PRODUCTS

1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO)

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used mainly as a co-monomer in classical diol-condensation reactions with terephthalic acid to produce polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), with diisocyanates to produce polyurethanes and with diacids to yield polyesters with biodegradability characteristics.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is also used as an intermediate to make polyurethane that is used in auto bumpers and dash boards.

CAS Number: 110-63-4
EC Number: 203-786-5
IUPAC Name: Butane-1,4-diol
MDL Number: MFCD00002968
Molecular Formula: C4H10O2 / HO(CH2)4OH
Molecular Weight: 90.12 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
Diol 14B, Sucol B, Tetramethylene glycol, 1,4-Butylene glycol, 1,4-Dihydroxybutane, 1,4-Tetramethylene glycol, Butane-1,4-diol, Butanediol, 1,4-BD, Tetramethylene 1,4-diol, BDO, Butylene glycol, Dabco BDO, Butane diol-1,4, NSC 406696, 1,4-BD, 1,4- butylene glycol, 1,4-dihydroxybutane, 1,4-tetramethylene glycol, 4G, agrisynth B1D, BDO, butane-1,4-diol, butanediol, DIOL 14 B, SUCOL B, tetramethylene 1,4-diol, tetramethylene glycol, tetramethylene-1,4-glycol, 1,4-butanediol, butane-1,4-diol, tetramethylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, 1,4-dihydroxybutane, 1,4-butylene glycol, B1D, BDO, 1,4-Butylene glycol, 1,4-Dihydroxybutane, Tetramethylene glycol, Butane-1,4-diol, 1,4-Tetramethylene glycol, 1,4-Butanediol, Butane-1,4-diol, Tetramethylene glycol, 1,4-BUTANEDIOL, Butane-1,4-diol, 110-63-4, Tetramethylene glycol, 1,4-Butylene glycol, 1,4-Dihydroxybutane, 1,4-Tetramethylene glycol, Tetramethylene 1,4-diol, Sucol B, DIOL 14B, 1,4-BD, Agrisynth B1D, HO(CH2)4OH, CCRIS 5984, NSC 406696, HSDB 1112, HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH, UNII-7XOO2LE6G3, EINECS 203-786-5, 7XOO2LE6G3, MFCD00002968, BRN 1633445, 1,4 butylene glycol, DTXSID2024666, CHEBI:41189, AI3-07553, NSC-406696, DTXCID804666, EC 203-786-5, 4-01-00-02515 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), BDO, Dabco DBO, BU1, CAS-110-63-4, Dihydroxybutane, 4-hydroxybutanol, 1,4butanediol, 1.4-butanediol, Dabco BDO, 1,4-butandiol, 1,4-butane diol, 1,4-butane-diol, butane 1,4-diol, butane diol-1,4, butane-1-4-diol, 1,4- butandiol, Butan-1.4-diol, 1.4 - butanediol, 1,4-BUTANDIOLE, 1,4-Butanediol, 99%, WLN: Q4Q, MLS001061198, CHEMBL171623, 1,4-BUTANEDIOL [MI], 1,4-BUTANEDIOL [HSDB], HMS3039N12, Tox21_202245, Tox21_303040, NSC406696, STL283940, AKOS000118735, 1,4-Butanediol, for synthesis, 98%, CS-W016669, DB01955, 1,4-Butanediol, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, NCGC00090733-01, NCGC00090733-02, NCGC00257119-01, NCGC00259794-01, BP-21418, SMR000677930, 1,4-Butanediol, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%, Polytetramethylene Ether Glycol Polyol 220, B0680, NS00006936, F71206, 1,4-Butanediol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, Q161521, F0001-0222, InChI=1/C4H10O2/c5-3-1-2-4-6/h5-6H,1-4H, 732189-03-6, 1,4-Butanediol, 1,4-Butylene Glycol, 1,4-Dihydroxybutane, Tetramethylene Glycol, 1,4-butanediol, butane-1,4-diol, tetramethylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, 1,4-dihydroxybutane, 1,4-butylene glycol, B1D, BDO

Bio-butanediol (Bio-BDO) is a drop-in of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).
Bio 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) has the same molecular structure as the fossil-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) but “Bio” means that the molecule was made from renewable resources.

Bio-1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is 100% bio-based and biodegradable.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) (other names include 1,4-B, BD, BDO, and 1,4-BD), is a primary alcohol and an organic compound with the formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a colorless viscous liquid first synthesized in 1890 via acidic hydrolysis of N,N'-dinitro-1,4-butanediamine by Dutch chemist Pieter Johannes Dekkers, who called it "tetramethylene glycol".
World production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) was claimed to be about one million metric tons per year and market price is about US$2,000 (€1,600) per ton in 2005.

In 2013, worldwide production was claimed to be billions of pounds (consistent with approximately one million metric tons).
Almost half of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is dehydrated to tetrahydrofuran to make fibers such as Spandex.
The largest producer of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is BASF.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) (CAS 110-64-5) may be incorrectly sold as 1,4-butanediol but should not be confused with it.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) (BDO) is a key component in polyurethane production and many industrial applications.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a four-carbon diol with hydroxyl (-OH) groups at both ends.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) appears as odorless colorless liquid or solid (depending upon temperature).
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a butanediol that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group.
A colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16℃) with a high boiling point (230℃), 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF).

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) has a role as a neurotoxin, a protic solvent and a prodrug.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a butanediol and a glycol.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a straight chain glycol with hydroxyl groups on both ends.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a chemical.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is converted to GHB in the body.
GHB slows down the brain, which can cause loss of consciousness along with dangerous slowing of breathing and other vital functions.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is non-hazardous with a low order of toxicity.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is easily handled in standard polyurethane processes.
The shelf-life of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is two years under the proper storage and handling conditions.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a regulated product.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is only intended for use in industrial applications and is not intended for human consumption.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a biodegradable, co-monomer in classical diol-condensation reactions with terephthalic acid to produce polybutylene terephthalate (PBT).

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) produces polyurethanes with diisocyanates and yields polyesters with diacids.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a versatile diol precursor to numerous derivatives such as esters, carbamates, polyesters and urethanes.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can be converted to simple esters and halides, dehydrated to tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dehydrogenated to gamma-butyrolactone.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a preferred chain extender for Polyurethane Elastomers.

When it comes to MDI or H12MDI systems, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is the chain extender of choice for most processors.
Functioning in this role, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) reacts efficiently with MDI, H12MDI and other aliphatic isocyanates or prepolymers to create crystalline “hard segment” domains that efficiently microphase separate.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) as a urethane chain extender affords tough, high strength, durable, and thermally stable polyurethane elastomers.
In thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) compositions, un-crosslinked 1,4-Butanediol (BDO)-MDI domains can be melted and will flow at elevated temperatures to allow thermoplastic processing.

The associated networks reform when cooled to form tough elastomeric compositions.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) has beneficial characteristics as a Chain Extender.
The first criterion for an effective diol urethane intermediate is linearity.

The second criterion is that it ideally contains an even number of carbon atoms (number of CH2 groups in the repeating chain).
Molecular level chain packing of the individual hard and soft segments of polyurethanes benefits the overall performance properties of the resulting elastomers.

As revealed in the table below, the high degree of crystallinity and melt enthalpy (heat required to melt the crystalline hard segment) in MDI-1,4-Butanediol (BDO) hard segments are particularly noteworthy.
Modeling has shown that the molecular chains align better, and inter-chain hydrogen bonding is facilitated with BDO as the chain extender.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) has a high boiling point of 235°C (455°F) and a freeze point of 19-20°C (68°F).
Since 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) will solidify at temperatures around 20°C, appropriate storage and handling temperatures are required in transferring BDO.

The equivalent weight of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is 45.06 and the hydroxy number is 1245 mgKOH/g.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a building block for unsaturated polyesters, saturated polyesters and polyurethanes.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is produced by hydroformylation of allyl alcohol with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which is then followed by hydrogenation.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a colorless liquid with high boiling point.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is an organic compound belonging to the divalent alcohols.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is of great industrial importance as a starting material for numerous chemical synthesis processes and for the production of plastics.
Large amounts of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) are obtained in a two-stage process from formaldehyde and acetylene with subsequent hydrogenation of the intermediate 2-butyne-1,4-diol.

In addition, there are processes based on propene and maleic anhydride.
Manufacturing processes based on the fermentation of renewable raw materials are also gradually gaining in importance.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is an important starting material for the production of solvents such as γ-butyrolactone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and tetrahydrofuran.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is also known as 1,4 BD Chain Extender, 1,4 Butanediol and 1,4 BD Chain Extender.
They are glycols, dry and certified less than 0.05% water.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is an aliphatic diol.

In MDI systems, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) provides a good balance of hardness and low temperature flexibility.
Compared to other diols, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) provides exceptional reactivity, linearity, and overall system compatibility.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO), other name Tetramethylene glycol, is a colorless viscous liquid.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a biodegradable grade with high melting point.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) reacts with terephthalic acid to produce polybutylene terephthalate (PBT).
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) also reacts with adipic acid to yield polyesters with biodegradability characteristics.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) produces polymers which exhibits greater hydrophobicity, crystallinity, strength, hydrolysis resistance and better low temperature flexibility than those produced from ethylene glycol.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is an important organic chemical and fine chemical raw materials.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is the production of Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) basic materials engineering plastics and PBT fibers, and PBT plastic is the most promising one of the five major engineering plastics.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is an important commodity chemical used to manufacture over 2.5 million tons annually of valuable polymers, and it is currently produced exclusively through feedstocks derived from oil and natural gas.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is an important raw material in manufacturing spandex, plastics, elastic fibers, and films.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a colorless, viscous liquid with a slightly sweet odor, commonly used as a solvent and in the production of various polymers and chemicals.

Its molecular formula is C4H10O2, indicating 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) contains two hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups, which classify it as a diol or glycol.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is hygroscopic, meaning it can absorb moisture from the air, and it is miscible with water, ethanol, and many organic solvents.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) has a relatively high boiling point and low volatility, making it suitable for applications requiring stability under heat.
While 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is generally considered safe for industrial use, exposure can lead to irritation of the skin and eyes, and ingestion can be harmful.
Proper handling and safety measures are essential when working with this chemical.

USES and APPLICATIONS of 1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used Pharmaceutical intermediates, polytetramethylene ether glycol, solvent, adhesive.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used polytetramethylene ether glycol.
Polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG) is raw material for spandex fiber and polyurethane elastomer/thermoplastics/leather.

Polyester plasticizer: The polyester plasticizer based on 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) has excellent compatibility with the vinyl polymers.
Thermoplastic polyester: 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can be used to manufacture polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), a high strength engineering plastic.
γ-Butyrolactone: N-methyl pyrrolidone made from γ-Butyrolactone is a high-grade amide aprotic solvent that is used in petrochemical and other fields.

Areas of application of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO): Starting material for the production of polyesters, polyamides and polyurethanes, raw material for the production of solvents, reactive diluents, disinfectants and intermediate products in the chemical industry, use as a solvent, humectant and plasticizer.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) and Bio-1,4-Butanediol (BDO)are commonly used as solvent but also as building block in PBT (Polybutylene terephthalate), COPE (Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers), TPU (Thermoplastic Polyurethane), PU (Polyurethane), Resins, PTMEG : Spandex fibres (polyester + diisocyanate) and Copolyester for Hot Melt Adhesive.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a versatile diol precursor to numerous derivatives such as esters, carbamates, polyesters and urethanes.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used mainly as a co-monomer in classical diol-condensation reactions with terephthalic acid to produce polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), with diisocyanates to produce polyurethanes and with diacids to yield polyesters with biodegradability characteristics.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is also used as an intermediate to make polyurethane that is used in auto bumpers and dash boards.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) intermediate’s reactive sites are its hydroxyl groups, which undergo all the typical reactions of alcohols.
In addition to the condensation reactions noted above, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can be converted to simple esters and halides, dehydrated to tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dehydrogenated to gamma-butyrolactone.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used industrially as a solvent[additional citation(s) needed] and in the manufacture of some types of plastics, elastic fibers and polyurethanes.
In organic chemistry, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used for the synthesis of γ-butyrolactone (GBL).

In the presence of phosphoric acid and high temperature, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) dehydrates to the important solvent tetrahydrofuran.
At about 200 °C in the presence of soluble ruthenium catalysts, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) undergoes dehydrogenation to form butyrolactone.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used to synthesize 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether which is then used as a reactive diluent for epoxy resins.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used in the production of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) plastic.
Use as a recreational drug: 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is also used as a recreational drug known by some users as "Bute", "One Comma Four", "Liquid Fantasy", "One Four Bee" or "One Four B-D-O".

Pharmacokinetics: 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is rapidly converted into GHB acid by the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, and differing levels of these enzymes may account for differences in effects and side effects between users.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can be used in various industrial and commercial applications.

Polyurethane Elastomers: 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a key component for producing durable and flexible polyurethane elastomers.
Thermoplastic Polyurethanes: 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used in thermoplastic polyurethane production to achieve high-performance products.
Polyester Resins: 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a suitable component for polyester resins, providing versatile usage.

Chemical Intermediates: 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) also serves as a chemical intermediate, playing a role in the production of various industrial products.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a critical component in polyurethane production and has versatile industrial applications.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is widely used in the polyurethane industry, this compound is a primary component for polyurethane elastomers, thermoplastic polyurethanes, and other polymeric structures.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) also serves as a solvent and chemical intermediate.

Polyurethane Resin Raw Material uses of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO): By using 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) for the chain extender, urethane elastomers can be made with excellent mechanical properties and high resistances to heat, oil, and impact.
Other Polyester Raw Materials uses of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO): 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is widely used to make various polyester resins and plasticizers.

Raw Material for Industrial Chemicals (Tetrahydrofuran, Gamma-Butyrolactone): Tetrahydrofuran and gamma-butyrolactone are produced indutrially by dehydration or dehydrogenation of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).
People use 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) for muscle strength, obesity, insomnia, and other purposes, but there is no good scientific evidence to support any use.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used as a source of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a recreational drug with euphoric and sedative effects.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used as a raw material for high performance polyester and polyurethane resins as well as for industrial chemicals like tetrahydrofuran and gamma-butyrolactone.

Since 1982, Mitsubishi Chemical's Yokkaichi plant has produced high-purity, high-quality 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) from butadiene using our proprietary technology.
Because of its many attributes, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used in a wide range of applications.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used extensively as a chain extender in the manufacture of polyurethanes.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used as a raw material and intermediate product in numerous processes in the chemical industry.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO)'s suitable for flexible furniture coatings and repair putties and is used for flexible solvent borne paints, plasticizers and soft segments for polyurethanes.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used, among other things, for the production of polyurethanes, polyamides, polycarbonates and polyesters.

In addition, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) itself serves as a solvent as well as a plasticizer, a humectant, a carrier fluid for ultrasonic applications, and as an additive in lubricants.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used extensively as chain extenders in the manufacture of polyurethanes.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used in polyester coatings.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used industrially as a solvent and in the manufacture of some types of plastics, elastic fibers and polyurethanes.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used extensively to manufacture polyurethane cast elastomers.

Value added chemicals, with 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) acting as raw materaial for the production of GBL and THF
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a high-added-value chemical and an important intermediate for many chemical processes.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used in polymerization processes for the synthesis of polyesters, polyurethanes, and polyethers.

Moreover, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is the most relevant raw material to produce the chemical intermediates γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and tetrahydrofuran (THF).
GBL is used as a solvent, a cleaning agent, a flavoring agent, and as a precursor for the production of other chemicals such as pyrrolidones and N-methylpyrrolidone.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO is also used in the pharmaceutical industry as a drug delivery system and as a precursor for the synthesis of certain drugs.
THF is a widely used solvent, but it is also used in the production of flexible polyurethane foams, spandex fibers, and as a solvent for printing inks and coatings.

All three chemicals, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), GBL, and THF, have numerous applications in various industries including chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, agricultural, and automotive.
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is primarily used in the manufacture of plastics, elastic fibers, and as a precursor for the synthesis of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and tetrahydrofuran (THF).

-PBT (Polybutylene terephthalate) Resin Raw Material:
Because 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is used as a raw materail, PBT is a great engineering plastic with low water-absorbance and an excellent balance of mechanical and electrical properties.
Applications of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) are expanding beyond the original electrical/electronic parts and automotive parts markets.

IN MDI SYSTEMS, of 1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO):
In MDI systems, 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) provides:
*High, consistent reactivity and shorter demold times with MDI, H12MDI and prepolymers.
*Hard-block domains that efficiently microphase separate affording tough networks.
*Polyurethanes with a good balance of hardness and low temperature flexibility.
*Polyurethanes exhibiting high strength, durability, and thermal stability.
*Good compatibility with other system components.

PHARMACODYNAMICS of 1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) seems to have two types of pharmacological actions.
The major psychoactive effects of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) are because it is metabolized into GHB; however there is a study suggesting that 1,4-butanediol may have potential alcohol-like pharmacological effects on its own.

The study arrived at this conclusion based on the finding that 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) coadministered with ethanol led to potentiation of some of the behavioral effects of ethanol.
However, potentiation of ethanol's effects may simply be caused by competition for the alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes with co-administered 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).

ADVANTAGES of 1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO):
*High Purity:
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is of high purity, making them excellent for polyurethane production.
Purity enhances the quality and durability of the final products.

*Versatility:
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can be used in polyurethane production, as well as in polyester resins, plastics, and other chemical products, broadening its industrial applications.

*Good Reactivity:
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) has the appropriate reactivity for polyurethane synthesis, which increases efficiency in production processes.

*Chemical Resistance:
The chemical resistance of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) ensures that polyurethane products are durable against environmental impacts.

SYNTHESIS of 1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO):
In one industrial chemical synthesis, acetylene reacts with two equivalents of formaldehyde to form butyne-1,4-diol.
Hydrogenation of butyne-1,4-diol gives 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is also made on an industrial scale from maleic anhydride in the Davy process, which is first converted to the methyl maleate ester, then hydrogenated.

Other routes are from butadiene, allyl acetate and succinic acid.
A biological route to BD has been commercialized that uses a genetically modified organism.
The biosynthesis proceeds via 4-hydroxybutyrate.

PRODUCTION of 1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO):
1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is a colorless viscous liquid diol that can be obtained by 4 different processes.
The first one is the Reppe process which consist of the reaction between the acetylene and the formaldehyde.
In 1930, the 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) synthesis has evolved to the developments of the second process, the Davy Process which is producing BDO from maleic anhydride / succinic acid.

The third process is the LyondellBassell process that allows use of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) from Propylene Oxide.
The last one is the Geminox Process-BP chemicals using 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) from Butane.

BIOBASED PRODUCTION of 1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO):
Bio- 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is produced from sugars derived from the hydrolysis of starch, glucose syrup.
Bio-1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is produced through a single-step fermentation by a metabolically engineered strain of E.coli type bacteria.

SYNTHESIS METHOD of 1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO):
At present, there are five industrialized routes for 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) production:
(1) Reppe process,
(2) butadiene/acetic acid process,
(3) propylene oxide process,
(4) direct hydrogenation of n-butane or maleic anhydride,
(5) esterification and hydrogenation of n-butane or maleic anhydride.

However, the mainstream processes are the Reppe process and the direct hydrogenation of n-butane or maleic anhydride.
Nowadays, more than 40% of the total production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is manufactured by the eppe process, and more than 30% of the total production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is manufactured by the direct hydrogenation of maleic anhydride.

Reppe process, also known as acetylene-formaldehyde process, includes two steps: the first step is the reaction of acetylene with formaldehyde to form 1,4-butynediol and the second step is the catalytic hydrogenation of 1,4-butynediol to obtain BDO.
The specific reaction process is as follows:

The reppe process is the earliest production method developed for 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).
This process has been improved.

It is very suitable for large-scale production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO).
The advantages include mature technology, low production cost, short process, high product yield, fewer by-products, and low investment.
Therefore, it is still the mainstream process for the production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) in the world.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of 1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO):
IUPAC Name: Butane-1,4-diol
CAS Number: 110-63-4
EC Number: 203-786-5
Molecular Formula: C₄H₁₀O₂
Molecular Weight: 90.12 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless, viscous liquid
Odor: Mild, characteristic
Density: Approximately 1.017 g/cm³ at 20°C
Melting Point: 20-22°C
Boiling Point: 230°C
Flash Point: 121°C (closed cup)
Solubility: Miscible with water, alcohols, ketones, and esters

Viscosity: 81 centipoise at 30°C
Refractive Index: 1.446 at 20°C
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Molecular Formula: C4H10O2
Molar Mass: 90.122 g·mol−1
Density: 1.0171 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 20.1 °C (68.2 °F; 293.2 K)
Boiling Point: 235 °C (455 °F; 508 K)
Solubility in Water: Miscible
Solubility in Ethanol: Soluble
Magnetic Susceptibility (χ): -61.5·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive Index (nD): 1.4460 (20 °C)
Molecular Weight: 90.12 g/mol

XLogP3: -0.8
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 90.068079557 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 90.068079557 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 40.5 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 17.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
CAS No.: 110-63-4
Appearance: Clear colorless liquid (wax-like solid when cold)
Odor: Faint
Specific Gravity (25/4℃): 1.012
Viscosity (mPa·s): 65 (at 25℃)
Boiling Point (℃): 228
Freezing Point (℃): 20.1

Flash Point (℃): 134
Vapor Pressure (kPa): 0.001 (27℃)
Heat of Vaporization (kJ/mol): 64.9 (228℃)
Heat Capacity (kJ/kg·K): 2.21 (25℃)
Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K): 0.22 (25℃)
Volume Resistivity (Ω·cm): 2.2×107 (23℃)
Physical State (20°C): Liquid
Storage Temperature: Room Temperature
(Recommended in a cool and dark place, <15°C)
Reaxys Registry Number: 1633445
SDBS (AIST Spectral DB): 1892
MDL Number: MFCD00002968

Chemical formula: C4H10O2
Molar mass: 90.122 g·mol−1
Density: 1.0171 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point: 20.1 °C (68.2 °F; 293.2 K)
Boiling point: 235 °C (455 °F; 508 K)
Solubility in water: Miscible
Solubility in ethanol: Soluble
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −61.5·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 1.4460 (20 °C)
Molecular Weight: 90.1
Appearance: Clear colorless liquid (wax-like solid when cold)
Odor: Faint

Specific Gravity (25/4℃): 1.012
Viscosity (mPa･s): 65 (at 25℃)
Boiling Point (℃): 228
Freezing Point (℃): 20.1
Flash Point (℃): 134
Vapor pressure (kPa): 0.001 (27℃)
Heat of Vaporization (kJ/mol): 64.9 (228℃)
Heat capacity (kJ/kg･K): 2.21 (25℃)
Thermal conductivity (W/m･K): 0.22 (25℃)
Volume resistivity (Ω•cm): 2.2×107 (23℃)
Compound Canonicalized: Yes

FIRST AID MEASURES of 1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO):
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of 1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of 1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of 1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of 1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of 1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available