1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE

1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate, also known as TGIC, Triglisidil İzosiyanürat, Triglycidyl Isocyanurate and CAS No. 2451-62-9, is a triazine-based crosslinker carrying three epoxy (glycidyl) functional groups, used especially as a hardener in carboxyl-functional polyester powder coatings, as a durability enhancer in exterior coatings and as a network former in thermoset systems.
Triglycidyl Isocyanurate, or TGIC for short, forms a dense crosslinked network during curing thanks to its high epoxy functionality and isocyanurate ring structure; it is regarded as one of the most common hardeners for exterior powder coating systems in terms of UV resistance, color stability, gloss retention and mechanical performance.
Powder coating systems containing 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate in their formulations form a hard, flexible and weather-resistant film through the reaction of the epoxy groups with the carboxyl groups in the polyester resin.
The use of this TGIC-based hardener in a formulation can provide functional benefits in the final product such as improved outdoor durability, reduced yellowing tendency, support for edge coverage performance and improved chemical and mechanical resistance after curing.
1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate exhibits three-directional reactivity thanks to the stable isocyanurate (triazine trione) ring at its center and the three glycidyl groups attached to this ring, and builds a homogeneous crosslinked network between polymer chains.
At curing temperature, Triglycidyl Isocyanurate forms β-hydroxy ester bonds with carboxyl groups through the opening of the epoxy ring, and contributes to film hardness, adhesion and durability in formulations where TGIC is used.

Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is a functional raw material used in powder coatings to help reduce problems such as insufficient outdoor durability, UV-induced yellowing, gloss loss and low crosslink density.
By reacting in a controlled manner with polyester resin, TGIC helps preserve the mechanical strength, chemical resistance and long-term color stability of the coating.
It is a functional hardener that, thanks to its reactive structure and low addition level, helps keep curing behavior, film properties and outdoor performance at the desired level in powder coating formulations.
Powder coating systems containing TGIC support the development of coatings that last longer for the end user, better retain their color and gloss, and can be applied reliably on exterior facades and metal surfaces.

1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is an effective crosslinker that can support multiple performance properties at the same time in powder coating systems thanks to its high epoxy functionality, the thermal stability of the isocyanurate ring and its compatibility with polyester resins.
Thanks to its low dosage requirement and proven outdoor performance, Triglycidyl Isocyanurate helps meet multiple needs such as durability, gloss retention, edge coverage and chemical resistance compared to alternatives that focus on a single property.
While it can be considered as a hardener in polyester powder coatings used on aluminum profiles, exterior facade elements, garden furniture, agricultural equipment and automotive supplier parts, it can also be used as a reactive component in electrical insulation materials and some special thermoset systems.
TGIC helps the formulator develop durable and stable powder coating systems while offering practical benefits for the applicator such as good flow, a wide curing window and an appearance that is retained outdoors for a long time.

WHAT IS 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE?

1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate, known in Turkish as Triglisidil İzosiyanürat and TGIC for short, is a trifunctional epoxy compound consisting of three glycidyl (2,3-epoxypropyl) groups attached to an isocyanuric acid (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trione) ring. 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is also referred to by names such as TGIC, Triglycidyl Isocyanurate, Tris(2,3-epoxypropyl) Isocyanurate and 1,3,5-Tris(oxiranylmethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione. Depending on its stereochemical structure, it may contain alpha and beta isomers; on the commercial market it can be found in different forms such as Technical Grade TGIC and high-melting Beta-TGIC.
In particular, depending on its epoxy equivalent weight, isomer distribution, melting range, purity, total chlorine content and physical form, it can show different curing and performance behaviors in powder coating formulations. Expressions such as TGIC Hardener, TGIC Crosslinker, TGIC Curing Agent, Powder Coating Hardener and Polyester TGIC are terms that may be encountered in technical and commercial searches. However, not all of these expressions describe the same product in every case. For example, TGIC and Beta-TGIC are two separate commercial forms that have the same chemical composition but different isomer structures and physical properties.
However, not all 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate products on the market have the same physical properties or the same processing behavior. The product's epoxy equivalent weight, isomer ratio, melting range, volatile matter content, chlorine content, particle size and physical form (powder, granule or flake) can significantly change the product's performance. Therefore, it should not be assumed, based solely on the product name "TGIC" or "Triglycidyl Isocyanurate", that products from different manufacturers can be technically used interchangeably.
C₁₂H₁₅N₃O₆ is the molecular formula of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate. While the central isocyanurate ring provides high thermal and chemical stability, the glycidyl groups attached to the three nitrogen atoms of the ring form the reactive epoxy ends. This structural feature is the basis for TGIC's ability to form high crosslink density even at low addition levels.
1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate can be used especially in carboxyl-functional polyester powder coatings for purposes such as hardening, providing outdoor durability, forming a thermoset network structure, being used as a reactive component in electrical insulation systems and being considered as a crosslinker in some special resin systems. Depending on the application area, more specific product definitions such as Technical Grade TGIC, Beta-TGIC or low-chlorine TGIC may be used.
The performance of TGIC does not depend solely on its chemical formula. Epoxy equivalent weight, isomer distribution, melting range, purity, volatile matter and chlorine content, particle size and physical form can affect the formulation outcome. Therefore, two TGIC products sold under the same chemical name may not have the same extrusion behavior, cure speed, flow or film appearance.

Depending on the quality grade, 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate can be considered in powder coatings, exterior facade coatings, aluminum profile coatings, metal furniture, automotive supplier industry, agricultural and construction machinery, electrical insulation materials, printed circuit boards and special thermoset resin applications. Its most common use is in outdoor-durable powder coating systems used together with carboxyl-functional polyester resins.

Thanks to the three-dimensional reactivity potential in its chemical structure, TGIC hardener builds a fast and strong covalent bond network, especially when it meets carboxyl-terminated polyester resins at high temperature. This chemical compound, defined in the powder coating industry by different functional names such as TGIC crosslinker, TGIC curing agent and powder coating hardener, makes it possible to achieve high crosslinking density even at very low usage rates (4% to 8%). This three-dimensional network structure maximizes the flexibility, mechanical impact resistance, scratch resistance and corrosion resistance against harsh weather conditions of the cured powder coating film.

Commercially offered polyester TGIC products consist of a mixture of alpha and beta isomers depending on the intramolecular stereochemical arrangement. In plants and laboratory formulations, the products are generally processed in two basic forms: standard Technical Grade TGIC (technical quality) or Beta-TGIC, which has a higher melting point and purity. This solid chemical component, produced in powder, granule or flake physical appearance, may vary in terms of extrusion flowability, cure speed and surface flow/leveling depending on technical parameters such as epoxy equivalent weight (EEW), melting range, purity percentage and total chlorine content. As a result, 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is a fundamental synthetic crosslinker that provides high-durability surface protection across a wide range from architectural aluminum coatings to automotive parts.

COMMON PRODUCT AND CHEMICAL NAMES:

1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate

Triglycidyl Isocyanurate

TGIC

Triglisidil İzosiyanürat

Tris(2,3-epoxypropyl) Isocyanurate

Tris(epoxypropyl) Isocyanurate

1,3,5-Tris(2,3-epoxypropyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione

1,3,5-Tris(oxiranylmethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione

1,3,5-Triglycidyl-s-triazinetrione

Triglycidyl-s-triazinetrione

Isocyanuric Acid Triglycidyl Ester

Tris(glycidyl) Isocyanurate

Beta-TGIC

β-TGIC

Technical Grade TGIC

TGIC Hardener

TGIC Crosslinker

TGIC Curing Agent

TGIC Powder

Powder Coating Hardener

Polyester Powder Coating Crosslinker

TGIC Polyester Hardener

Trifunctional Epoxy Crosslinker

Some of these names refer to chemical identification, some to the stereochemical form, and others to the area of use or commercial function. For example, 1,3,5-Tris(oxiranylmethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione indicates the systematic chemical name, while TGIC is the common abbreviation. Beta-TGIC refers to a specific stereoisomer form. TGIC Hardener and Powder Coating Hardener, on the other hand, are commercial designations referring to the product's function in powder coatings.
It is important to evaluate the CAS number used for 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate together with the product's isomer form. While CAS No 2451-62-9 and EC No 219-514-3 are listed in sources for the general TGIC registration, CAS No 59653-74-6 is used as a separate registration for the stereoisomer form known as Beta-TGIC. Therefore, the form of the product should be checked through documents at the time of purchase.

CAS NO, EC / EINECS NO AND CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

Product name: 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate

Common abbreviation: TGIC

Chemical name: 1,3,5-Tris(oxiranylmethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione

CAS No: 2451-62-9 (general TGIC registration); 59653-74-6 for Beta-TGIC

EC / EINECS No: 219-514-3

Molecular formula: C₁₂H₁₅N₃O₆

Molecular weight: 297.26 g/mol

Chemical class: Trifunctional heterocyclic epoxy compound / glycidyl isocyanurate

Main functions: Crosslinker, hardener, curing agent and network former in thermoset systems

The chemical composition of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is C₁₂H₁₅N₃O₆ and its molecular weight is approximately 297.26 g/mol. Since the molecule contains three epoxy groups, its theoretical epoxy equivalent weight is around 99 g/eq; in commercial products this value may be somewhat higher depending on purity and the production process.
For the general TGIC registration, CAS No 2451-62-9 and EC No 219-514-3 are listed in various official and technical sources. While this registration covers the technical product containing alpha and beta isomers, there is a separate CAS registration for Beta-TGIC.
However, using a single CAS number for 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate may not be sufficient for every commercial product. Since the isomer ratio directly affects the melting range and processing behavior, the full chemical definition of the product and the relevant technical documents should be checked at the time of purchase.

1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is not used as a cosmetic, food or pharmaceutical raw material; therefore, there is no INCI name, food additive number or pharmacopoeia definition for the product. The product's area of use is limited to industrial coating and thermoset polymer applications.
Rather than being considered as a single pure isomer, 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate can be treated commercially as a product mostly consisting of a mixture of alpha and beta stereoisomers. Therefore, even if the molecular formula is the same, isomer distribution and purity can change the technical performance of the product.

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE

1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is an organic compound with a six-membered isocyanurate (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trione) ring at its center and a glycidyl group bonded to each nitrogen atom of this ring. This symmetrical structure enables the molecule to show equal reactivity in three directions.
The isocyanurate ring is a highly thermally and oxidatively stable structure consisting of three carbonyl groups and three nitrogen atoms. This ring contributes to giving the polymer network formed after curing high heat resistance and UV stability. Compared to Bisphenol A-based epoxies containing aromatic rings, the isocyanurate structure shows less tendency to yellow under UV light.
The three-membered epoxy (oxirane) ring in the glycidyl groups is prone to reacting with nucleophiles due to its strained structure. Carboxylic acids, amines, anhydrides and phenolic groups can open the epoxy ring and form covalent bonds with TGIC. In powder coating applications, the most important reaction is the one that takes place with the carboxyl groups in the polyester resin.

The technical performance of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate cannot be understood from its chemical formula alone. Epoxy equivalent weight, isomer ratio, melting range, impurity profile, hydrolyzable chlorine content and physical form are important parameters that determine the product's behavior.
TGIC can exist as different stereoisomers due to the glycidyl groups containing two chiral centers. While commercial Technical Grade TGIC generally consists of an isomer mixture, Beta-TGIC is a specific isomer form with a higher melting range. The higher melting range of Beta-TGIC leads it to show different processing behaviors during storage and extrusion.
The trifunctional structure of the molecule enables a higher crosslink density to be achieved at lower addition levels compared to difunctional epoxy resins. This property is one of the main reasons why TGIC offers a significant performance contribution in polyester powder coatings even though it typically makes up a small part of the binder system.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE

1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is a solid substance generally found in white or off-white powder, granule or flake form. Physical appearance may vary depending on the production method, isomer ratio, particle size and commercial grade.

General technical properties:

Physical appearance: White or off-white powder, granule or flake

Chemical character: Trifunctional heterocyclic epoxy compound

Molecular formula: C₁₂H₁₅N₃O₆

Molecular weight: 297.26 g/mol

CAS No: 2451-62-9 (general TGIC registration)

EC / EINECS No: 219-514-3

Epoxy equivalent weight: Theoretically approximately 99 g/eq; varies by manufacturer in commercial products

Melting range: Depends on isomer ratio; Beta-TGIC has a higher melting range

Water solubility: Limited; in applications it is used in powder and melt systems rather than aqueous systems

Organic solvents: May be soluble in some polar organic solvents

Reactivity: Can react with carboxyl, amine, anhydride and phenolic groups

Total / hydrolyzable chlorine: Depends on the production process and should be stated in the specification

Volatile matter content: Depends on grade

The physical properties of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate can vary significantly depending on the isomer distribution of the product. While Technical Grade TGIC may show a lower melting range, Beta-TGIC has a higher melting range and may offer some processing and storage advantages.
Epoxy equivalent weight is one of the most important parameters of TGIC in terms of technical performance. This value is used to calculate the correct stoichiometric ratio with the polyester resin. Two TGIC products with different epoxy equivalent weights may give different cure densities and different film properties when used at the same ratio.
Chlorine content indicates impurities originating from the epichlorohydrin used during production. Low chlorine content may be preferred especially in electrical and electronic applications and in coating systems where high quality is expected.
These values are for general technical introduction and should not be used as a binding specification for the product to be purchased. In particular, parameters such as epoxy equivalent weight, melting range, isomer ratio, total chlorine, hydrolyzable chlorine, volatile matter, color and particle size should be checked against the supplier's current TDS and COA documents.

HOW DOES 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE WORK AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL?

The main effect of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate in formulations takes place through its epoxy groups becoming reactive at curing temperature and forming covalent bonds with functional groups in the binder resin.
In a powder coating formulation, TGIC is mixed in the molten state in an extruder together with carboxyl-functional polyester resin, pigments, fillers and additives. At this stage, since the temperature is kept below the curing temperature, the reaction remains limited. When the powder is heated in the oven after application, it first melts and spreads over the surface, and then the epoxy groups of TGIC react with the carboxyl groups of the polyester.
In this reaction, the epoxy ring opens and a β-hydroxy ester bond forms with the carboxyl group. No by-product is released during the reaction; this property helps reduce the risk of gas bubbles or defects forming in the film.

The functions of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate at the molecular and polymeric level may differ depending on the application:

Forming a three-directional crosslinked network

Enabling the powder coating to harden

Increasing the mechanical strength of the film

Supporting outdoor and UV durability

Contributing to gloss and color retention

Supporting chemical and corrosion resistance

Providing a balance of adhesion and flexibility

Reacting during curing without forming by-products

Increasing heat resistance in thermoset systems

Acting as a reactive component in electrical insulation systems

TGIC being trifunctional means that each molecule can bond to three separate polyester chains. This enables a dense and homogeneous network structure to form in a short time. The density of the network structure determines the balance between film hardness, solvent resistance and impact resistance.

The rate of the curing reaction is directly related to the acid value of the polyester resin, the presence of a catalyst, and the curing temperature and time. Many polyester resins are offered in a catalyzed form to adjust the cure speed. Therefore, TGIC should be evaluated not on its own but together with the selected polyester resin.

The β-hydroxy ester bonds formed and the isocyanurate ring are more stable against UV light compared to aromatic epoxy systems. For this reason, TGIC-polyester systems are preferred in coatings that need to retain their color and gloss outdoors for a long time.

However, it should not be assumed that 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate will give the same curing and performance result in every polyester system. The acid value, glass transition temperature and catalyst content of the polyester used, the TGIC ratio and the curing conditions should be evaluated through laboratory trials.

IN WHICH INDUSTRIES IS 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE USED?

1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is a crosslinker used in various industrial areas, primarily the powder coating industry, thanks to its high epoxy functionality and its structure that provides outdoor durability. The purpose of use may vary according to the product's grade, purity and formulation system.

Main areas of use:

Powder coating production

Exterior facade and architectural coatings

Aluminum profile and window/door frame coatings

Metal furniture and garden furniture

Automotive supplier industry parts

Agricultural and construction machinery

White goods and household appliances

Lighting fixtures

Fences, railings and urban furniture

Metal shelving and storage systems

Electrical insulation materials

Printed circuit boards and electronic resin systems

Special thermoset resins

Adhesive and composite applications

The most common use of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is in outdoor-durable powder coatings prepared with carboxyl-functional polyester resins. These systems are preferred especially on metal surfaces exposed to sunlight, moisture and temperature changes.
The performance each industry expects from TGIC is different. For example, an architectural aluminum coating manufacturer focuses on long-term UV durability and color stability, while an agricultural equipment manufacturer may prioritize mechanical strength and corrosion resistance, and an electrical insulation manufacturer may prioritize low chlorine content and thermal stability.

USE OF 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE IN POWDER COATINGS AND COATINGS

In powder coating formulations, 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is used as a hardener together with carboxyl-functional polyester resins. This combination is commonly referred to in the industry as the "Polyester/TGIC system" or "TGIC polyester powder coating".

The possible functions of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate in powder coatings are:

Forming crosslinks with the polyester resin

Increasing outdoor and UV durability

Helping reduce gloss loss

Reducing yellowing tendency

Supporting film hardness and scratch resistance

Providing a balance of impact resistance and flexibility

Supporting edge coverage performance

Contributing to chemical and corrosion resistance

Polyester/TGIC powder coatings can be considered especially in applications such as exterior facade panels, aluminum window and door frames, garden furniture, fencing systems, agricultural equipment and automotive accessories.
TGIC is generally used at low ratios with the polyester resin. The typical ratio in the binder system is around 93:7 polyester:TGIC, depending on the acid value of the polyester resin. This ratio is determined stoichiometrically from the carboxyl content of the resin and the epoxy equivalent weight of TGIC.
Polyester/TGIC systems can generally be cured in the range of approximately 160–200 °C, for times ranging from a few minutes to 15–20 minutes depending on temperature. Exact curing conditions should be determined according to the technical data of the selected polyester resin.
When selecting TGIC in powder coating production, epoxy equivalent weight, melting range, isomer form, particle size, chlorine content and compatibility with the polyester resin should be evaluated.
It should not be understood from the name "TGIC" alone that a TGIC product will give the same result with every polyester resin. The hardener ratio and curing conditions recommended by the resin manufacturer should be taken as the basis.

ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND SPECIAL RESIN APPLICATIONS OF 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE

In a suitable quality grade, 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate can be considered as a reactive component or crosslinker in electrical insulation materials, printed circuit board systems and special thermoset resins.

Functions for which TGIC can be considered in these applications may include:

Increasing heat resistance in the thermoset system

Increasing crosslink density

Supporting dimensional stability

Contributing to electrical insulation properties

Contributing to chemical resistance

Being used as a modifier together with other epoxy resins

When purchasing TGIC for electrical and electronic applications, the following points should be checked:

Total and hydrolyzable chlorine content

Epoxy equivalent weight

Ionic impurities

Volatile matter content

Color

Current technical specification

Certificate of analysis (COA)

Safety data sheet (SDS)

Manufacturer and batch traceability

Compliance and certification documents where required

Low chlorine content is important especially in electronic applications for reducing corrosion risk and maintaining electrical performance.
Likewise, it cannot be said that a TGIC product suitable for powder coatings is automatically suitable for electronic applications as well. The relevant quality requirements and manufacturer documents should be checked for each application.

IS 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE USED IN COSMETIC, FOOD AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS?

1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is not a substance used as a raw material in cosmetics, personal care, food, pharmaceutical or biotechnology products. The product's area of use is limited to industrial coating and thermoset polymer systems.
TGIC's reactive epoxy groups and safety classification make this product unsuitable for use in products that come into direct contact with the human body or are consumed. Therefore, there is no INCI name, food additive number or pharmacopoeia definition for TGIC.
Within the cured powder coating film, TGIC is present chemically bound to the polymer network. However, if coated products are planned to be used on surfaces in contact with food, the compliance of the final coating with the relevant food contact legislation should be evaluated separately.
Companies looking for a raw material for cosmetic, food or pharmaceutical purposes need to consider alternative products specifically defined for these applications and compliant with the relevant legislation.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE

Due to its high epoxy functionality, thermal stability and structure that provides outdoor durability, 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is an important functional raw material used in many industrial thermoset systems.

The following functions may come to the fore in industrial TGIC applications:

Crosslinking

Hardening

Acting as a curing agent

Outdoor durability

UV stability

Gloss retention

Color stability

Mechanical strength

Chemical resistance

Corrosion protection support

Heat resistance

Edge coverage

Forming a thermoset network structure

In architectural powder coatings, TGIC helps aluminum and steel surfaces be coated with coatings that retain their color and gloss for many years. For this reason, it is frequently preferred in exterior facade applications.
In general industrial powder coatings, TGIC helps strike a balance between mechanical strength, impact resistance and chemical resistance. Agricultural machinery, garden equipment and metal furniture can be cited as examples of these applications.
In electrical insulation and special resin systems, TGIC can be considered together with other epoxy components to increase crosslink density and thermal resistance.

The following points should be evaluated when using 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate in industrial systems:

Epoxy equivalent weight

Isomer form

Melting range

Acid value of the polyester resin

Polyester:TGIC ratio

Presence of a catalyst

Extrusion temperature

Curing temperature and time

Particle size

Chlorine content

Volatile matter content

Performance requirements of the final coating

WHICH PROBLEMS CAN 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE HELP SOLVE?

1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate can help solve various problems in powder coating and thermoset systems related to outdoor durability, cure density, gloss loss, yellowing and mechanical performance. However, its effect depends on the resin used, the TGIC ratio and the curing conditions.

Rapid gloss loss outdoors

Epoxy or hybrid powder coatings may show chalking and gloss loss under UV light. Polyester/TGIC systems, thanks to the isocyanurate structure and bonds of aliphatic character, can help retain gloss outdoors for longer.
However, the use of TGIC alone does not guarantee superior outdoor performance under all conditions. The outdoor class of the polyester resin, pigment selection and film thickness should be evaluated together.

UV-induced yellowing

Systems containing aromatic structures may show a tendency to yellow under sunlight. TGIC-polyester systems can contribute to maintaining color stability, especially in white and light-colored coatings.

Insufficient crosslink density

Thanks to its trifunctional structure, TGIC can form a dense network structure even at low addition levels. This can help improve film hardness, solvent resistance and mechanical strength.
However, significant deviations from the stoichiometric ratio may lead to incomplete curing or embrittlement of the film.

Bubbles and surface defects during curing

The reaction of TGIC with carboxyl groups does not release by-products. This property can help reduce the risk of bubble formation in thicker films compared to some systems that cure by condensation reaction.
However, film defects are also related to substrate preparation, degassing additives, the oven profile and powder quality.

Weak edge coverage

Polyester systems containing TGIC, with suitable rheology and cure profile, can contribute to better film formation at edges. This property is important for supporting corrosion protection on metal parts with sharp edges.

Need for a wide curing window

With suitable polyester resin and catalyst selection, Polyester/TGIC systems can adapt to different oven conditions. This flexibility can provide an advantage on production lines with parts of different thicknesses.
It should not be assumed that every TGIC product will show the same curing behavior; the curing window should be verified in line with the resin manufacturer's recommendations.

POINTS TO CONSIDER WHEN USING 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE

One of the most common mistakes in the use of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is to assume that all TGIC products have the same technical properties and can be used at the same ratio with every polyester resin. In fact, the epoxy equivalent weight, the isomer form and the acid value of the polyester resin are decisive in determining the correct ratio.

The following points should be taken into account when using 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate:

The TGIC form suitable for the purpose of use should be selected.

The epoxy equivalent weight should be checked.

The isomer form and melting range should be examined.

The acid value of the polyester resin should be taken into account.

The polyester:TGIC ratio should be calculated stoichiometrically.

The catalyst content should be evaluated.

The extrusion temperature should be kept under control.

The curing temperature and time should be verified.

Chlorine and volatile matter content should be checked.

Dosage and formulation should be determined through laboratory trials.

Compatibility with other raw materials should be tested.

The manufacturer's TDS and SDS documents should be reviewed.

Batch-based analysis results should be verified through the COA.

1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is a substance that requires careful handling in terms of safety. During weighing, transfer, premixing and extrusion stages, closed systems, local exhaust ventilation, adequate ventilation and personal protective equipment should be used to prevent dust formation and skin contact. Safe working procedures should be determined according to the product's current SDS document.
In powder coating application facilities, dust control in spray booths, filtration and reducing worker exposure are also important.

STARTING FORMULATION APPROACHES FOR 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE

The following examples are starting approaches prepared to show how 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate can be evaluated in the formulation development process. They are not validated commercial recipes, production instructions or regulation-compliant final formulas.
The ratios given are example starting levels for preliminary laboratory trials. The acid value of the polyester resin to be used, the epoxy equivalent weight of TGIC and the catalyst content can significantly change performance. Laboratory trials, performance tests, occupational safety and relevant regulatory checks should be carried out for each application.

EXAMPLE 1: WHITE EXTERIOR POLYESTER/TGIC POWDER COATING PRELIMINARY TRIAL

Objective: To examine the effect of TGIC on cure and film performance in an outdoor-durable white polyester powder coating.

Starting approach:

Carboxyl-functional polyester resin: 55–60%

1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate: 4–5%

Titanium dioxide: 25–30%

Filler: according to the formulation

Flow modifier: 1–1.5%

Degassing additive: 0.3–0.5%

The polyester:TGIC ratio should be adjusted according to the value recommended by the resin manufacturer (typically around 93:7). For resins with different acid values, the TGIC ratio should be changed accordingly.

Application approach:

The raw materials are weighed and premixed.
The mixture is melted and homogenized in the extruder at a temperature that will not initiate the reaction.
The extrudate is cooled and turned into flakes.
The flakes are ground and sieved.
The powder is applied electrostatically to a prepared metal panel.
The panel is baked under the curing conditions recommended by the resin manufacturer.
Film thickness, gloss, adhesion, impact resistance and solvent resistance are measured.
If necessary, outdoor or accelerated weathering tests are performed.
Measures should be taken to prevent dust exposure during the weighing and premixing stages of raw materials containing TGIC.

EXAMPLE 2: POLYESTER:TGIC RATIO SCREENING

Objective: To determine the optimum TGIC ratio and cure density for the selected polyester resin.

Starting components:

Polyester resin within the binder system: 92–94%

TGIC within the binder system: 6–8%

Pigment, fillers and additives: kept constant

The TGIC ratio can be varied gradually below, above and exactly at the stoichiometrically calculated equivalence point.

Application approach:

The stoichiometric ratio is calculated from the acid value of the resin and the epoxy equivalent weight of TGIC.
Small-scale powder samples are prepared with different TGIC ratios.
Gel time is measured.
Panels are baked under the same curing conditions.
MEK rub resistance, impact test and flexibility tests are compared.
Gloss and surface appearance are evaluated.
The ratio giving the most balanced result is determined.
It should not be assumed that a single TGIC ratio will give the same result in all polyester resins.

EXAMPLE 3: CURING WINDOW EVALUATION

Objective: To examine the curing performance of the Polyester/TGIC powder coating at different oven temperature and time combinations.

Starting approach:

Standard Polyester/TGIC powder coating formula: 100%

Curing temperatures: for example 160 °C, 180 °C and 200 °C

Curing times: short, medium and long times for each temperature

Curing conditions should be evaluated based on metal temperature according to part thickness and oven type.

Application approach:

A large number of panels are prepared with the same powder coating.
The panels are baked at different temperature and time combinations.
Metal temperature is measured with a data logger.
Cure adequacy is checked with solvent resistance tests.
Mechanical tests and gloss measurements are performed.
Color change caused by overbaking is evaluated.
A curing window suitable for the production line is determined.
In such evaluations, the actual metal temperature of the part, not just the oven air temperature, should be taken as the basis.

PRODUCTS SIMILAR TO 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE AND ALTERNATIVES

An alternative to 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is not just a matter of choosing another hardener. When determining an alternative, the targeted outdoor performance, cure mechanism, curing temperature, film appearance, mechanical properties, occupational safety requirements, legislation and final product performance should be evaluated together.

1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE AND BETA-TGIC

Beta-TGIC is a specific stereoisomer form of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate. Therefore, when comparing TGIC and Beta-TGIC, two different commercial forms with the same chemical composition are being evaluated.
Beta-TGIC has a higher melting range compared to Technical Grade TGIC. This property may lead to a reduced tendency to cake during storage and to different behavior under some processing conditions.
While the expression TGIC refers to the general commercial product, Beta-TGIC defines a specific isomer form. Therefore, when switching between the two products, extrusion and curing behavior should be tested.

1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE AND HAA (BETA-HYDROXYALKYLAMIDE)

Beta-Hydroxyalkylamide (HAA) is the hardener most commonly used as an alternative to TGIC in carboxyl-functional polyester powder coatings. HAA-based systems are also referred to in the industry as "TGIC-free" powder coatings.
While TGIC cures through the epoxy-carboxyl reaction, HAA cures through an esterification reaction with carboxyl groups, and water is released in this reaction. Therefore, the risk of bubble formation at high film thicknesses may be greater in HAA systems.
Since HAA systems have a more favorable safety classification compared to TGIC, they have become widespread especially in the European market. However, the curing window, thick-film performance and yellowing behavior under some overbake conditions may differ from TGIC systems.
Therefore, when a switch from TGIC to HAA is planned, the polyester resin should also be selected in a type suitable for HAA and performance tests should be carried out.

1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE AND GLYCIDYL ESTER HARDENERS

Hardeners consisting of a mixture of glycidyl esters such as diglycidyl terephthalate and triglycidyl trimellitate are another group of alternatives used in TGIC-free powder coating systems.
Like TGIC, these hardeners cure through the epoxy-carboxyl reaction and do not release by-products. Therefore, they may show behavior closer to TGIC in terms of cure mechanism.
However, since functionality, epoxy equivalent weight and outdoor performance may differ from TGIC, ratios and curing conditions should be re-evaluated.
1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE AND EPOXY RESINS (HYBRID SYSTEMS)
Bisphenol A-based epoxy resins are used together with polyester resins in hybrid powder coating systems. In these systems, the epoxy resin acts as both binder and hardener.
Hybrid systems can provide good mechanical properties and cost advantages in indoor applications. However, because of their aromatic structure, they tend to chalk and yellow under UV light and therefore cannot replace TGIC-polyester systems in outdoor applications.
Therefore, epoxy resin should not be regarded as a direct alternative to TGIC in applications requiring outdoor durability.

1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE AND POLYURETHANE HARDENERS

Hardeners based on blocked isocyanate or uretdione used with hydroxyl-functional polyester resins form polyurethane powder coating systems.
Polyurethane powder coatings can offer very good flow, smooth surface appearance and outdoor durability. However, they require a different resin type, a different cure mechanism and generally different curing temperatures.
Therefore, polyurethane hardeners cannot be directly substituted for TGIC in the same polyester resin; the entire binder system needs to be redesigned.

1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE AND ACRYLIC SYSTEMS

Glycidyl-functional acrylic resins are used together with dicarboxylic acid hardeners in some special powder coating applications requiring high gloss and outdoor durability.
These systems offer a different chemical approach and may have mechanical and appearance properties different from TGIC-polyester systems.
In selecting an alternative, the targeted outdoor performance, mechanical strength, surface appearance and cost should be determined through comparative laboratory tests.

QUALITY CONTROL AND PURCHASING CRITERIA FOR 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE

When purchasing 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate, making a decision based only on the product name and price is not sufficient. In particular, different forms such as Technical Grade TGIC and Beta-TGIC, as well as products from different manufacturers, may have different technical properties.

Information recommended to be reviewed before purchasing:

Product name and manufacturer

TGIC form (Technical Grade or Beta-TGIC)

CAS number

EC / EINECS number

Purity

Epoxy equivalent weight or epoxy value

Melting range

Total chlorine content

Hydrolyzable chlorine content

Volatile matter content

Color

Particle size or physical form

Technical data sheet (TDS)

Safety data sheet (SDS)

Certificate of analysis (COA)

Production and batch information

Packaging type and net quantity

Storage conditions

Shelf life or retest information

REACH and relevant regulatory compliance information

The COA shows the analysis results of a specific batch of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate. The TDS describes the general technical properties of the product and its recommended areas of use. The SDS contains information on safe use, transport, storage and emergencies.
These documents do not replace one another; they should be evaluated together.
In particular, when purchasing TGIC, the manufacturer should be asked whether the product is Technical Grade TGIC or Beta-TGIC, as well as its epoxy equivalent weight and chlorine content. This is because products with different processing and curing behavior may be found under the same TGIC name.

STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE

1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate should be stored under the conditions recommended by the manufacturer, in a cool, dry and well-ventilated area, in its tightly closed original packaging.
The product should not be exposed to high temperature, direct sunlight, moisture or heat sources. Storage at high temperature may lead to caking, especially in TGIC products with a low melting range.
TGIC should be stored separately from strong acids, bases, amines, oxidizing agents and other materials that can react with epoxy groups.
After the packaging is opened, it is important to protect the product from moisture and contamination. Clean and dry equipment should be preferred during use, and the packaging should be properly closed again.
Dust formation should be kept under control during transfer and weighing operations, and in case of spillage the cleaning procedures specified in the SDS should be applied.
Products that have been stored for a long time or show a change in appearance should be evaluated in line with the manufacturer's specifications.

1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE SAFETY INFORMATION

The safe use of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate depends on the current SDS document of the supplied product and on the application of appropriate occupational safety measures.
1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is a substance with a harmonized classification under the European Union CLP Regulation. This classification covers hazards such as toxicity if swallowed and if inhaled, serious eye damage, skin sensitization, organ damage through repeated exposure and germ cell mutagenicity (Category 1B). Current hazard and precautionary statements should be checked in the supplier's SDS document.
TGIC and Beta-TGIC are on the Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) under REACH due to their mutagenic properties. This may give rise to communication obligations for companies that use the product and place articles containing it on the market. The current regulatory status should be followed through the relevant official sources.
In particular, inhalation of and skin contact with TGIC in powder form should be prevented. During weighing, premixing, extrusion and powder coating application processes, closed systems, local exhaust ventilation, adequate ventilation, respiratory protection, protective gloves, eye protection and work clothing should be used.
Dust exposure should also be assessed in powder coating application booths and during cleaning operations, and dust-raising methods such as cleaning with compressed air should be avoided.
Within the cured powder coating film, TGIC is present bound to the polymer network. Safety measures are especially important in the pre-cure stages: raw material handling, powder coating production and application processes.
It should not be assumed that the safety information for different manufacturers or different TGIC forms is the same. The current SDS and the manufacturer's technical document should be taken as the basis.

WHAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN PURCHASING 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE?

The first step in sourcing 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is to clarify for what purpose and with which resin system the product will be used. The quality criteria sought for an architectural exterior powder coating, a general industrial powder coating, an electrical insulation material or a special thermoset resin may not be the same.
Therefore, rather than writing only "TGIC" or "Triglycidyl Isocyanurate" in the purchase request, specifying the area of use, the resin system and the targeted technical performance enables a more accurate product evaluation.

The following information should be clarified before purchasing:

Industry of use and final application

Required TGIC form

Requirement for Technical Grade TGIC or Beta-TGIC

Required epoxy equivalent weight range

Required melting range

Chlorine content requirements

Type and acid value of the polyester resin to be used

Required physical form (powder, granule or flake)

Required quality standard

Requirement for manufacturer and origin information

Required packaging type and quantity

TDS, SDS and COA needs

REACH and other regulatory compliance documents

If substitution is to be made for an existing product, the technical properties of the existing product

The price of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate may vary depending on product form, purity, epoxy equivalent weight, chlorine content, manufacturer, quality grade, order quantity, packaging, origin, logistics and current market conditions. Therefore, the current TGIC price should be evaluated through a quotation together with the product specification and delivery terms.

SUPPLY OF 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE FROM ATAMAN KİMYA

1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is an important chemical raw material evaluated for different technical functions in polyester powder coatings such as crosslinking, outdoor durability, gloss retention, color stability and mechanical performance. It is important for manufacturers planning to purchase the product to clarify, before ordering, the TGIC form suitable for their area of use, its technical properties, quality grade and required documents.
Companies wishing to obtain information about the supply of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate from Ataman Kimya can request information on product suitability, current supply status, packaging options and a price quotation by sharing their areas of use and technical needs.
The product's current stock status, origin, TGIC form, technical properties, packaging and specifications should be confirmed with Ataman Kimya before ordering.

Sharing the following information in a quotation request makes it easier to evaluate the right 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate product:

Industry of use and final application

Requested TGIC form

Requested epoxy equivalent weight

Information on the polyester resin used

Requested quality standard

Estimated order quantity

Required packaging type

Requested technical documents

TDS or COA information of the existing product, if any

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT 1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE

What is 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate?
1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is a trifunctional epoxy compound containing three glycidyl groups attached to an isocyanurate ring. It is referred to as TGIC for short and is used especially as a hardener in carboxyl-functional polyester powder coatings.

What does TGIC mean?
TGIC is the abbreviation of Triglycidyl Isocyanurate. In Turkish it is also referred to as Triglisidil İzosiyanürat.

What is the CAS number of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate?
The CAS number for the general TGIC registration is 2451-62-9. CAS 59653-74-6 is used for the isomer form known as Beta-TGIC.

What is the EC / EINECS number of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate?
The EC / EINECS number for TGIC is listed as 219-514-3.

What is the chemical formula of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate?
The molecular formula of TGIC is C₁₂H₁₅N₃O₆ and its molecular weight is approximately 297.26 g/mol.

Does 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate have an INCI name?
No. Since TGIC is not used as a cosmetic raw material, it has no INCI name.

What is TGIC used for?
TGIC is used as a crosslinker and hardener in thermoset systems, primarily carboxyl-functional polyester powder coatings. It helps provide outdoor durability, UV stability, gloss retention and mechanical strength.

In which industries is TGIC used?
TGIC can be used in powder coatings, architectural exterior facade coatings, aluminum profiles, metal furniture, automotive supplier industry, agricultural machinery, white goods, electrical insulation materials and special thermoset resin applications.

How does TGIC work in powder coatings?
At curing temperature, the epoxy groups of TGIC react with the carboxyl groups in the polyester resin to form β-hydroxy ester bonds. Thanks to its trifunctional structure, a dense crosslinked network is formed.

What is the Polyester/TGIC ratio?
The typical ratio is around 93:7 polyester:TGIC, depending on the acid value of the polyester resin. The exact ratio should be calculated from the acid value of the resin and the epoxy equivalent weight of TGIC, and the resin manufacturer's recommendations should be taken as the basis.

At what temperature do Polyester/TGIC powder coatings cure?
Polyester/TGIC systems can generally be cured in the range of approximately 160–200 °C, for times that vary depending on temperature. Exact curing conditions should be determined according to the technical data of the polyester resin used.

What is the difference between TGIC and Beta-TGIC?
Both have the same chemical composition. Beta-TGIC is a specific stereoisomer form that has a higher melting range compared to Technical Grade TGIC and may show different storage and processing behavior.

What is a TGIC-free powder coating?
A TGIC-free powder coating is a polyester powder coating system in which alternatives such as HAA (Beta-Hydroxyalkylamide) or glycidyl ester mixtures are used as the hardener instead of TGIC.

What is the difference between TGIC and HAA?
TGIC cures through the epoxy-carboxyl reaction without releasing by-products, whereas HAA cures through an esterification reaction and releases water. HAA has a more favorable safety classification; however, its thick-film performance and curing window may differ from TGIC.

Is TGIC suitable for exterior facade applications?
Yes. Polyester/TGIC systems are widely used in exterior facade and outdoor applications thanks to their UV resistance and gloss retention properties.

Is TGIC an epoxy resin?
TGIC is a trifunctional epoxy compound; however, unlike classic Bisphenol A-based epoxy resins, it does not contain an aromatic ring and is used in powder coatings as a hardener rather than a binder.

Is TGIC used in cosmetics or food?
No. TGIC is not a cosmetic, food or pharmaceutical raw material. Its area of use is limited to industrial coating and thermoset polymer systems.

Is TGIC a hazardous substance?
Under the EU CLP Regulation, TGIC has classifications for acute toxicity, serious eye damage, skin sensitization, organ damage through repeated exposure and germ cell mutagenicity (Category 1B). Therefore, appropriate occupational safety measures should be taken during processing and the current SDS should be taken as the basis.

Is TGIC restricted under REACH?
TGIC and Beta-TGIC are on the SVHC Candidate List under REACH. This may give rise to communication obligations. The current regulatory status should be followed through official sources.

Is cured TGIC powder coating safe?
After curing, TGIC is chemically bound to the polymer network. Safety measures are especially important during raw material handling, powder coating production and application stages. In special areas of use, the compliance of the final coating with the relevant legislation should be evaluated separately.

Is TGIC soluble in water?
TGIC has limited solubility in water. In powder coating applications, it is used by the melt mixing method rather than in aqueous systems.

What is the physical appearance of TGIC?
TGIC is generally found in white or off-white powder, granule or flake form.

What is the epoxy equivalent weight of TGIC?
The theoretical epoxy equivalent weight is approximately 99 g/eq. In commercial products this value may be somewhat higher depending on purity and the production process; the current value should be checked in the manufacturer's TDS and COA documents.

What does the price of TGIC depend on?
The price of TGIC may vary depending on product form, purity, epoxy equivalent weight, chlorine content, manufacturer, origin, packaging, order quantity, logistics and market conditions.

Are there alternatives to TGIC?
HAA (Beta-Hydroxyalkylamide), glycidyl ester mixtures, polyurethane hardeners and glycidyl acrylic systems can be considered as alternatives in certain applications. However, the choice of alternative should be made according to the targeted performance and resin system.

How should TGIC be stored?
TGIC should be stored in a cool, dry and well-ventilated area, in its tightly closed original packaging, away from heat sources and reactive substances.

Which documents should be requested when purchasing TGIC?
TDS, SDS and COA are the basic documents. In addition to these, REACH and relevant regulatory compliance information can be requested.

Which technical properties are important when purchasing TGIC?
Epoxy equivalent weight, melting range, isomer form, purity, total and hydrolyzable chlorine, volatile matter content, color and physical form may be important depending on the purpose of use.

What is the molecular weight of TGIC?
The molecular weight of 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is approximately 297.26 g/mol.

1,3,5-TRIGLYCIDYL ISOCYANURATE – TECHNICAL SUMMARY

1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate, known in Turkish as Triglisidil İzosiyanürat and TGIC for short, is a trifunctional epoxy compound carrying three glycidyl groups attached to an isocyanurate ring, with the molecular formula C₁₂H₁₅N₃O₆ and a molecular weight of approximately 297.26 g/mol. It can be searched for under different names such as Triglycidyl Isocyanurate, TGIC Hardener, Tris(2,3-epoxypropyl) Isocyanurate and Beta-TGIC.
1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is not a single commercial product type. Although forms such as Technical Grade TGIC and Beta-TGIC have the same chemical composition, their isomer distribution, melting range and processing behaviors may differ. Epoxy equivalent weight, chlorine content and purity are also important parameters affecting performance.
CAS No 2451-62-9 and EC No 219-514-3 are used for the general TGIC registration. Since there is a separate registration such as CAS 59653-74-6 for Beta-TGIC, the full chemical definition and form of the product should be checked at the time of purchase.
1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate is mainly used as a crosslinker and hardener in carboxyl-functional polyester powder coatings. It helps provide outdoor durability, UV stability, gloss retention, color stability, mechanical strength and chemical resistance. Performance depends on the acid value of the polyester resin, the polyester:TGIC ratio, catalyst content and curing conditions.
For TGIC, which has a harmonized hazard classification under the EU CLP Regulation and is on the REACH SVHC Candidate List, appropriate occupational safety measures must be taken during processing and the current SDS must be taken as the basis. Selecting the correct form of TGIC, which can be considered in architectural coatings, general industrial powder coatings, electrical insulation and special thermoset applications, is important for final product performance.
Companies planning to source 1,3,5-Triglycidyl Isocyanurate from Ataman Kimya are advised to confirm current product, stock, origin, packaging and quotation information by sharing their area of use, requested TGIC form, epoxy equivalent weight, polyester resin used, quality standard, quantity and technical document needs.