PRODUCTS

1,4-BENZOQUINONE

1,4-Benzoquinone exists as a large yellow, monoclinic prism with an irritating odour resembling that of chlorine.
1,4-Benzoquinone is extensively used as a chemical intermediate, a polymerisation inhibitor, an oxidising agent, a photographic chemical, a tanning agent, and a chemical reagent.
1,4-Benzoquinone was first produced commercially in 1919 and has since been manufactured in several European countries.

CAS Number: 106-51-4
Molecular Formula: C6H4O2
Molecular Weight: 108.09
EINECS Number: 203-405-2

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1,4-Benzoquinone is major use is in hydroquinone production, but it is also used as a polymerisation inhibitor and as an intermediate in the production of a variety of substances, including rubber accelerators and oxidising agents.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used in the dye, textile, chemical, tanning, and cosmetic industries.
In chemical synthesis for hydroquinone and other chemicals, quinone is used as an intermediate.

1,4-Benzoquinone is also used in the manufacturing industries and chemical laboratory associated with protein fibre, photographic film, hydrogen peroxide, and gelatin making.
Occupational exposure to quinone may occur in the dye, textile, chemical, tanning, and cosmetic industries.
Inhalation exposure to quinone may occur from tobacco smoke.

1,4-Benzoquinone, also known as p-benzoquinone or simply benzoquinone, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H4O2.
1,4-Benzoquinone is a derivative of benzene and belongs to the class of organic compounds known as quinones.
1,4-Benzoquinones are characterized by a cyclic dione structure.

1,4-Benzoquinone is a yellow, crystalline material or large yellow, monoclinic prisms.
1,4-Benzoquinone or p-benzoquinone is the basic structure of quinonoid compounds.
They are widely distributed in the natural world, being found in bacteria, plants and arthropods and hence quinones are ubiquitous to living systems.

1,4-Benzoquinones play pivotal role in biological functions including oxidative phosphorylation and electron transfer.
1,4-Benzoquinone is the simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone.
1,4-Benzoquinone is a metabolite of benzene.

1,4-Benzoquinone has a role as a cofactor, a human xenobiotic metabolite and a mouse metabolite.
1,4-Benzoquinone, commonly known as para-quinone, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H4O2.
In a pure state, it forms bright-yellow crystals with a characteristic irritating odor, resembling that of chlorine, bleach, and hot plastic or formaldehyde.

This six-membered ring compound is the oxidized derivative of 1,4-hydroquinone.
The molecule is multifunctional: it exhibits properties of a ketone, being able to form oximes; an oxidant, forming the dihydroxy derivative; and an alkene, undergoing addition reactions, especially those typical for α,β-unsaturated ketones.
1,4-Benzoquinone is sensitive toward both strong mineral acids and alkali, which cause condensation and decomposition of the compound.

Benzoquinone appears as a yellowish-colored crystalline solid with a pungent, irritating odor.
Poisonous by ingestion or inhalation of vapors.
May severely damage skin, eyes and mucous membranes.

1,4-Benzoquinone is used to make dyes and as a photographic chemical.
1,4-Benzoquinone is prepared industrially by oxidation of hydroquinone, which can be obtained by several routes.
One route involves oxidation of 1,4-Benzoquinone and the Hock rearrangement.

The net reaction can be represented as follows:
C6H4(CHMe2)2 + 3 O2 → C6H4O2 + 2 OCMe2 + H2O
The reaction proceeds via the bis(hydroperoxide) and the hydroquinone.

Another major process involves the direct hydroxylation of phenol by acidic hydrogen peroxide: C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O Both hydroquinone and catechol are produced.
Subsequent oxidation of the hydroquinone gives the quinone.
1,4-Benzoquinone was originally prepared industrially by oxidation of aniline, for example by manganese dioxide.

This method is mainly practiced in PRC where environmental regulations are more relaxed.
One such method makes use of hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizer and iodine or an iodine salt as a catalyst for the oxidation occurring in a polar solvent; e.g. isopropyl alcohol.
When heated to near its melting point, 1,4-benzoquinone sublimes, even at atmospheric pressure, allowing for an effective purification.

Impure samples are often dark-colored due to the presence of quinhydrone, a dark green 1:1 charge-transfer complex of 1,4-Benzoquinone with hydroquinone.
1,4-Benzoquinone is a toxic metabolite found in human blood and can be used to track exposure to benzene or mixtures containing benzene and benzene compounds, such as petrol.
1,4-Benzoquinone can interfere with cellular respiration, and kidney damage has been found in animals receiving severe exposure.

1,4-Benzoquinone is excreted in its original form and also as variations of its own metabolite, hydroquinone.
1,4-Benzoquinone, commonly known as para-quinone, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H4O2.
In a pure state, 1,4-Benzoquinone forms bright-yellow crystals with a characteristic irritating odor, resembling that of chlorine, bleach, and hot plastic or formaldehyde.

In the case of 1,4-benzoquinone, the structure consists of a benzene ring with two oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4, creating a 1,4-dione pattern.
1,4-Benzoquinone is a planar molecule with a characteristic appearance due to the alternating double bonds in the benzene ring.
1,4-Benzoquinone is often encountered in various chemical processes and has applications in organic synthesis.

1,4-Benzoquinone is used in the production of certain dyes, as a precursor in the synthesis of hydroquinone (a reducing agent), and in some chemical reactions as an oxidizing agent.
1,4-Benzoquinone is a cyclic conjugated diketone.
1,4-Benzoquinone is high-resolution photoelectron spectrum has been reported.

The visible and near ultraviolet spectra of 1,4-Benzoquinone have been recorded and analyzed.
1,4-Benzoquinone is addition as coagent has been reported to enhance the crosslinking rate of polypropylene initiated by the pyrolysis of peroxides.
1,4-Benzoquinone is impact on hemoglobin (Hb) has been investigated based on immunoblots and mass spectral analysis of a smoker′s blood.

1,4-Benzoquinone is a precursor used in the synthesis of hydroquinone and is also used as a hydrogen acceptor and oxidant.
1,4-Benzoquinone exhibits anti-inflammatory and antibiotic activities.
1,4-Benzoquinone inhibits 5-lipoxygenase and prevents leukotriene synthesis.

Additionally, 1,4-Benzoquinone displays antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus, Salmonella, and Bacillus.
1,4-Benzoquinones are ubiquitous in nature and can be synthesized by diverse strategies.
Recent developments on their synthetic methodologies, cycloaddition reactions, computational chemistry and pulse radiolytic studies are reported in this review.

Their chemical and biological significance as well as their derivates' are also covered.
1,4-Benzoquinone for dyes and pharmaceuticals.
Production of hydroquinone and rubber antioxidants, acrylonitrile and vinyl acetate polymerization initiators and oxidants.

1,4-Benzoquinone, also known as MCW or p-benzoquinone, methoxy, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as p-benzoquinones.
These are 1,4-Benzoquinones where the two C=O groups are attached at the 1- and 4-positions, respectively.
Based on a literature review very few articles have been published on 1,4-Benzoquinone.

1,4-Benzoquinone, commonly known as para-quinone, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H4O2.
In a pure state, it forms bright-yellow crystals with a characteristic irritating odor, resembling that of chlorine, bleach, and hot plastic or formaldehyde.
This six-membered ring compound is the oxidized derivative of 1,4-Benzoquinone.

The molecule is multifunctional: it exhibits properties of a ketone, being able to form oximes; an oxidant, forming the dihydroxy derivative; and an alkene, undergoing addition reactions, especially those typical for α,β-unsaturated ketones.
1,4-Benzoquinone is sensitive toward both strong mineral acids and alkali, which cause condensation and decomposition of the compound.
1,4-Benzoquinone is prepared industrially by oxidation of hydroquinone, which can be obtained by several routes.

One route involves oxidation of diisopropylbenzene and the Hock rearrangement. The net reaction can be represented as follows:
C6H4(CHMe2)2 + 3 O2 → C6H4O2 + 2 OCMe2 + H2O
The reaction proceeds via the bis(hydroperoxide) and the hydroquinone.

Another major process involves the direct hydroxylation of phenol by acidic hydrogen peroxide: C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O Both hydroquinone and catechol are produced.
Subsequent oxidation of the hydroquinone gives the 1,4-Benzoquinone.
1,4-Benzoquinone was originally prepared industrially by oxidation of aniline, for example by manganese dioxide.

This method is mainly practiced in 1,4-Benzoquinone where environmental regulations are more relaxed.
1,4-Benzoquinone of hydroquinone is facile.
One such method makes use of hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizer and iodine or an iodine salt as a catalyst for the oxidation occurring in a polar solvent; e.g. isopropyl alcohol.

When heated to near its melting point, 1,4-benzoquinone sublimes, even at atmospheric pressure, allowing for an effective purification.
Impure samples are often dark-colored due to the presence of quinhydrone, a dark green 1:1 charge-transfer complex of quinone with hydroquinone.
1,4-Benzoquinone is a strong oxidizing agent, meaning it has the ability to accept electrons during a chemical reaction.

1,4-Benzoquinone can readily undergo reduction reactions.
Studied for potential biological activities, including anti-cancer properties.
Some research suggests antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

1,4-Benzoquinone should be handled with care due to its oxidizing nature.
Can cause skin and eye irritation.
Proper protective equipment should be used when working with 1,4-Benzoquinone.

1,4-Benzoquinone is an organic compound that has been shown to be genotoxic in the bladder.
1,4-Benzoquinone reacts with hydrochloric acid to form a dibrominated diphenyl ether, which can undergo a number of reactions.
1,4-Benzoquinone produces reactive hydroxyl groups and chemical structures that are carcinogenic.

The reaction mechanism is not well understood but it has been shown to inhibit DNA synthesis and cause cancer in laboratory animals.
1,4-Benzoquinone also inhibits RNA synthesis and protein synthesis by forming covalent bonds with amino acids in the ribosome or by reacting with nucleotides in DNA molecules.
This leads to cell death as cells are unable to synthesize proteins for growth and repair.

1,4-Benzoquinone readily undergoes redox reactions, meaning it can both accept and donate electrons.
This property makes 1,4-Benzoquinone useful in various chemical processes, including those involved in energy storage and transfer.
1,4-Benzoquinone can be found in the environment as a result of combustion processes, and it has been detected in air, soil, and water samples.

As a 1,4-Benzoquinone of environmental concern, its fate and transport are studied to understand its impact on ecosystems.
Occurs naturally in some organisms, playing a role in biochemical pathways.
1,4-Benzoquinone is involved in electron transfer reactions in biological systems.

Synthesized industrially through various methods, often involving the oxidation of hydroquinone or the air oxidation of phenols.
Subject to regulatory controls and standards due to its potential environmental impact and toxicity.
Ongoing research explores the potential applications of 1,4-Benzoquinone in energy storage, organic electronics, and medicinal chemistry.

Exposure to 1,4-Benzoquinone may cause respiratory and skin irritation.
Studies have investigated its potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.
Various analytical methods, including spectroscopy and chromatography, are employed for the detection and quantification of 1,4-Benzoquinone in different matrices.

Apart from its role in organic synthesis, it finds applications in certain industrial processes, including the production of polymers and plastics.
Produced on a large scale globally to meet the demand in industries that use it as a precursor or oxidizing agent.
Numerous patents exist related to the synthesis, application, and modification of 1,4-Benzoquinone for various purposes.

Melting point: 113-115 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 293°C
Density: 1.31
vapor density: 3.73 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.1 mm Hg ( 25 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.453
Flash point: 38°C
storage temp.: room temp
solubility: 10g/l
form: Powder
pka: 7.7
color: Yellow to green
PH: 4 (1g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: irritant odor
Water Solubility: 10 g/L (25 ºC)
Merck: 14,8074
BRN: 773967
Exposure limits TLV-TWA 0.4 mg/m3 (0.1 ppm); STEL 1.2 mg/m3 (0.3 ppm) (ACGIH); IDLH 75 ppm (NIOSH).
Stability: Stable, but light sensitive. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Flammable.
InChIKey: AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 0.1-0.3 at 23℃ and pH4.8-5.3

1,4-Benzoquinone and its derivatives are extensively used in Diels-Alder reactions.
A facile tautomerization of alkyl substituted 1,4-benzoquinone to o-quinone methide is the highlight of this cycloaddition.
1,4-Benzoquinone is a planar molecule with localized, alternating C=C, C=O, and C–C bonds.

Reduction gives the semiquinone anion C6H4O2−}, which adopts a more delocalized structure.
Further reduction coupled to protonation gives the hydroquinone, wherein the C6 ring is fully delocalized.
1,4-Benzoquinone was produced as early as 1838 by oxidation of quinic acid with manganese dioxide.

1,4-Benzoquinone can be prepared by oxidation starting with aniline or by the oxidation of hydroquinone with bromic acid.
More recently, 1,4-Benzoquinone has been made biosynthetically from D-glucose.
1,4-Benzoquinone is a dehydrogenation reagent.

The derivatives tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone are stronger oxidants.
Whereas the resulting phenolate as reaction product of 1,4-benzoquinone (hydroquinone) is nucleophilic, a similar oxidant - 3,3',5'5-tetra-tert-butyldiphenoquinone - can be used in the presence of sensitive electrophilic groups.
1,4-Benzoquinone (or, less formally, “quinone”), is a yellow crystalline solid with a chlorine-like odor.

1,4-Benzoquinone is the simplest member of the quinone family of conjugated dienediones that have several uses in organic chemistry.
1,4-Benzoquinone undergoes typical ketone and olefin reactions, but its predominant use is as an oxidizing agent.
1,4-Benzoquinone and its reduced form 1,4-dihydroquinone (1,4-dihydroxybenzene) form the basis of many redox systems.

1,4-Benzoquinone, also known as benzoquinone or 1,4-benzochinon, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as p-benzoquinones.
These are benzoquinones where the two C=O groups are attached at the 1- and 4-positions, respectively.
1,4-Benzoquinone is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa).

1,4-Benzoquinone exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
1,4-Benzoquinone has been detected, but not quantified in, a few different foods, such as anises, barley, and olives.
This could make 1,4-Benzoquinone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.

1,4-Benzoquinone is a potentially toxic compound.
Inhalation of 1,4-Benzoquinone vapors may cause respiratory irritation, coughing, and shortness of breath.
Skin contact can lead to irritation, redness, and possible allergic reactions.

Eye exposure may cause irritation and tearing.
Workers in industries involving the production or use of 1,4-Benzoquinone should follow safety protocols and wear appropriate protective equipment to minimize exposure risks.
Considered an environmental pollutant, and its release into water, air, or soil may have ecological consequences.

Regulatory limits and guidelines are in place to manage its environmental impact.
In biological systems, 1,4-Benzoquinone can undergo various transformations, including reduction to hydroquinone.
Metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine.

Has been studied for 1,4-Benzoquinone is role in oxidative stress in cells, where it can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to cellular damage.
Available as a standard reference material, particularly for analytical purposes and quality control.
Analytical methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry are often used for the detection and quantification of 1,4-Benzoquinone in various samples.

Ongoing toxicological studies continue to investigate the potential health effects and mechanisms of action of 1,4-Benzoquinone.
The compound is identified by various international chemical identifiers, including CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) number 106-51-4 and EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances) number 203-405-2.
The production and consumption of 1,4-Benzoquinone are influenced by industrial demands and regulatory considerations.

Found in trace amounts in certain foods and beverages.
1,4-Benzoquinone is a natural component of some plant-derived substances.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used as a hydrogen acceptor and oxidant in organic synthesis.

1,4-Benzoquinone serves as a dehydrogenation reagent.
1,4-Benzoquinone is also used as a dienophile in Diels Alder reactions.
1,4-Benzoquinone reacts with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid to give the triacetate of hydroxyquinol.

This reaction is called the Thiele reaction or Thiele–Winter reaction after Johannes Thiele, who first described it in 1898, and after Ernst Winter, who further described its reaction mechanism in 1900.
An application is found in this step of the total synthesis of Metachromin A.
An application of the Thiele reaction, involving a benzoquinone derivative.

1,4-Benzoquinone is also used to suppress double-bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.
An acidic potassium iodide solution reduces a solution of 1,4-Benzoquinone to hydroquinone, which can be reoxidized back to the quinone with a solution of silver nitrate.
Due to its ability to function as an oxidizer, 1,4-benzoquinone can be found in methods using the Wacker-Tsuji oxidation, wherein a palladium salt catalyzes the conversion of an alkene to a ketone.

This reaction is typically carried out using pressurized oxygen as the oxidizer, but benzoquinone can sometimes preferred.
1,4-Benzoquinone has been investigated for its potential use in energy storage devices, such as rechargeable batteries.
1,4-Benzoquinone can participate in redox reactions, making it a candidate for certain types of electrochemical cells.

Some studies suggest that 1,4-Benzoquinone may exhibit antioxidant properties, scavenging free radicals in biological systems.
Additionally, 1,4-Benzoquinone has been explored for its antimicrobial activity.
Found in various natural sources, including certain plants and fungi.

1,4-Benzoquinone is sometimes a part of the natural defense mechanisms of these organisms.
1,4-Benzoquinone has been used in photographic developing solutions due to its ability to oxidize developing agents.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used as a catalyst in some chemical reactions, especially those involving the oxidation of organic compounds.

While stable under normal conditions, 1,4-Benzoquinone can react with reducing agents, leading to the formation of hydroquinone.
In certain occupational settings, exposure to 1,4-Benzoquinone has been associated with dermal sensitization, and precautions should be taken to minimize skin contact.
In biological systems, 1,4-Benzoquinone can be metabolized through various pathways, and its reactivity may play a role in cellular processes.

Derivatives of 1,4-Benzoquinone have been synthesized and studied for specific properties or applications, expanding the range of potential uses.
Plays a crucial role in electron transfer processes in biological systems, including cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Sometimes referred to by its chemical names such as 1,4-Benzoquinone, para-Benzoquinone, or cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione, among others.

Classified as hazardous waste in certain contexts, and 1,4-Benzoquinone is disposal may be subject to regulations.
The acute narcotic effects are due to the physical interaction of quinone itself on the cells of the central nervous system (CNS).
The long-term effects are most likely due to the production of an unstable reactive intermediate during biotransformation or redox cycling.

Cytochrome P450–mediated xenobiotic metabolism often leads to biological intermediates with attributes identical to quinones.
1,4-Benzoquinone is a bright yellow crystal and is more commonly known as paraquinone.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used in organic chemical synthesis as a dehydrogenation reagent and as a synthetic intermediate.

Uses Of 1,4-Benzoquinone:
1,4-Benzoquinone is used in the manufacture of dyes, fungicide, and hydroquinone; for tanning hides; as an oxidizing agent; in photography; making gelatin insoluble; strengthening animal fibers and as reagent.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used as a dienophile in Diels-Alder cycloadditions to prepare naphthoquinones and 1,4-phenanthrenediones.
1,4-Benzoquinone acts as a dehydrogenation reagent and an oxidizer in synthetic organic chemistry.

In the Thiele-Winter reaction, 1,4-Benzoquinone is involved in the preparation of triacetate of hydroxyquinol by reacting with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid.
1,4-Benzoquinone is also used in the synthesis of bromadol and to suppress double- bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used as a precursor to hydroquinone which finds application in photography and as a reducing agent and an antioxidant in rubber production.

1,4-Benzoquinone may be used to form benzofuranone derivatives on reacting with anilides of β-aminocrotonic acids via Nenitzescu reaction.
Dienophile employed in Diels-Alder cycloadditions to form naphthoquinones, and 1,4-phenanthrenediones.
Oxidant used in first step of greener amine synthesis from terminal olefins by Wacker oxidation followed by transfer hydrogenation of the resultant imine.

1,4-Benzoquinone is used as a hydrogen acceptor and oxidant in organic synthesis.
1,4-Benzoquinone serves as a dehydrogenation reagent.
1,4-Benzoquinone is also uses as a dienophile in Diels Alder reactions.

1,4-Benzoquinone is used in the production of certain polymers and resins, contributing to the formation of durable and high-performance materials.
Investigated for 1,4-Benzoquinone is role in electrochemical cells, especially in redox flow batteries and other energy storage systems.
Employed as a catalyst in various chemical reactions, promoting the rate of specific reactions without being consumed in the process.

1,4-Benzoquinone is used in some formulations as an anti-corrosion agent to protect metals from oxidation and deterioration.
1,4-Benzoquinone utilized in the synthesis of natural products and bioactive compounds, contributing to the development of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used as an inhibitor in the production of rubber to prevent unwanted polymerization during processing and storage.

Serves as a reference material in analytical chemistry, aiding in the calibration of instruments and ensuring the accuracy of analytical methods.
Investigated for 1,4-Benzoquinone is potential application in advanced battery technologies, including studies on its performance and stability in different battery configurations.
Considered in water treatment processes for its oxidizing properties, particularly in applications where the removal of certain contaminants is necessary.

1,4-Benzoquinone is used in wood preservation treatments to protect against decay and insect damage.
1,4-Benzoquinone applied in the conservation of artworks, especially in the restoration of certain paintings and artifacts.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used as a versatile chemical reagent in research and development laboratories for various chemical transformations.

1,4-Benzoquinone utilized in specialized organic synthesis for the creation of unique and complex chemical compounds.
Explored for its potential biocidal properties, making.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used as a qualitative test for celery, pyridine, azole, tyrosine and hydroquinone.

For the determination of amino acids in the analysis. 99% and 99.5% high purity grades were used for the spectrophotometric determination of amines.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of various organic compounds.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used in the production of certain dyes and pigments.

Serves as an oxidizing agent in chemical reactions.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used in certain polymerization reactions.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used in the production of certain polymers, resins, and specialty chemicals.

Employed as a precursor in the synthesis of various 1,4-Benzoquinones used in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
1,4-Benzoquinone serves as a key intermediate in the synthesis of various organic compounds.
1,4-Benzoquinone is ability to undergo redox reactions makes it valuable in organic chemistry.

1,4-Benzoquinone is used in the manufacture of certain dyes and pigments, contributing to the coloration of textiles, plastics, and other materials.
1,4-Benzoquinone acts as an oxidizing agent in chemical reactions, making it useful in processes where oxidation is required.
1,4-Benzoquinone can facilitate the conversion of certain compounds.

Employed in some polymerization reactions for the production of polymers and resins.
1,4-Benzoquinone can contribute to the formation of high molecular weight compounds.
Historically, 1,4-Benzoquinone has been used in photographic developing solutions due to its oxidizing properties.

Investigated for potential use in energy storage devices, such as rechargeable batteries, due to its redox activity.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used in laboratories for certain biological studies, particularly in understanding redox reactions and their impact on cellular processes.
Investigated for potential pharmaceutical applications, including studies on its anticancer properties.

Derivatives of 1,4-Benzoquinone may be explored for medicinal purposes.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used as a standard reference material in analytical chemistry for calibration purposes and quality control.
Explored for its potential antimicrobial activity, contributing to its use in certain applications where microbial growth needs to be controlled.

Applied in various specialized fields, including the synthesis of specific chemicals for research and industrial purposes.
Employed in the textile industry for dyeing and coloring fabrics, contributing to the development of vibrant and lasting colors.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used as an anti-fading agent in certain products to prevent color degradation, especially in the presence of light and air.

Added to electroplating baths as an additive to improve the quality and appearance of electroplated surfaces.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used as a test reagent in chemical laboratories for specific qualitative and quantitative analysis of substances.
Included in the synthesis of certain artificial flavoring and fragrance compounds due to its aromatic properties.

Utilized in oxidative hair coloring products, participating in the oxidation of color precursors to create permanent hair color.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used in environmental studies to assess soil microbial activity and redox processes in soil ecosystems.
Investigated for potential use in microbial fuel cells, where it can participate in electron transfer reactions in certain microbial processes.

1,4-Benzoquinone is used in the preservation of biological specimens for research and educational purposes.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used in environmental monitoring studies to assess oxidative stress in organisms and ecosystems.
Serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds, contributing to the development of new drugs and therapeutic agents.

1,4-Benzoquinone is used as a chemical indicator in certain analytical methods, undergoing color changes to signal the presence of specific substances.
Applied in the synthesis of certain herbicides, contributing to formulations used in weed control.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used as an additive in plastics to modify properties such as color, stability, and durability.

1,4-Benzoquinone is used as a catalyst in the production of hydrogen peroxide through the anthraquinone process.
Applied in the bleaching of wood pulp in the paper and pulp industry to achieve desired paper whiteness.
Investigated for potential use in supercapacitor electrodes due to its redox-active nature.

1,4-Benzoquinone utilized in molecular biology studies as a reagent for specific chemical transformations in DNA and RNA research.
1,4-Benzoquinone is used in the preservation of natural fibers such as cotton and linen to prevent decay and degradation.
Applied in the synthesis of certain photochromic compounds that change color in response to light exposure.

1,4-Benzoquinone included in the formulation of some cosmetics and personal care products for specific functional properties.
1,4-Benzoquinone applied in metal surface treatment processes to modify surface properties, enhance adhesion, or prevent corrosion.
Explored for 1,4-Benzoquinone is potential as an anti-UV agent in certain materials to provide protection against ultraviolet radiation.

1,4-Benzoquinone is used in chemical education for demonstrations and experiments to showcase redox reactions and chemical transformations.
Investigated for 1,4-Benzoquinone is potential as a flame retardant in certain materials to improve fire resistance.
Added to certain fuels as a corrosion inhibitor to protect metal components in fuel systems.

Health Hazard Of 1,4-Benzoquinone:
1,4-Benzoquinone is moderately toxic viaingestion and skin contact.
1,4-Benzoquinone is a mutagen andmay cause cancer.
Because of its low vaporpressure, 0.1 torr (at 25°C 77°F), the healthhazard due to inhalation of its vapor is low.

However, prolonged exposure may produceeye irritation, and its contact with the eyes can injure the cornea.
Contact with the skincan lead to irritation, ulceration, and necrosis.
The toxicity of 1,4-Benzoquinone is similarto that of hydroquinone and benzenetriol.

Repeated intraperitoneal administration of2 mg/kg/day to rats for 6 weeks produced significantdecreases in red blood cell, bone marrowcounts, and hemoglobin content (Raoet al. 1988).
In addition, relative changes inorgan weights and injuries to the liver, thymus,kidney, and spleen were observed.
Lauet al. (1988) investigated the correlation oftoxicity with increased glutathione substitutionin 1,4-benzoquinone.

With the exceptionof the fully substituted isomer, increased substitutionresulted in enhanced nephrotoxicity.
Although the conjugates were more stable tooxidation, the toxicity increased.

Fire Hazard Of 1,4-Benzoquinone:
Noncombustible solid; ignition can occur after only moderate heating, autoignition temperature 560°C (1040°F); fire-extinguishing agent: water spray.
1,4-Benzoquinone may react violently with strong oxidizers, especially at elevated temperatures.

Safety Profile Of 1,4-Benzoquinone:
Poison by ingestion, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and intravenous routes.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data by skin contact.
Human mutation data reported.

1,4-Benzoquinone has a characteristic, irritating odor.
Causes severe damage to the skin and mucous membranes by contact with it in the solid state, in solution, or in the form of condensed vapors.
Locally, 1,4-Benzoquinone causes dlscoloration, severe irritation, erythema, swehng, and the formation of papules and vesicles, whereas prolonged contact may lead to necrosis.

When the eyes become involved, 1,4-Benzoquinone causes dangerous disturbances of vision.
The moist material self-heats and decomposes exothermically above 60℃.
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes.

1,4-Benzoquinone is able to stain skin dark brown, cause erythema (redness, rashes on skin) and lead on to localized tissue necrosis.
1,4-Benzoquinone is particularly irritating to the eyes and respiratory system.
1,4-Benzoquinone is ability to sublime at commonly encountered temperatures allows for a greater airborne exposure risk than might be expected for a room-temperature solid.

Environmental Fate Of 1,4-Benzoquinone:
1,4-Benzoquinone exists in the atmosphere in the gas phase.
The dominant atmospheric loss process for 1,4-Benzoquinone is expected to be by reaction with the hydroxyl (OH) radical (reaction with ozone is expected to be slow because of the >C(O) substituent groups).
The estimated half-life and lifetime of 1,4-Benzoquinone in the atmosphere due to reaction with the OH radical are w3 and 4 h, respectively.

Release of 1,4-benzoquinone to the environment occurs via its effluents during its commercial production and use and in wastewaters from the coal industry.
If released to soil, it is likely to leach (estimated Koc of 30) and may volatilize and photodegrade on soil surfaces.
The ambient atmospheric concentration of 1,4-benzoquinone has been reported to be less than 15–80 ng m-3, and benzoquinone has been detected in tobacco smoke.