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SODIUM THIOSULFATE PENTAHYDRATE

SODIUM THIOSULFATE PENTAHYDRATE


CAS Number: 10102-17-7
Molecular Formula: H10Na2O8S2
Molecular Weight: 248.19

Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is a hydrate consisting of sodium thiosulfate with 5 mol eq. of water. It has a role as an antidote to cyanide poisoning, a nephroprotective agent and an antifungal drug. It contains a sodium thiosulfate.

Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is an inorganic compound with the formula Na2S2O3.xH2O.
Typically it is available as the colorless pentahydrate, Na2S2O3·5H2O.
The solid is an efflorescent (loses water readily) crystalline substance that dissolves well in water.

Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used in gold mining, water treatment, analytical chemistry, the development of silver-based photographic film and prints, and medicine.
The medical uses of sodium thiosulfate include treatment of cyanide poisoning and pityriasis.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.

Medical uses
Main article: Sodium thiosulfate (medical use)
Sodium thiosulfate is used in the treatment of cyanide poisoning.
Other uses include topical treatment of ringworm and tinea versicolor, and treating some side effects of hemodialysis and chemotherapy.

Iodometry
In analytical chemistry, the most important use comes because the thiosulfate anion reacts stoichiometrically with iodine in aqueous solution, reducing it to iodide as the thiosulfate is oxidized to tetrathionate.

This particular use can be set up to measure the oxygen content of water through a long series of reactions in the Winkler test for dissolved oxygen.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is also used in estimating volumetrically the concentrations of certain compounds in solution (hydrogen peroxide, for instance) and in estimating the chlorine content in commercial bleaching powder and water.

Photographic processing
Silver halides, e.g., AgBr, typical components of photographic emulsions, dissolve upon treatment with aqueous thiosulfate:

This application as a photographic fixer was discovered by John Herschel.
It is used for both film and photographic paper processing; the sodium thiosulfate is known as a photographic fixer, and is often referred to as 'hypo', from the original chemical name, hyposulphite of soda.
Ammonium thiosulfate is typically preferred to sodium thiosulfate for this application.

Gold extraction
Sodium thiosulfate and ammonium thiosulfate are a component of an alternative lixiviants to cyanide for extraction of gold.
Thiosulfate forms strong soluble complexes with gold(I) ions.
The advantages of this approach are that (i) thiosulfate is essentially nontoxic and (ii) that ore types that are refractory to gold cyanidation (e.g. carbonaceous or Carlin-type ores) can be leached by thiosulfate.
Some problems with this alternative process include the high consumption of thiosulfate, and the lack of a suitable recovery technique does not adsorb to activated carbon, which is the standard technique used in gold cyanidation to separate the gold complex from the ore slurry.

Neutralizing chlorinated water
It is used to dechlorinate tap water including lowering chlorine levels for use in aquariums, swimming pools, and spas (e.g., following superchlorination) and within water treatment plants to treat settled backwash water prior to release into rivers.
The reduction reaction is analogous to the iodine reduction reaction.

In pH testing of bleach substances, sodium thiosulfate neutralizes the color-removing effects of bleach and allows one to test the pH of bleach solutions with liquid indicators.
The relevant reaction is akin to the iodine reaction: thiosulfate reduces the hypochlorite (active ingredient in bleach) and in so doing becomes oxidized to sulfate. 
Similarly, sodium thiosulfate reacts with bromine, removing the free bromine from solution.
Solutions of sodium thiosulfate are commonly used as a precaution in chemistry laboratories when working with bromine and for the safe disposal of bromine, iodine, or other strong oxidizers.

Structure
Two polymorphs are known of the pentahydrate.
The anhydrous salt exists in several polymorphs.
In the solid state, the thiosulfate anion is tetrahedral in shape and is notionally derived by replacing one of the oxygen atoms by a sulfur atom in a sulfate anion.
The S-S distance indicates a single bond, implying that the terminal sulfur holds a significant negative charge and the S-O interactions have more double-bond character.

Production
On an industrial scale, sodium thiosulfate is produced chiefly from liquid waste products of sodium sulfide or sulfur dye manufacture.

Thiosulfate salts characteristically decompose upon treatment with acids.
Initial protonation occurs at sulfur.
When the protonation is conducted in diethyl ether at −78 °C, H2S2O3 (thiosulfuric acid) can be obtained.
It is a somewhat strong acid with pKas of 0.6 and 1.7 for the first and second dissociations, respectively.

IUPAC Name: disodium;dioxido-oxo-sulfanylidene-$l^{6}-sulfane;pentahydrate
Appearance: Colorless to white powder or chunks
Melting Point: 48 °C
Boiling Point: 100 °C
Density: 1.69 g/cm3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count    : 5
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 9
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 247.96124818
Monoisotopic Mass: 247.96124818
Topological Polar Surface Area: 109 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 12
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 82.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count    : 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 8
Compound Is Canonicalized    : Yes

Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.
Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.

Biological Role(s):antifungal drug
Any antifungal agent used to prevent or treat fungal infections in humans or animals.

Application(s):    antidote to cyanide poisoning
A role borne by a molecule that acts to counteract or neutralize the deleterious effects of cyanide.
nephroprotective agent
Any protective agent that is able to prevent damage to the kidney.
antifungal drug
Any antifungal agent used to prevent or treat fungal infections in humans or animals.

Possible applications of Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate offers a wide range of applications. As a natural substance, for example, it lends its healing power to sulfur-smelling hot water sources.
In the field of medicine, NTS Kristallin offers a wide range of healing effects. The product is usually administered intravenously, but also in the form of drinks and over the skin.

TS crystallin acts detoxifying and supports the mineral intake.
An advantage is that the substance is very reasonable, easy to use and readily available.
In addition, sodium thiosulfate acts as a reducing agent or antioxidant, which neutralizes free radicals.

It also promotes the quality of drinking water by removing the chlorine or fluorine. Sodium thiosulfate crystallin promotes the body's detoxification. To this end, it provides sulfur to neutralize chlorine and fluorine in water or in the body.
Furthermore, NTS crystallin supports the production of glutation in the body. It is used for the detoxification, removal and drainage of heavy metals such as mercury, uranium, thallium, barium, strontium and radioactive poisoning.
Crystalline serves as a fast acting antidote to gases such as carbonic acid, flue gas, exhaust gas, coking plant or blast furnace gas, in the case of toxic vapors such as chlorine, bromine, iodine, nitric oxide, aliphatic or aromatic nitro compounds and plastic fires, as well as in the case of chemical basic substances such as cyanides, nitriles, nitrites or aromatic compounds Amines such as aniline or toluidine.

NTS Crystalline is a major chelator of calcium and other toxic substances. It also serves the prevention of vascular limescale and dissolves calcified vessels of the kidney, the heart and the like, especially together with magnesium chloride.
The substance protects the joints especially in diseases such as arthritis and rheumatism when free radicals are responsible for the discomfort.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate protects against renal calcification and renal diseases and supports the dissolution of kidney stones.
Children with autism can sleep better when they get NTS crystallin along with magnesium.

Further applications of Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate
Sodium thiosulfate crystallin from TIB Chemicals makes an important contribution to health and can be dissolved in water or tea and used as a drink once a day.
The external application is also possible, for example as a foot bath together with baking powder or for massages.
Magnesium chloride can also be added as a foot bath. Scientifically, it has been demonstrated that NTS crystallin dissolves calcium deposits in joints, lungs, kidneys or the heart.
NTS Crystalline is air-resistant, colorless and contains salty bitter tasting crystals.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is easily soluble in water and becomes yellowish-opaque by the precipitated sulfur.

Use as a fixing salt in photography
Removes chlorine from bleached tissue and paper
Application in iodometry
Use in chrome leather fabrication
Use to extract silver chloride from silver ore
Use to produce galvanic gold and silver solutions
Use as a bleaching agent for straw, bone, ivory
As a reagent in analytical chemistry
As an antidote to cyanide poisoning
Use for drinking water treatment
Use for fish aquariums for the dechlorination and neutralization of halogens
As an additive in fats to protect against ripening in oils, soaps

Concluding remarks on the use of Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate 
Sodium thiosulfate Crystalline offers many advantages, especially in the medical field, where it is used as an antidote to cyanide poisoning or to protect against calcification. It also dissolves calcified vessels. NTS Crystalline is also used for drinking water treatment or for the declaring of aquariums.

Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is applied in a widely useful, thiosulfate-assisted, synthesis of a variety of diamine-CuCN complexes.

Sodium Thiosulfate is a white translucent crystals or powder that is common as the pentahydrate form; melting at 48 C; readily soluble in water and oil of turpentine; aqueous solution is slightly alkaline which decompose to sulfate and sulfide in the air.
It is a moderate reducing agent.
It is a source of thiosulfate ion (S2O3-2) (dissolves silver salts).
Its major use is as a fixing agent in photography for developing film and the extracting silver from ore.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used in chrome-tanning leather and in chemical manufacture as a source of sulfide ion.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is also used in paper, textile, and water treatment industry and gas purification.

Chemical Properties
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate occurs as odorless and colorless crystals, a crystalline powder or granules. It is efflorescent in dry air and deliquescent in moist air.

Uses
Titrimetry.

Production Methods
On an industrial scale, sodium thiosulfate is produced chiefly from liquid waste products of sodium sulfide or sulfur dye manufacture. Small-scale synthesis is done by boiling an aqueous solution of sodium sulfite with sulfur.
brand name
Sulfactol (Sterling Winthrop).

Pharmaceutical Applications
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used as an antioxidant in pharmaceuticals (ophthalmic, intravenous, and oral preparations).
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate has also been used for its antifungal properties and as a reagent in analytical chemistry.

Safety
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is used in ophthalmic, intravenous, and oral pharmaceutical preparations. Apart from osmotic disturbances, sodium thiosulfate is relatively nontoxic.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is moderately toxic by the subcutaneous route and mildly irritating to respiratory tract and skin. Large oral doses have a cathartic action.
LD50 (IP, mouse) 5.6 g/kg
LD50 (IV, mouse) 2.4 g/kg

Storage
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate decomposes on heating.
The bulk powder should be stored in a cool place, and the container should be kept tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate should not be stored near acids.

Purification Methods
Crystallise it from EtOH/H2O solutions or from water (0.3mL/g) below 60o by cooling to 0o, and dry it at 35o over P2O5 under vacuum.
[Foerster & Mommsen Chem Ber 57 258 1924.] This salt is used as a secondary standard in volumetric analysis [Kilpatrick J Am Chem Soc 45 2132 1923], and is used as “Hypo” in photography [Hargreaves & Dunningham J Soc Chem Ind 42 147T 1923.]
Incompatibilities
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate is incompatible with iodine, with acids, and with lead, mercury, and silver salts. Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate may reduce the activity of some preservatives, including bronopol, phenylmercuric salts, and thimerosal.

Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, also known as sodium hydrosulfite, is used as an antidote to cyanide poisoning (Baskin et al., 1992), but several studies have demonstrated that its efficacy in some pathological conditions is related to ectopic calcification.
The mechanisms of action, by which Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate exerts its inhibitory effect on vascular mineralization, are not yet clear.
It has been postulated that Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate: (i) forms with calcium a more soluble complex than calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate, (ii) has antioxidant activity improving endothelial function, (iii) has acidosis properties (Hayden et al., 2005).
However, O'Neil and Hardcastle (O’Neill and Hardcastle, 2012) demonstrated that the inhibitor effect of STS seems to be independent on calcium interactions or on pH, but could be due to a direct extracellular effect on calcification induced by cellular injury releasing cell debris and matrix vesicles.

Nevertheless, STS is used to treat calciphylaxis, kidney stones, uremic vascular calcification and coronary artery calcification (Adirekkiat et al., 2010; Hayden and Goldsmith, 2010; Pasch et al., 2008; Schlieper et al., 2009). Recently, intravenous STS has been used in a young boy with several deleterious mutations in ABCC6, ENPP1 and HBB genes and, over a period of 6 months, calcific stenosis of celiac and mesenteric arteries was not anymore detectable on arterial ultrasonography.
Follow-up evidenced a temporary efficacy of sodium thiosulfate (Omarjee et al., 2019).

Two clinical trials (NCT00568399 and NCT00720772) highlight that STS treatment can be safe and can reduce the rate of coronary artery calcification progression in hemodialysis patients (Table 3) (Adirekkiat et al., 2010; Mathews et al., 2011).

It is typically found in its pentahydrate form which is either white in colour, or colourless altogether. This pentahydrate of sodium thiosulfate is described by the following chemical formula: Na2S2O3.5H2O.

In its solid form, it is a crystalline solid which has a tendency to readily lose water. Sodium thiosulfate is readily soluble in water and is also referred to as sodium hyposulfite. The structure of the Na2S2O3 molecule is illustrated below.

It can be noted that the shape of the thiosulfate ion is tetrahedral in the solid-state of sodium thiosulfate. The distance between the two sulphur atoms in the thiosulfate ion is comparable to the distance between two sigma bonded sulphur atoms.
This implies that the sulphur which is not bonded to any oxygens holds a negative charge.

Properties of Sodium thiosulfate
Physical Properties
In its anhydrous form, sodium thiosulfate has a molar mass of 158.11 grams per mole. The more commonly available pentahydrate from, Na2S2O3.5H2O has a molar mass of 248.18 g/mol.
It has a white, crystalline appearance as a solid and is odourless.
The density of sodium thiosulfate corresponds to 1.667 grams per cubic centimetres.
The pentahydrate of this salt has a melting point of 321.4 K and a boiling point of 373 K.
The solubility of sodium thiosulfate in water is 70.1g/100 mL at 20oC and 231g/100mL at 100o
The crystal structure of Na2S2O3 crystals is monoclinic.

Chemical Properties
The sodium thiosulfate salt is neutral in charge. However, it dissociates in water and some other polar solvents to yield Na+ and S2O32-
Despite being stable at standard conditions, the sodium thiosulfate salt decomposes at high temperatures to yield sodium sulfate along with sodium polysulfide.
The chemical equation for the reaction described above is given by
4Na2S2O3 ⟶ 3Na2SO4 + Na2S5

When exposed to dilute acids such as dilute hydrochloric acid, the sodium thiosulfate salt undergoes a decomposition reaction to yield sulphur along with sulphur dioxide.
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl ⟶ 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O + S

The alkylation of Na2S2O3 yields S-alkyl thiosulfates. These compounds are commonly referred to as Bunte salts.
Important Questions
Comment on the solubility of sodium thiosulphate
Sodium thiosulphate is a colourless monoclinic crystal  or a crystalline white powder which is odourless and salty. The relative density for this is 1.667.
Water-soluble, Its solubility at 100° C is 231 g/100 ml of vapour. Insoluble in spirits.

Production of Sodium Thiosulfate
The laboratory preparation of the sodium thiosulfate salt involves the heating of aqueous sodium sulfite solutions along with sulphur.
The production of Na2S2O3 can also be accomplished by the boiling of aqueous NaOH (sodium hydroxide) with sulphur.
The reaction for the method described above is given by
6NaOH + 4S ⟶ Na2S2O3 + 2Na2S + H2O.

Industrially, sodium thiosulfate is prepared from the liquid waste generated from the manufacture of sulphur dye.
It can be noted that upon heating with Al3+ containing samples, sodium thiosulfate gives a white-colored precipitate. This is due to the reaction between the aluminium cation and the thiosulfate anion which forms aluminium hydroxide along with sulphur and sulphur dioxide.

Uses of Sodium Thiosulfate
Na2S2O3 is a very important chemical compound in the medical treatment of cyanide poisoning cases.
Sodium thiosulfate is also used medically to treat dermatophytosis (ringworm) and tinea versicolor.
The side effects of chemotherapy and hemodialysis (purification of blood) are treated with Na2S2O3.
It is a very important compound in analytical chemistry since it stoichiometrically reacts with iodine to reduce it to the iodide ion while it is oxidized to the S4O62- (tetrathionate) ion.
Sodium thiosulfate salts are used as photographic fixers due to the ability of the thiosulfate ions to react with silver halides, which make up photographic emulsions.
Ammonium thiosulfate and sodium thiosulfate make up lixiviants (liquid mediums used in hydrometallurgy) which are used in the extraction of gold from its ores.
In order to reduce the chlorine levels in water bodies, Na2S2O3 is used in the dechlorination process.

Medical uses of Sodium Thiosulfate
Sodium thiosulfate, commonly known as sodium thiosulphate, is a medicine that is used to treat cyanide poisoning, pityriasis versicolor, and cisplatin side effects.
It is frequently used after the drug sodium nitrite for cyanide poisoning and is usually only prescribed in severe situations.
Sodium Thiosulfate is a toxin with a modest toxicity level.
Large dosages may produce nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, metabolic acidosis, and hypernatremia, as well as gastrointestinal discomfort.

Frequently Asked Questions
Is sodium thiosulfate a salt?
Sodium thiosulfate is an inorganic sodium salt composed of 2:1 mixture of sodium and thiosulfate ions. It has a role as a cyanide poisoning antidote, a nephroprotective agent, and an antimicrobial product.

Is sodium thiosulfate corrosive?
The hydrochloric acid solution is eye and skin corrosive. Via absorption and inhalation, it is mildly toxic. Sodium thiosulfate solution is an irritant to the body’s skin.
Sulphur dioxide gas, skin, and eye irritant are produced by the reaction of sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid.

What is the equivalent weight of sodium thiosulphate?
The weight equivalent is the gram molecular weight divided by the number of electrons lost or obtained by each molecule; this is (248.17/1) g for sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O).

Is sodium thiosulfate an oxidizing agent?
Thiosulfate ion (S2O3-2) is a moderately strong reducing agent used by an indirect procedure in which iodine is an intermediate agent to determine oxidizing agents.
Starch irreversibly decomposes in solutions containing high levels of iodine.

Indications
Cyanide or arsenic poisoning (alone or with sodium nitrite or amyl nitrite)
Reduce the risk of ototoxicity associated with cisplatin therapy
Local infiltration (in diluted form) of selected chemotherapy extravasation (off-label use)

Reconstitution and Stability
Available as a 25% (250mg/mL)  preservative free injectable solution  
Store at room temperature. Protect from light
For cyanide or arsenic poisoning (alone or with sodium nitrite or amyl nitrite)
Stable diluted in NS or D5W at concentrations of 1.5% and 9.76% for 24 hours
For prevention of cisplatin induced ototoxity
Dilute each mL of the 25% Sodium Thiosulfate with 1 mL of sterile water for injection (1:1 dilution) for a 12.5% (125 mg/mL) solution for administration. 
(This has an approximately equivalent isotonicity to a 2.3% sodium chloride solution). 
MUST be administered within 4 hours of reconstitution.

Treatment Of Cyanide Poisoning
Sodium thiosulfate (alternatively spelled sodium thiosulphate) is an important ingredient used to treat cyanide poisoning. Along with sodium nitrate, its drug interactions with cyanide help convert cyanide into a compound that can be easily removed from the body through urination.

Side effects of this treatment can include agitation, muscle cramps, nausea and vomiting, pain in the joints, and ringing in the ears, to name a few.

The use of sodium thiosulfate and sodium nitrate is considered to be a “second-line” therapy after Hydroxocobalamin (Vitamin B12a) injections, which has the same basic effect of converting cyanide to the less-toxic cyanocobalamin, which can be excreted in the urine. 

Note that you should not and cannot attempt to use sodium thiosulfate and sodium nitrate on your own. This does not constitute medical advice. If you suspect you have been poisoned by cyanide or any other product, seek the help of a healthcare professional immediately. 

Water Dechlorination
Sodium thiosulfate is a powerful dechlorinator, meaning that it inactivates bleaching agents in water, such as chlorine bleach.
This makes it very useful in the papermaking industry, where it’s often added to batches of paper once the desired brightness has been achieved.

Silver Ore Processing & Smelting 
Thiosulfates can be used in the processing of silver ore, especially from waste ore and tailings. This is a viable alternative to the highly-toxic “cyanidation” process which is frequently used to recover precious metals like silver from ore.

Thiosulfate has the ability to convert silver compounds into silver complexes that are soluble and easier to process, enhancing overall output and yield in silver mining operations. 

Traditional Film Photography 
Sodium thiosulfate, in particular, is used as a photographic “fixer” that’s used to fix black and white negatives after the initial developing stage.
Sodium thiosulfate helps stabilize the image, removes the remaining silver halide, and renders the negative insensitive to future light exposure. When used for this purpose, sodium thiosulfate is often known as “hypo.” 

Leather Production 
Thiosulfates like sodium thiosulfate are often used in tanning goat skins for the manufacture of glace kid leather, and for creating calfskin leathers. Together with other chemicals like potassium/sodium dichromate, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid, sodium thiosulfate helps strengthen, dry, and preserve these leather products. 

This is sometimes referred to as the “chrome tanning” method, because small amounts of chromium sulfate are also typically used in the process of tanning and curing the leather. 

Thiosulfuric acid (as sodium thiosulfate) has the chemical name thiosulfuric acid, disodium salt, pentahydrate. The chemical formula is Na2S2O3•5H2O and the molecular weight is 248.17.
Sodium Thiosulfate Injection is a cyanide antidote which contains one 50 mL glass vial containing a 25% solution of Sodium Thiosulfate Injection.
It has been indicated as antidote for cyanide poisoning. It is also used as adjunct agent for patients taking cisplatin chemotherapy.
Beside the above indications, sodium thiosulfate could be used as ingredient in the following: agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal), fillers, intermediates, laboratory chemicals, oxidizing/reducing agents, process regulators, processing aids, and solids separation agents.

Mechanism of action
As antidote: Sodium thiosulfate acts as a sulfur donor for the endogenous sulfur transferase enzyme, rhodanese. It is used together with sodium nitrite for cyanide poisiong as antidote.
Cyanide has a very high affinity for iron in the ferric state.
It reacts with the trivalent (ferric) iron of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, thereby inhibiting cellular respiration, resulting in lactic acidosis and cytotoxic hypoxia.
Sodium nitrite reacts with hemoglobin to form methemoglobin, which competes with cytochrome oxidase for the cyanide ion.
Cyanide binds to methemoglobin to form cyanmethemoglobin and restore the activity of cytochrome oxidase.
When cyanide dissociates from methemoglobin, sodium thiosulfate facilitates its conversion by rhodanese to thiocyanate, a less toxic ion.
As antineoplastic adjunct: The mechanism of action of sodium thiosulfate is still not clear, but it is thought that it forms a complex with cisplastin via covalent bond, which renders cisplastin more readily eliminated from the kidneys.
It was believed also that sodium thiosulfate plays a role in the protection from nephrotoxicity caused by cisplastin, through reducing delivery of cisplatin to the kidneys and by neutralizing cisplatin in the kidneys where sodium thiosulfate is highly concentrated.

10102-17-7
Sodium thiosulfate, pentahydrate
Disodium thiosulfate pentahydrate
MFCD00149186
sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate
NSC-45624
UNII-HX1032V43M
Thiosulfuric acid (H2S2O3), disodium salt, pentahydrate
Thiosulfuric acid, disodium salt, pentahydrate
Ametox
CHEBI:32150
Sodium thiosulfate (pentahydrate)
HX1032V43M
Thiosulfuric acid (H2S2O3), sodium salt, hydrate (1:2:5)
disodium;dioxido-oxo-sulfanylidene-lambda6-sulfane;pentahydrate
Tinver
Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate Solution
CCRIS 3952
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, 99+%, extra pure
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, 99.5%, for analysis
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, 99+%, for biochemistry
Sodiumthiosulfatepentahydrate
Na2S2O3.5H2O
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, 99.999%, (trace metal basis)
Sodium thiosulfate [USP:JAN]
Sulfactol (TN)
Detoxol (TN)
PEDMARK
ACMC-20ajnc
Sodium thiosulfate (USP)
Sodium thiosulphate hydrate
Sodium Thiosulfate, crystal
sodium thiosulfate-pentahydrate
sodium thio-sulfate pentahydrate
CHEMBL2096650
DTXSID6044197
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate ACS
Sodium thiosulfate hydrate (JP17)
DB-020
sodium sulfurothioate--water (1/5)
AKOS015950633
Sodium Thiosulfate (Industrial Grade)
AK120935
BP-31031
E539
S079
FT-0645119
D01091
Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate Biochemical grade
J-000310

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