1,4-BUTANEDIOL (BDO)

1,4-Butanediol (BDO), also termed as 1,4-butylene glycol, is an organic compound that is primarily utilized in the production of plastics, fibers, and solvents.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a versatile chemical intermediate that possesses excellent durability, strength and thermal stability.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is most commonly used to produce tetrahydrofuran (THF), an extremely flammable, colorless liquid employed as an intermediate in polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG) production. 

CAS Number: 110-63-4
Molecular Formula: C4H10O2
Molecular Weight: 90.12
EINECS Number: 203-786-5

Synonyms: 1,4-BUTANEDIOL, 1,4 butanediol (BDO), 110-63-4, Tetramethylene glycol, 1,4-Butylene glycol, 1,4-Dihydroxybutane, 1,4-Tetramethylene glycol, Tetramethylene 1,4-diol, Sucol B, DIOL 14B, 1,4-BD, Agrisynth B1D, HO(CH2)4OH, CCRIS 5984, NSC 406696, HSDB 1112, HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH, UNII-7XOO2LE6G3, EINECS 203-786-5, 7XOO2LE6G3, BRN 1633445, 1,4 butylene glycol, DTXSID2024666, CHEBI:41189, AI3-07553, NSC-406696, DTXCID804666, EC 203-786-5, 4-01-00-02515 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), BDO, Dabco DBO, BU1, CAS-110-63-4, MFCD00002968, Dihydroxybutane, 4-hydroxybutanol, 1,4butanediol, 1.4-butanediol, Dabco BDO, 1,4-butandiol, 1,4-butane diol, 1,4-butane-diol, butane 1,4-diol, butane diol-1,4, butane-1-4-diol, 1,4- butandiol, Butan-1.4-diol, 1.4 - butanediol, 1,4-Butanediol, 99%, WLN: Q4Q, MLS001061198, CHEMBL171623, 1,4-BUTANEDIOL [MI], 1,4-BUTANEDIOL [HSDB], 1,4-BUTANEDIOL [INCI], HMS3039N12, Tox21_202245, Tox21_303040, NSC406696, STL283940, AKOS000118735, 1,4-Butanediol, for synthesis, 98%, CS-W016669, DB01955, 1,4-Butanediol, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, NCGC00090733-01, NCGC00090733-02, NCGC00257119-01, NCGC00259794-01, BP-21418, SMR000677930, 1,4-Butanediol, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%, B0680, FT-0606811, F71206, 1,4-Butanediol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, Q161521, J-503971, J-512798, F0001-0222, InChI=1/C4H10O2/c5-3-1-2-4-6/h5-6H,1-4H, 732189-03-6

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a colorless viscous liquid diol that can be obtained by 4 different processes. 
This is then further processed to yield the highly popular apparel fiber - spandex, which is used in medical, automotive & sports applications.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is heat and light sensitive. 

1,4-Butanediol reacts with acid chlorides, acid anhydrides and chloroformates; reacts with oxidizing agents and reducing agents. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is incompatible with isocyanates and acids; also incompatible with peroxides, perchloric acid, sulfuric acid, hypochlorous acid, nitric acid, caustics, acetaldehyde, nitrogen peroxide and chlorine.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) has a wide application scope in several end-use industries including footwear, electronics, automotive and packaging among others. 

1,4 butanediol (BDO)  is a 1,4 butanediol (BDO) that is butane in which one hydrogen of each of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO), often abbreviated as BDO, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C4H10O2. 

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a colorless and odorless liquid that is miscible with water and many organic solvents. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) belongs to a class of compounds known as diols or glycols, which are characterized by having two hydroxyl (-OH) groups on adjacent carbon atoms in their chemical structure.

Additionally 1,4 butanediol (BDO) is also a building block for the synthesis of polyesterpolyols and polyetherpolyols. 
BASF is the most significant producer of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) and its derivatives worldwide.
1,4 butanediol (BDO), not to be confused with 1,3 butanediol, is a primary alcohol, and an organic compound, with the formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH. 

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is one of four stable isomers of butanediol.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is also used as an intermediate to make polyurethane that is used in auto bumpers and dash boards.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) intermediate’s reactive sites are its hydroxyl groups, which undergo all the typical reactions of alcohols. 

In addition to the condensation reactions noted above, it can be converted to simple esters and halides, dehydrated to tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dehydrogenated to gamma-butyrolactone.
In 1930, the 1,4 butanediol (BDO)) synthesis has evolved to the developments of the second process, the Davy Process which is producing BDO from maleic anhydride / succinic acid.
The third process is the LyondellBassell process that allows use of BDO from Propylene Oxide. 

The last one is the Geminox Process-BP chemicals using BDO from Butane.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) can be produced through various chemical processes, including the catalytic hydrogenation of maleic anhydride or the oxidation of tetrahydrofuran (THF). 
These processes yield 1,4 butanediol (BDO) as one of the products.

1,4 butanediol (BDO) seems to have two types of pharmacological actions.
Production of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) occurs in a reactor where high-pressure hydrogen is injected into a feedstock chemical stream to produce 1,4 butanediol (BDO). 
Within the reactor system, a set of high-pressure process pumps continuously recycle the 1,4 butanediol (BDO) reactor fluid. 

With large quantities of gas being injected and consumed in the reactor process, the 1,4 butanediol (BDO) recycle pumps face challenging conditions. 
Polymers produced upon reaction with diacids or diisocyanates are the basis for many commercial polyurethane and polyester applications.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) and its derivatives is used in a broad spectrum of applications in the chemical industry; amongst others in the manufacturing of technical plastics, polyurethanes, solvents, electronic chemicals and elastic fibres.

The hydroxyl function of each end group of the 1,4 butanediol (BDO) reacts with different mono- and bifunctional reagents: e.g. with dicarboxylic acids to polyesters, with diisocyanates to polyurethanes, or with phosgene to polycarbonates.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) has a role as a neurotoxin, a protic solvent and a prodrug. It is a butanediol and a glycol.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) has the molecular formula C4H10O2 and the molecular weight 90.12 g/mol. 

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is also a building block for the synthesis of polyesterpolyols and polyetherpolyols.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is safe only in small amounts. 
Adverse effects in higher doses include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, sedation, vertigo, and potentially death if ingested in large amounts. 

Anxiolytic effects are diminished and side effects increased when used in combination with alcohol.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is produced from sugars derived from the hydrolysis of starch, glucose syrup. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is produced through a single-step fermentation by a metabolically engineered strain of E.coli type bacteria.

1,4 butanediol (BDO) intermediate is a versatile diol precursor to numerous derivatives such as esters, carbamates, polyesters and urethanes. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is used mainly as a co-monomer in classical diol-condensation reactions with terephthalic acid to produce polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), with diisocyanates to produce polyurethanes and with diacids to yield polyesters with biodegradability characteristics. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a colourless, water-miscible, viscous liquid at room temperature (m.p. 16℃) with a high boiling point (230℃), it is mainly used for the production of other organic chemicals, particularly the solvent oxolane (also known as tetrahydrofuran or THF). 

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a versatile liquid diol intermediate with reactive primary hydroxyl functionality and a linear structure that lends itself to formulating polyurethane elastomers with a superior balance of properties and cost. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is an industrial chemical, and is illicitly used as a substitute to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB).
1,4 butanediol (BDO) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) are structurally similar to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and there is evidence to confirm that GBL and BD are converted to GHB after oral administration. 

1,4 butanediol (BDO) abuse became popular among teens and young adults at dance clubs and “raves” in the 1990s, and gained notoriety as a date rape drug.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a colorless, viscous liquid. 

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a non-corrosive, colorless, high boiling liquid with a low order of toxicity.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is completely soluble in water, most alcohols, esters, ketones, glycol ethers and acetates, but may be immiscible or partially miscible in common aliphatic and aromatic/chlorinated hydrocarbons. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is produced by Lyondell Chemical Company in a proprietary, multi-step reaction from propylene oxide. 

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is produced by hydroformylation of allyl alcohol with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which is then followed by hydrogenation. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a colorless liquid with high boiling point and low toxicity.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is of great industrial importance as a starting material for numerous chemical synthesis processes and for the production of plastics. 

The hydroxyl function of each end group of the 1,4 butanediol (BDO) reacts with different mono- and bifunctional reagents: for example with dicarboxylic acids to polyesters, with diisocyanates to polyurethanes, or with phosgene to polycarbonates. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a high-quality intermediate. 
BDO and its derivatives are widely used for producing plastics, solvents, electronic chemicals and elastic fibers. 

The major psychoactive effects of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) are because it is metabolized into GHB; however there is a study suggesting that 1,4 butanediol (BDO) may have potential alcohol-like pharmacological effects on its own.
The study arrived at this conclusion based on the finding that 1,4 butanediol (BDO) coadministered with ethanol led to potentiation of some of the behavioral effects of ethanol.
However, potentiation of ethanol's effects may simply be caused by competition for the alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes with co-administered 1,4 butanediol (BDO). 

The shared metabolic rate-limiting steps thus leads to slowed metabolism and clearance for both compounds including ethanol's known toxic metabolite acetaldehyde
Another study found no effect following intracerebroventricular injection of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) in rats.
This contradicts the hypothesis of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) having inherent alcohol-like pharmacological effects.

Large amounts of the substance are obtained in a two-stage process from formaldehyde and acetylene with subsequent hydrogenation of the intermediate 1,4 butanediol (BDO). 
In addition, there are processes based on propene and maleic anhydride. 
Manufacturing processes based on the fermentation of renewable raw materials are also gradually gaining in importance.

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is an organic compound belonging to the divalent alcohols. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a versatile chemical intermediate because of its terminal, primary hydroxyl groups and its hydrophobic and chemical resistant nature.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a colorless, viscous liquid derived from butane by placement of alcohol groups at each end of its molecular chain and is one of four stable isomers of butanediol.

Melting point: 16 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 230 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.017 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
vapor density: 3.1 (vs air)
vapor pressure: <0.1 hPa (20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.445(lit.)
Flash point: 135 °C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
pka: 14.73±0.10(Predicted)
form: Liquid
color: Clear colorless
PH: 7-8 (500g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: Odorless
Viscosity: 83.2mm2/s
explosive limit: 1.95-18.3%(V)
Water Solubility: Miscible
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
BRN: 1633445
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, mineral acids, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides.
InChIKey:WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -0.88 at 25℃

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a central nervous system depressant and can lead to serious health risks, including overdose and addiction. 
As a result, many countries and regions have implemented strict controls and regulations on the sale and possession of 1,4 butanediol (BDO).
The regulatory status of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) can vary by jurisdiction. 

In some places, it is classified as a controlled substance due to its potential for misuse, while in others, it may be subject to industrial regulations.
In industrial settings, where proper safety measures are followed, exposure to 1,4 butanediol (BDO) is generally controlled to minimize health risks. 
However, inhalation or skin contact with this chemical can still lead to irritation, and safety precautions should be followed to prevent exposure.

This is because the same enzymes that are responsible for metabolizing alcohol also metabolize 1,4 butanediol (BDO) so there is a strong chance of a dangerous drug interaction.
Emergency room patients who overdose on both ethanol and 1,4 butanediol (BDO) often present with symptoms of alcohol intoxication initially and as the ethanol is metabolized the 1,4 butanediol (BDO) is then able to better compete for the enzyme and a second period of intoxication ensues as the 1,4 butanediol (BDO) is converted into GHB.
While 1,4 butanediol (BDO) is not currently scheduled federally in the United States, a number of states have classified 1,4 butanediol (BDO) as a controlled substance. 

Individuals have been prosecuted for possession of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) under the Federal Analog Act as substantially similar to GHB.
A federal case in New York in 2002 ruled that 1,4 butanediol (BDO) could not be considered an analog of GHB under federal law, but that decision was later overturned by the Second Circuit.
A jury in Federal District Court in Chicago found that 1,4 butanediol (BDO) was not an analog of GHB under federal law, which was not disputed on the case's appeal to the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, however this finding did not affect the outcome of the case.

In the United Kingdom, 1,4 butanediol (BDO) was scheduled in December 2009 (along with another GHB precursor, gamma-butyrolactone) as a Class C controlled substance. 
In Germany, the drug is not explicitly illegal, but might also be treated as illegal if used as a drug. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is controlled as a Schedule VI precursor in Canada.

In PU production, 1,4 butanediol (BDO) is reacted with diisocyanates to form polyurethane polymers used in foam, coatings, adhesives, and elastomers.
In addition, 1,4 butanediol (BDO) itself serves as a solvent as well as a plasticizer, a humectant, a carrier fluid for ultrasonic applications, and as an additive in lubricants.
The environmental impact of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) largely depends on its usage and disposal.

1,4 butanediol (BDO) can be used as a solvent for various applications, such as cleaning agents and paint strippers.
In the production of polyurethane foams, 1,4 butanediol (BDO) is often reacted with diisocyanates to form the polyurethane matrix. 

This process allows for the creation of foams with different properties, such as flexible foams used in upholstery and mattresses or rigid foams used in insulation.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a crucial component in the synthesis of spandex fibers, which are known for their exceptional elasticity and stretch. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) of the highest quality - from a reliable partner who will also meet your requirements in the long term. 

The liquid can be delivered promptly in drums with a capacity of 200 kg or loose in iso containers and road tankers.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is an important industrial material that can be used as a food additive and a flavoring agent such as Acetoin and Diacetyl, plasticizers for thermosetting polymeric materials, and precursors of polyurethanes used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. 
In particular, 1,4 butanediol (BDO) can be applied as a humectant in cosmetics and personal care materials. 

In the case of raw cosmetics materials or personal care products, 1,4 butanediol (BDO) assists in the development of natural ingredients rather than chemical synthesis. 
Gas can become entrained and loss of liquid in the pump end becomes a primary concern.
In industrial chemical synthesis, acetylene reacts with two equivalents of formaldehyde to form 1,4 butanediol (BDO). 

Hydrogenation of Butanedi[2]ol (BDO) gives 1,4 butanediol (BDO).
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is also made on an industrial scale from maleic anhydride in the Davy process, which is first converted to the methyl maleate ester, then hydrogenated. 
Other routes are from 1,4 butanediol (BDO), allyl acetate and succinic acid.

A biological route to 1,4 butanediol (BDO) has been commercialized that uses a genetically modified organism.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is rapidly converted into gamma-hydroxybutyric acid by the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, and differing levels of these enzymes may account for differences in effects and side effects between users.
While co-administration of ethanol and GHB already poses serious risks, co-administration of ethanol with 1,4 butanediol (BDO) will interact considerably and has many other otential risks. 

1,4 butanediol (BDO) finds applications in tetrahydrofuran, polyurethane and polybutylene terephthalate resins production (major application spheres) among others 1,4 butanediol (BDO) is traditionally produced from petrochemical-based sources; the recent trend in the industry is bio-BDO production (bio-butanediol from bio-succinic acid or from dextrose).
Asia Pacific dominates the world 1,4 butanediol (BDO) market both in terms of production and consumption global consumption of butanediol is predicted to increase at 4-4.5% per year polyurethane production is expected to be the fastest growing segment of global 1,4 butanediol (BDO) market, besides good demand from tetrahydrofuran and polybutylene terephthalate sectors will also stimulate the world butadiene market growth.

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is an important starting material for the production of solvents such as γ-butyrolactone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and tetrahydrofuran. 
Processing techniques that maximize the efficacy of raw materials through the usage of technologies such as fermentation is actively underway.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a key component in the production of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and polyurethane (PU) plastics. 

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is used in the textile industry to produce spandex fibers, which are known for their elasticity and stretch.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of various chemicals, including gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and butanediol dimethacrylate (BDDMA).

Apart from its role in polymer formation, 1,4 butanediol (BDO) can undergo various chemical reactions, such as esterification and etherification, to produce derivatives with specific properties for different applications.
Due to its potential for conversion into GHB in the body when ingested, the misuse of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) as a recreational drug is a significant safety concern.

Uses Of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is used as a raw material and intermediate product in numerous processes in the chemical industry. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO)s ability to dissolve a wide range of substances makes it valuable in industrial processes.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a key component in the synthesis of polyurethane, a versatile polymer used in the manufacture of foams, coatings, adhesives, and elastomers.

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is used as a pharmaceutical intermediate in the synthesis of certain drugs and medicines.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is used in the synthesis of various organic compounds, including some perfumes, vitamins, and herbicides.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) can be found in some personal care products, such as cosmetics and skin creams, where it may act as a moisturizer or humectant.

One of the most significant applications of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) is in the production of polyurethane (PU) materials. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is used as a diol component in the synthesis of PU foams, coatings, adhesives, and elastomers. 
PU is a versatile polymer known for its flexibility, durability, and insulation properties, making it valuable in various industries, including construction, automotive, and furniture.

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is used in the production of engineering plastics, such as polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is used, among other things, for the production of polyurethanes, polyamides, polycarbonates and polyesters.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) serves as a solvent in the production of plastics, resins, and other chemicals. 

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is also used as a recreational drug known by some users as "One Comma Four", "Liquid Fantasy", "One Four Bee" or "One Four B-D-O". 
A few Federal Courts have stated that 1,4 butanediol (BDO) exerts effects similar to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), which is a metabolic product of 1,4 butanediol (BDO). 
But other Federal courts have ruled that it is not.

1,4 butanediol (BDO) and its derivatives is used in a broad spectrum of applications in the chemical industry; amongst others in the manufacturing of technical plastics, polyurethanes, solvents, electronic chemicals and elastic fibres.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is used in the synthesis of epothilones, a new class of cancer drugs. Also used in the stereoselective synthesis of (-)-Brevisamide.

1,4 butanediol (BDO)'s largest use is within tetrahydrofuran (THF) production, used to make polytetramethylene ether glycol, which goes mainly into spandex fibers, urethane elastomers, and copolyester ethers.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is commonly used as a solvent in the chemical industry to manufacture gamma-butyrolactone and elastic fibers like spandex.

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is used as a cross-linking agent for thermoplastic urethanes, polyester plasticizers, paints and coatings.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) undergoes dehydration in the presence of phosphoric acid yielded teterahydrofuran, which is an important solvent used for various applications.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) acts an intermediate and is used to manufacture polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and polyurethane (PU).

1,4 butanediol (BDO) finds application as an industrial cleaner and a glue remover.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a solvent with good antimicrobial action. 
These plastics find applications in automotive components, electrical connectors, and consumer goods due to their heat resistance and mechanical strength.

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is a critical component in the synthesis of spandex fibers, which are highly elastic and used in textiles and clothing. 
Spandex provides stretch and comfort in sportswear, swimwear, and undergarments.
In addition to its role in plastics and adhesives, 

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is used in automotive manufacturing for components such as bumpers, dashboards, and interior trims. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO)s incorporation into various automotive materials helps improve their strength and durability.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) may be used as a food additive in certain food products. 

1,4 butanediol (BDO) can also serve as a carrier for flavors and fragrances due to its neutral odor and taste.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) also serves as a humectant and viscosity controller, and to mask odor.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is also used as a plasticiser (e.g. in polyesters and cellulosics), as a carrier solvent in printing ink, a cleaning agent, an adhesive (in leather, plastics, polyester laminates and polyurethane footwear), in agricultural and veterinary chemicals and in coatings (in paints, varnishes and films).

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is used in the formulation of industrial cleaning products and degreasers.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) serves as a chemical intermediate in the production of various other chemicals. 
In some formulations, 1,4 butanediol (BDO) can be incorporated into lubricants and hydraulic fluids to improve their viscosity and performance characteristics.

Research has explored the use of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) as a component in certain energy storage systems, such as redox flow batteries, due to its ability to store and release energy efficiently.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) can be used in the formulation of certain pesticides and herbicides, as well as in the synthesis of agricultural chemicals.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is also used in laboratory settings and research applications as a versatile chemical reagent for various experimental and synthesis purposes.

1,4 butanediol (BDO) can be employed as an intermediate in the synthesis of certain pharmaceutical compounds.
In some cosmetic and personal care products, 1,4 butanediol (BDO) may be used as a humectant or moisturizer to help retain moisture in the skin.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) can participate in various chemical reactions, allowing for the synthesis of specialized chemicals for specific applications.

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is used to produce polybutyleneterephthalate, a thermoplastic polyester;and in making tetrahydrofuran, butyrolactones,and polymeric plasticizers.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is used industrially as a solvent and in the manufacture of some types of plastics, elastic fibers and polyurethanes. 
In organic chemistry, 1,4 butanediol (BDO) is used for the synthesis of γ-butyrolactone (GBL). 

In the presence of phosphoric acid and high temperature, it dehydrates to the important solvent tetrahydrofuran.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) enhances the preservative activity of parabens. 
At about 200 °C in the presence of soluble ruthenium catalysts, the diol undergoes dehydrogenation to form butyrolactone.

It is used to synthesize 1,4 butanediol (BDO) diglycidyl ether which is then used as a reactive diluent for epoxy resins.
In 2013, worldwide production was claimed to be billions of lbs (consistent with approximately one million metric tons).
Almost half of 1,4 butanediol (BDO) is dehydrated to tetrahydrofuran to make fibers such as Spandex.

1,4 butanediol (BDO) and Bio-BDO are commonly used as solvent but also as building block in PBT (Polybutylene terephthalate), COPE (Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers), TPU (Thermoplastic Polyurethane), PU (Polyurethane), Resins, PTMEG : Spandex fibres (polyester + diisocyanate) and Copolyester for Hot Melt Adhesive. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is utilized in the formulation of adhesives and sealants, especially in the automotive and construction industries. 

1,4 butanediol (BDO) can enhance the adhesive properties and flexibility of these products.
For example, it can be converted into gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), which is used as a solvent and precursor in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) can be used as a solvent in industrial and commercial applications. 

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is effective at dissolving a wide range of substances and is used in processes like paint stripping and cleaning.
Industrial coatings, including paints and varnishes, may contain 1,4 butanediol (BDO) to improve their performance characteristics, such as adhesion, flexibility, and durability.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is employed in the production of circuit boards and electrical insulation materials, where its properties contribute to the performance and reliability of electronic components.

In some wastewater treatment processes, 1,4 butanediol (BDO) can be used as a biodegradable and environmentally friendly solvent for removing pollutants or contaminants from water.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) serves as a precursor in the synthesis of various chemicals, including plasticizers, lubricants, and specialty chemicals, used in different industrial applications.

Safety Profile Of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO):
1,4 butanediol (BDO) a human poison by an unspecified route. 
Moderately toxic byingestion and intraperitoneal routes. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) has a flash point, which is the lowest temperature at which it can ignite if exposed to an open flame or spark. 

Therefore, it should be stored and handled away from open flames, sparks, and other potential ignition sources.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) can cause skin and eye irritation upon direct contact. 
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is important to wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and safety goggles, when handling BDO to prevent skin or eye contact. 

Incompatible with oxidizing materials. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes.
Safety and Regulation: While 1,4 butanediol (BDO) has many industrial uses.

1,4 butanediol (BDO) is considered a hazardous chemical, and its handling and transportation are subject to regulations and safety precautions. 
In addition, 1,4 butanediol (BDO) should not be confused with substances like gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), which is a recreational drug and illegal in many places.
1,4 butanediol (BDO) is essential to handle it with care.