works by increasing the amount of moisture in the skin and dissolving the substance that causes the skin cells to stick together. This makes it easier to shed the skin cells.
Warts are caused by a virus.
Salicylic acid does not affect the virus.
How to use salicylic acid topical

Salicylic acid preparations
Salicylic acid preparations come in many forms and strengths.
Available dosage forms include cream, gel, lotion, ointment, pads, plaster, shampoo, cleanser and topical solution.
Strengths of salicylic acid preparations range from 0.5% up to 30%.

The form and strength chosen depends on the condition that is being treated.
Salicylic acid topical is used to treat many skin disorders, such as acne, dandruff, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis of the skin and scalp, calluses, corns, common warts, and plantar warts, depending on the dosage form and strength of the preparation.
This medicine is available without a prescription. Some of these preparations are available only with your doctor's prescription.
This product is available in the following dosage forms:

Gel/Jelly
Solution
Soap
Pad
Liquid
Cream
Ointment
Foam
Lotion
Patch, Extended Release
Bandage
Shampoo

Uses
Salicylic acid namely ortho hydroxy benzoic acid (o-hydroxybenzoic acid) is a kind of important organic synthetic raw material.
In pesticide production, it is used for synthetic organic phosphorus pesticide Isocarbophos, isofenphos methyl intermediates isopropyl salicylate and Rodenticide warfarin, kill rats ether intermediate 4-hydroxy coumarin; in the pharmaceutical industry, salicylic acid was used as antiseptics, also as intermediates of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and other drugs; it is also an important raw material of dye, spices, such as rubber industry.

Salicylic acid is mainly used as raw materials of aspirin feedstock and pesticide aqueous amine and phosphorus products, can also be used in dye industry, refining and chemical reagent, etc.
Used in the pharmaceutical industry for the antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic drugs, industrial dye used for direct of azo dyes and acid mordant dyes, but also for spices, etc.

Used as complexing indicator and preservative.
Verification for aluminum, boron, cerium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, sulfite, nitrate and nitrite.
Determination of aluminum, copper, iron, thorium, titanium and uranium.

Alkali method and iodometry titration standard.
The fluorescent indicator.
Complexometric indicator.
Salicylic acid is an important raw material of medicine, spices, dyes, rubber auxiliaries and other fine chemicals.
In the pharmaceutical industry, salicylic acid itself is used as antiseptics, for local cutin hyperplasia and skin fungal infection.

As for pharmaceutical intermediates, it is used for production of ethenzamide, diuretin, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), sodium salicylate and salicylamide, glibenclamide niclosamide, salicylic acid, phenyl ester, ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, bismuth subsalicylate, sulfasalazine and other drugs.
In the dye industry, it is used for the production of direct yellow GR, direct grey BL, direct light brown RT, acid mordant brown G, acid mordant yellow GG dye.

Salicylic acid esters are used as spice, for example, methyl salicylate can be used as toothpaste and other oral spices and other spices and food spices.
Used in rubber industry production antiscorching agent, ultraviolet absorbent and foaming agent and water.
Salicylic acid can also be used as a phenolic resin curing agent, textile printing and dyeing pulp preservatives, synthetic fiber dyeing of the expansion agent (agent) and so on.

Methods of production
The phenol and sodium hydroxide react to produce phenol sodium, distillation and dehydration, CO2 carboxylation reaction to obtain sodium salicylate, then using sulfuric acid and produce crude product.
The crude product through the sublimation refined to the finished product.
Raw materials consumption quota: phenol (98%) 704kg/t, alkali burn (95%) 417kg/t, sulfate (95%) 500kg/t, carbon dioxide (99%) 467kg/t.

The preparation method of the method is that the sodium salt of phenol and carbon dioxide can be obtained by acidification.
phenol and liquid caustic soda are produced into solution of the sodium salt of phenol, vacuum drying, and then to 100°C, slowly put to the dry carbon dioxide, when the pressure reaches 0.7~0.8MPa, stop passing carbon dioxide, warming up to 140 to 180°C.
After the reaction with water, sodium salicylate dissolved and decolorization, filtering, coupled with the sulfuric acid, namely precipitation salicylic acid, after filtering, washing and drying to obtain the product.

Description
Salicylic acid (from Latin salix, willow tree, from the bark of which the substance used to be obtained) is a mono hydroxy benzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid and a beta hydroxy acid.
This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone.
Salicylic acid is derived from the metabolism of salicin.
In addition to being an important active metabolite of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), which acts in part as a prod rug to salicylic acid, it is probably best known for its use in anti-acne treatments.
The salts and esters of salicylic acid are known as salicylates.

Chemical Properties
Salicylic acid has the formula C6H4(OH) COOH, where the OH group is ortho to the carboxyl group.
Salicylic acid is also known as 2- hydroxybenzoic acid.
Salicylic acid is poorly soluble in water (2 g / L at 20 °C).
Aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid or ASA) can be prepared by the esterification of the phenolic hydroxyl group of salicylic acid with the acetyl group from acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride.

Chemical Properties
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid is odorless or has a slight phenolic odor with an acrid taste.

Chemical Properties
Also known as o-hydroxybenzoic acid,C6H4(OH)(COOH) is a white powder with an acrid taste that is stable in air but gradually discolored by light.
Soluble in acetone, oil of turpentine, alcohol, ether,benzene; slightly soluble in water,and combustible.
Derived by reacting a hot solution of sodium phenolate with carbon dioxide and acidifying the sodium salt thus formed.
Used in the manufacture of aspirin and salicylates, resins, dyestuff intermediate, prevulcanization inhibitor, analytical reagent,and fungicide.

Chemical Properties
Salicylic acid is a white to tan crystalline solid; needles.

Occurrence
Unripe fruits and vegetables are natural sources of salicylic acid, particularly blackberries, blueberries, cantaloupes, dates, raisins, kiwi fruits, guavas, apricots, green pepper, olives, tomatoes, radish and chicory; also mushrooms. Some herbs and spices contain quite high amounts, although meat, poultry, fish, eggs and dairy products all have little to no salicylates. Of the legumes, seeds, nuts, and cereals, only almonds, water chestnuts and peanuts have significant amounts.

History
The Greek physician Hippocrates wrote in the 5th century BC about a bitter powder extracted from willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fevers.
This remedy was also mentioned in texts from ancient Sumer , Lebanon , and As syria.
The active extract of the bark, called salicin, after the Latin name for the white willow (Salix alba), was isolated and named by the German chemist Johann Andreas Buchner in 1826.

Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist was able to convert the substance into a sugar and a second component, which on oxidation becomes salicylic acid.
Salicylic acid was also isolated from the herb meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria, formerly classified as Spiraea ulmaria) by German researchers in 1839.
While their extract was somewhat effective, it also caused digestive problems such as gastric irritation, bleeding, diarrhea, and even death when consumed in high doses.

Uses
Salicylic acid is known for its ability to ease aches and pains and reduce fevers. These medicinal properties, particularly fever relief, have been known since ancient times, and it is used as an antiinflammatory drug.
In modern medicine, salicylic acid and its derivatives are used as constituents of some rubefacient products.
For example, methyl salicylate is used as a liniment to soothe joint and muscle pain, and choline salicylate is used topically to relieve the pain of mouth ulcers.
As with other beta hydroxy acids, salicylic acid is a key ingredient in many skin-care products for the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, calluses, corns, keratosis pilaris, and warts.

Uses
Although toxic in large quantities, salicylic acid is used as a food preservative and as bactericidal and an antiseptic.
For some people with salicylate sensitivity even these small doses can be harmful.
Sodium salicylate is a useful phosphor in the vacuum ultraviolet with nearly flat quantum efficiency for wavelengths between 10 to 100 nm.
Salicylic acid fluoresces in the blue at 420 nm.
Salicylic acid is easily prepared on a clean surface by spraying a saturated solution of the salt in methanol followed by evaporation.

200-712-3
200-835-2
2-Hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid
2-hydroxybenzoic acid
2-hydroxy-benzoic acid
Acid, 2-Hydroxybenzoic
Acid, o-Hydroxybenzoic
Acid, ortho-Hydroxybenzoic
Acid, Salicylic
Benzoic acid, o-hydroxy-
Duofilm
Duoplant
Hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid
Keralyt
o-hydroxybenzoic acid
ortho Hydroxybenzoic Acid
ORTHO-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID
Aroall
benzoic acid, hydroxy-
DB00936
Domerine
Entrosalyl
Glutosalyl
hydroxy benzoic acid
hydroxybenzoic acid
Ionil
Ionil plus
Ionil Plus shampoo
Ionil-Plus
Kerasalicyl
Kerosal
monohydroxy benzoic acid
Nadisal
Neo-salicyl
o-carboxyphenol
Occlusal
o-hydroxy-benzoic acid
Orthohydroxybenzoic acid
ortho-salicylic acid
Pernox
Phenol-2-carboxylic acid
PHENOLIC ACID
PHENOXY, 2-CARBOXY-
Retarder W
Rutranex
sal
salicylic
Salicylic acid inclusion complex
Salicylic Acid-d4
Saligel
Salisod
Salonil
SAX
Sebucare
Sebulex
Stridex
Stri-Dex
Trans-Ver-Sal
TS-03583
salicylic acid
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
69-72-7
o-hydroxybenzoic acid
2-Carboxyphenol
o-Carboxyphenol
Rutranex
Salonil
Retarder W
Keralyt
Duoplant
Freezone
Saligel
Ionil
Psoriacid-S-stift
Stri-Dex
Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-
Salicylic acid soap
Salicylic acid collodion
Verrugon
Phenol-2-carboxylic acid
2-Hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid
Acidum salicylicum
Trans-Ver-Sal
Orthohydroxybenzoic acid
Ionil-Plus
Salicylic acid, tech.
Kyselina salicylova
Clear away wart remover
Duofil wart remover
Domerine
Sebucare
Duofilm
Sebulex
Dr. Scholl's callus removers
Salicyclic acid
Ionil plus
Dr. Scholl's corn removers
Dr. Scholl's wart remover kit
Kyselina 2-hydroxybenzoova
Occlusal
Caswell No. 731
2-hydroxy-benzoic acid
NSC 180
CCRIS 6714
HSDB 672
AI3-02407
MFCD00002439
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 076602
BRN 0774890
CHEBI:16914
NSC-180
CHEMBL424
O414PZ4LPZ
MLS000069653
NSC180
FEMA NO. 3985
K 537
NCGC00159447-05
SMR000059163
Mediplast pads
Akurza Lotion
Hydrisalic Gel
Akurza Cream
Salex Lotion
Salex Cream
DSSTox_CID_6368
DuoPlant Gel
DHS Sal Shampoo
DSSTox_RID_78106
P&S Shampoo
DSSTox_GSID_26368
Salicylic acid
Acido o-idrossibenzoico
Durasal
CAS-69-72-7
NSC629474
phenol derivative, 7
Salicylic acid (TN)
Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, ion(1-)EINECS 200-712-3
UNII-O414PZ4LPZ
Salicylic acid
Azurechelin
Salicylic acid
salicylic-acid
Anti-blemish
Salicylic acid rs
hydroxy-benzoic acid
ortho-salicylic acid
CMC_13852
Fostex (Salt/Mix)
Pernox (Salt/Mix)
Duofilm Wart Remover
Phenol-2-carboxylate
Duofilm (Salt/Mix)
Salicylic Acid,(S)
Sebulex (Salt/Mix)
2-hydroxobenzoic acid
Domerine (Salt/Mix)
Sebucare (Salt/Mix)
2-Hydroxybenzoate, I
Natural Salicylic Acid
o-hydroxy benzoic acid
Salicylic Acid Reagent
2-hydroxy benzoic acid
Spectrum_000948
Opera_ID_582
Salicylic acid ACS grade
WLN: QVR BQ
Benzoic acid, o-hydroxy-
Bazuka Extra Strength Gel
2-Hydroxybenzenecarboxylate
bmse000252
C6H4(OH)COOH
Epitope ID:124929
Retarder SAX (Salt/Mix)
UPCMLD-DP126
EC 200-712-3
Salicylicacidinclusioncomplex
SCHEMBL1967
SALICYLIC ACID
Oprea1_040343
KBioSS_001428
SALICYLIC ACID
BIDD:ER0602
DivK1c_000301
2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid, Natural
FEMA3985
GTPL4306
SGCUT00012
ZINC1554
Salicylic acid inclusion complex
Salicylic acid, >=99%, FG
Salicylic acid, LR, >=99%
component of Tinver (Salt/Mix)
DTXSID7026368
UPCMLD-DP126:001
BDBM26193
component of Keralyt (Salt/Mix)
KBio1_000301
KBio2_001428
KBio2_003996
KBio2_006564
E9A559BE-383B-4F83-BC02-3031D03D558A
NINDS_000301
HMS2233A10
HMS3373M19
HMS3885B08
KUC106694N
Salicylic acid, p.a., 99.0%
Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy- (9CI)
BCP09067
HY-B0167
to_000004
Lamivudine impurity, salicylic acid-
Tox21_113453
Tox21_201471
Tox21_303109
s4539
STK258681
2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID
SALICYLIC ACID
AKOS000118979
Salicylic acid, BioXtra, >=99.0%
CCG-212792
DB00936
PB48023
IDI1_000301
SMP2_000145
NCGC00159447-01
NCGC00159447-02
NCGC00159447-04
NCGC00159447-06
NCGC00257065-01
NCGC00259022-01
BP-12826
KSC-11-207-4
Lamivudine related compound salicylic acid
Salicylic acid & Sulfur Soap (Salt/Mix)
Salicylic acid, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
Salicylic acid, plant cell culture tested
Salicylic acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
TS-03583
Salicylic Acid 1.0 mg/ml in Acetonitrile
Salicylic acid 100 microg/mL in Methanol
SBI-0051510.P003
FT-0645123
FT-0674502
FT-0674503
H0206
H1342
C00805
D00097
D70842
Q193572