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1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone is a hydroxyanthraquinone colorant and dye intermediate commonly known as quinizarin.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone is a red-orange to reddish-brown crystalline solid containing two phenolic hydroxyl groups and two quinone carbonyl groups.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports the production of solvent dyes, disperse dyes, aminoanthraquinone colorants, functional inks, analytical reagents, and specialty optical materials.
CAS Number: 81-64-1
EC Number: 201-368-7
Molecular Formula: C₁₄H₈O₄
Molecular Weight: 240.21 g/mol
SYNONYMS
Quinizarin, Quinizarine, Chinizarin, 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone, 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione, 1,4-Dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione, 1,4-Dihydroxyanthra-9,10-quinone, 9,10-Anthracenedione, 1,4-dihydroxy-, Anthraquinone, 1,4-dihydroxy-, 1,4-Dioxyanthraquinone, 1,4-Dioxy-9,10-anthraquinone, Anthracene-9,10-dione-1,4-diol, 1,4-Anthracenediol-9,10-dione, 1,4-Anthraquinonediol, para-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, p-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, Quinizone, Quinizarin Red, Quinizarin Orange, C.I. Solvent Orange 86, Solvent Orange 86, C.I. 58050, Colour Index 58050, Smoke Orange R, Anthraquinone Orange, Hydroxyanthraquinone Orange, Dihydroxyanthraquinone Dye, Anthraquinone Dye Intermediate, Aminoanthraquinone Intermediate, Disperse-Dye Intermediate, Solvent-Dye Intermediate, Vat-Dye Intermediate, Reactive-Dye Intermediate, Acid-Dye Intermediate, Transfer-Printing-Dye Intermediate, Polyester-Dye Intermediate, Plastic-Colorant Intermediate, Polymer-Colorant Intermediate, Printing-Ink Colorant Intermediate, 1,4-Diaminoanthraquinone Precursor, 1-Amino-4-hydroxyanthraquinone Precursor, Disubstituted Aminoanthraquinone Precursor, Quinizarin Analytical Standard, Quinizarin Reference Material, Technical-Grade Quinizarin, Dye-Grade Quinizarin, Reagent-Grade Quinizarin, Analytical-Grade Quinizarin, C₁₄H₈O₄, CAS 81-64-1, EC 201-368-7, PubChem CID 6688, ChEBI 37487, DTXSID8044464, UNII 8S496ZV3CS, NSC 15367, GUEIZVNYDFNHJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
APPLICATIONS
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves directly as an orange anthraquinone colorant identified as C.I. Solvent Orange 86.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone provides orange, reddish-orange, and red-brown shades through its extended conjugated quinone structure.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports coloration of compatible nonaqueous formulations in which low water solubility is advantageous.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables shade adjustment through concentration, solvent polarity, pH, substrate composition, and interaction with other colorants.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone historically functioned as a smoke colorant under the designation Smoke Orange R.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes orange-colored vapor or particulate effects under professionally controlled thermal conditions.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports specialist signaling and smoke-characterization research where thermal decomposition has been fully assessed.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone requires energetic-material expertise and must not be incorporated into improvised smoke or pyrotechnic compositions.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as an important intermediate for manufacturing amino-substituted anthraquinone dyes.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone provides two reactive hydroxy positions that can be replaced by amino or substituted-amino groups.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports production of red, violet, blue, blue-green, and related anthraquinone colorants.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables dye shade, solubility, affinity, and application performance to be modified through amine selection.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a precursor for 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports replacement of both hydroxyl groups with amino functionality under controlled reaction conditions.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes the central anthraquinone framework required for important violet and blue dye intermediates.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables downstream preparation of more highly substituted aminoanthraquinone colorants.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as a starting material for 1-amino-4-hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone allows one hydroxyl group to be replaced while retaining the second hydroxyl group for further modification.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports preparation of asymmetrical colorants with controlled polarity, hue, and substrate affinity.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables formulators to obtain colorants that combine aminoanthraquinone strength with hydroxyanthraquinone reactivity.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a precursor for symmetrical 1,4-bis(alkylamino)anthraquinone dyes.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone reacts with suitable primary amines to introduce equivalent nitrogen-containing substituents.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports production of intense blue and violet colorants with improved compatibility in organic media.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables melting behavior, shade, solubility, and polymer affinity to be modified through alkyl-group selection.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as a precursor for asymmetrically substituted 1,4-diaminoanthraquinones.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports sequential substitution with two different amine components.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables one substituent to control solubility while another contributes affinity, reactivity, or hue.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone facilitates the development of specialized colorants with properties unavailable from symmetrical derivatives.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a raw material for polyalkyleneoxy-substituted anthraquinone colorants.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone reacts with compatible polyether-containing amines to form modified blue colorants.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports derivatives designed for improved water compatibility and reduced surface staining.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables preparation of liquid or semisolid colorant concentrates with controlled handling characteristics.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as a major intermediate in disperse-dye manufacture.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports production of neutral or weakly ionic colorants having affinity for hydrophobic synthetic fibers.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes a rigid planar chromophore that promotes bright shades and useful thermal stability.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables the manufacture of disperse red, violet, blue, and related dyes through controlled substitution.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as an intermediate for disperse dyes applied to polyester fibers.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports low-water-solubility derivatives that diffuse into polyester at elevated dyeing temperatures.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes to dyes designed for strong build-up, shade consistency, and sublimation resistance.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables polyester-dye performance to be adjusted through amino, alkylamino, and hydroxyalkylamino substituents.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as an intermediate for dyes applied to acetate and triacetate fibers.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports derivatives capable of dispersing in aqueous dye baths before entering hydrophobic fiber structures.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes bright anthraquinone shades that complement azo-based disperse dyes.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables fiber-specific adjustment of diffusion rate, affinity, temperature response, and colorfastness.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a precursor for sublimation-transfer dyes.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports derivatives capable of transferring from printed paper into polyester under controlled heat and pressure.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes strong color development and useful resistance to thermal degradation.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables transfer behavior, image density, and shade to be modified through molecular substitution.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as an intermediate for heat-transfer printing inks.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports anthraquinone colorants dispersed in compatible aqueous or solvent-based ink vehicles.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes to formulations requiring controlled particle size, storage stability, and thermal transfer.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables printed images to develop strong color after transfer onto suitable synthetic substrates.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a precursor for solvent-soluble anthraquinone dyes.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports substitution with hydrophobic amino groups that increase compatibility with oils, waxes, and organic solvents.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes transparent coloration where insoluble pigment particles would reduce clarity.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables solubility, shade, heat stability, and migration behavior to be adjusted through substituent design.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as a precursor for oil-soluble blue and violet colorants.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports formation of dialkylaminoanthraquinones with affinity for nonpolar liquid media.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes to colorants used for identification and coloration of compatible process fluids.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables derived dyes to combine high color strength with low application concentration.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as an intermediate for wax and candle colorants where permitted by applicable regulations.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports derivatives capable of dissolving or dispersing in compatible wax matrices.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes transparent or translucent coloration without the opacity associated with many pigments.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone requires derived colorants to be assessed for migration, thermal decomposition, combustion emissions, and light stability.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as an intermediate for polymer-soluble colorants.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports anthraquinone derivatives designed to dissolve within thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer matrices.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes bright transparent coloration to suitable plastics.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables polymer compatibility to be adjusted through alkyl, amino, polyether, and aromatic substituents.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as an intermediate for colorants used in polystyrene.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports aminohydroxyanthraquinone derivatives that produce bright violet or blue shades in the polymer.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes color strength while maintaining transparency when the derivative is molecularly dissolved.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables colorants to be selected for melt stability, shade consistency, and limited migration.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as an intermediate for colorants used in acrylic polymers.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports derivatives compatible with transparent acrylic sheets, molded components, coatings, and optical materials.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes visible absorption while allowing controlled transparency in suitably formulated systems.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables acrylic colorants to be tailored for light stability, heat resistance, and polymerization compatibility.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as an intermediate for colorants used in polycarbonate and engineering plastics.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports substituted anthraquinone dyes capable of withstanding elevated polymer-processing temperatures.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes transparent blue, violet, red, or complementary coloration to molded components.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone requires each derived dye to be evaluated for thermal stability, migration, extractability, and resin compatibility.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as an intermediate for colorants used in polyurethane systems.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports derivatives containing polyether or reactive groups compatible with polyurethane-forming mixtures.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes uniform coloration to polyurethane foams, elastomers, coatings, and related materials.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables reduced migration when the derived colorant becomes physically or chemically associated with the polymer network.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as an intermediate for washable consumer-product colorants.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports polyether-substituted derivatives designed to wash from skin, textiles, ceramic surfaces, and coated materials.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes strong product coloration while suitable side chains reduce persistent staining.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables colorant concentrates to be incorporated into compatible aqueous and surfactant-containing formulations.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as an intermediate for colorants used in liquid laundry formulations.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports derivatives selected for surfactant compatibility, water dispersibility, and storage stability.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes controlled product identification and visual appearance without necessarily functioning as a textile dye.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone requires finished derivatives to be assessed for staining, wash removal, environmental behavior, and regulatory suitability.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as an intermediate for colorants used in fabric-care compositions.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports modified anthraquinone dyes compatible with concentrated aqueous and cationic formulations.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes intense color at low dosage while suitable substituents improve formulation compatibility.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables colorants to be designed for limited transfer onto treated textiles.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as an intermediate for printing-ink colorants.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports aminoanthraquinone derivatives with controlled solubility in ink solvents, binders, and resin systems.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes blue, violet, red, or mixed shades requiring strong visible absorption.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables ink performance to be adjusted for viscosity, drying, adhesion, rub resistance, and storage stability.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a precursor for inkjet colorants.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports derivatization with solubilizing or polymer-compatible groups for use in liquid ink systems.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables anthraquinone colorants to be developed for aqueous, solvent-based, and specialty inkjet formulations.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone requires the final dye to be evaluated for nozzle reliability, filtration, lightfastness, and substrate compatibility.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as a precursor for dyes used in thermal-transfer recording materials.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports derivatives selected for heat-assisted migration from a donor layer into a receiving layer.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes to recording systems requiring high image density and controlled transfer temperature.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables color tone, transfer efficiency, and image stability to be modified through molecular structure.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a precursor for electrophotographic toner colorants.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports quinizarin-derived dyes whose absorption and resin compatibility can be adjusted through substitution.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes to toner systems requiring controlled hue, dispersion, charge behavior, and heat stability.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables molecularly dissolved or finely dispersed colorants to be incorporated into compatible toner binders.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as a precursor for visible-light-absorbing materials used in optical recording research.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports derivatives engineered to absorb at wavelengths matched to selected recording or reading systems.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes a photochemically active anthraquinone framework with adjustable electronic properties.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables absorption wavelength, film compatibility, and photostability to be modified through substitution.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a precursor for dyes used in optical filters.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports anthraquinone derivatives capable of selectively absorbing defined visible-light regions.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes to red, violet, blue, and complementary filter components.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone requires finished filter materials to be tested for transparency, heat resistance, photostability, and resin compatibility.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as a precursor for dichroic dyes used in liquid-crystal research.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports elongated substituted derivatives capable of orientation within ordered host materials.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes strong visible absorption and molecular anisotropy after appropriate functionalization.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables color, order parameter, solubility, and electro-optical response to be modified through molecular design.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a precursor for vat and vat-related anthraquinone dyes.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports condensation and ring-building reactions that generate larger anthraquinone colorant systems.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes to dyes capable of conversion into soluble reduced forms before oxidation on a substrate.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables the development of durable colorants requiring strong wash and chemical resistance.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as a precursor for reactive anthraquinone dyes.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports introduction of amino functionality that can subsequently be connected to fiber-reactive groups.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes a bright anthraquinone chromophore while the reactive group promotes fixation to compatible fibers.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables reactive blue, violet, turquoise, and related shades to be developed.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a precursor for acid anthraquinone dyes.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports preparation of amino derivatives that can be further sulfonated or linked to sulfonated groups.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes to water-soluble dyes intended for wool, silk, polyamide fibers, and leather.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables acid-dye affinity, leveling, solubility, and shade to be modified through substitution.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as an upstream intermediate for direct anthraquinone hair colorants.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports reaction with amino alcohols and alkylamines to produce blue and violet anthraquinone derivatives.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes to colorants historically investigated for semipermanent coloring of keratin fibers.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone requires every derived hair colorant to undergo independent toxicological and jurisdiction-specific assessment.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a process-control standard during aminoanthraquinone manufacture.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports monitoring of amination, substitution, reduction, oxidation, and purification reactions.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables measurement of unreacted starting material and incomplete conversion products.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes to consistent final dye shade, strength, purity, and storage behavior.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as an analytical reference material for chromatographic testing.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports calibration of liquid chromatography, gas chromatography after suitable preparation, and mass spectrometry.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables determination of residual quinizarin in dyes, reaction mixtures, polymers, and environmental samples.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone requires traceable assay, moisture, impurity, and stability information for quantitative analytical work.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a reference substance in ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone provides strong visible absorption that changes with solvent polarity, pH, hydrogen bonding, and aggregation.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports investigation of electronic transitions and conjugation in hydroxyanthraquinone compounds.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables comparison with positional isomers such as 1,2- and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as an acid-base indicator in analytical research.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone changes its absorption and visible color when its phenolic hydroxyl groups become deprotonated.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports studies of indicator transitions in alkaline, mixed-solvent, and nonaqueous systems.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables endpoint behavior to be correlated with solvent composition, concentration, and ionic environment.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a spectrophotometric reagent for lithium determination.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone forms a measurable colored complex with lithium under controlled analytical conditions.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports lithium analysis in pharmaceutical, laboratory, and biological sample matrices.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables sensitive determination when alkalinity, reagent concentration, extraction, and interference control are standardized.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as a spectrofluorometric reagent for trace lithium analysis.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone produces a measurable fluorescence response after suitable complex formation and extraction.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports low-concentration lithium determination where conventional visible measurements provide insufficient sensitivity.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone requires calibration, blank correction, extraction recovery, and matrix-interference evaluation.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a complexing reagent for aluminum ions.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone provides adjacent hydroxy and carbonyl donor sites capable of coordinating aluminum.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports spectrophotometric determination of trace aluminum after suitable extraction or preconcentration.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables analytical sensitivity to be improved through controlled pH, reagent dosage, and phase separation.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as a coordination reagent for selected metal ions.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports complex formation with compatible metal cations through its hydroxyquinone structure.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes color and fluorescence changes that can be measured spectroscopically.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables metal-ion recognition studies involving selectivity, stoichiometry, binding strength, and solvent effects.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a fluorescence-sensing molecule in chemical research.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone responds to selected metal ions and anions through changes in emission intensity or wavelength.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports reversible sensing systems based on coordination, deprotonation, or displacement reactions.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables development of solution, film, and supramolecular sensing platforms after suitable formulation.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as a model redox-active quinone in electrochemical studies.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone undergoes coupled electron- and proton-transfer reactions under controlled electrode conditions.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports cyclic-voltammetric investigation of pH, solvent, electrode material, and oxygen concentration.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables comparison of hydroxyanthraquinone reduction mechanisms and redox stability.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as an electron-transfer mediator in oxygen-reduction research.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports investigation of mediated oxygen reduction and associated quinone degradation pathways.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes a reversible redox couple under suitable electrochemical conditions.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables researchers to examine interactions between molecular structure and catalytic electron transfer.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as a model compound in photophysical research.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports investigation of absorption, fluorescence, nonradiative relaxation, and excited-state proton transfer.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes a rigid planar structure with strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables solvent, temperature, concentration, and molecular-environment effects to be examined systematically.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a guest molecule in cyclodextrin inclusion studies.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports comparison of host-cavity size, binding strength, solubility enhancement, and fluorescence modification.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes a hydrophobic aromatic surface that interacts with compatible molecular cavities.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables supramolecular systems to be studied through absorption and time-resolved fluorescence measurements.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as a model compound in crystal and solid-state research.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports investigation of crystal packing, polymorphism, hydrogen bonding, and intermolecular aggregation.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes predictable hydroxy-carbonyl interactions that influence solid-state organization.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables relationships between crystal structure, color, solubility, and thermal behavior to be examined.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a starting material for further organic synthesis.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports amination, etherification, esterification, halogenation, sulfonation, reduction, and oxidation reactions.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone provides two phenolic sites and two quinone carbonyl groups for controlled functionalization.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables preparation of symmetrical and asymmetrical anthraquinone derivatives for colorant and materials research.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as a precursor for quinizarin sulfonic acid derivatives.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports introduction of sulfonic acid groups that improve aqueous compatibility.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes the central chromophore while sulfonation modifies ionic character and metal-binding behavior.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables development of water-soluble analytical reagents and dye intermediates.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a reference material in environmental analysis.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports measurement of anthraquinone dye intermediates in wastewater, sludge, sediment, and process residues.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables laboratories to distinguish the parent compound from aminoanthraquinone derivatives and degradation products.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes to treatment studies involving adsorption, oxidation, photolysis, and membrane separation.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as a target compound in dye-wastewater treatment research.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports evaluation of color removal, mineralization, transformation, and sludge partitioning.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables comparison of biological treatment, advanced oxidation, activated carbon, and combined treatment methods.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone requires analytical confirmation because decolorization alone does not establish complete chemical destruction.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone functions as a quality-control reference for dye-intermediate production.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports measurement of assay, melting range, moisture, ash, acidity, insoluble matter, and positional isomers.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables impurity levels to be correlated with amination efficiency and final dye shade.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes to consistent processing when particle size, purity, and leuco-compound content are controlled.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone serves as a process-development reference for anthraquinone condensation and cyclization.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone supports evaluation of aromatic starting-material ratio, acidity, reaction temperature, and cyclization efficiency.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone enables process engineers to correlate reaction conditions with yield, isomer content, color, and filterability.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contributes to production improvements aimed at reducing waste acid and difficult-to-remove impurities.
DESCRIPTION
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone is the chemical commonly known as quinizarin.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone is identified by CAS Number 81-64-1 and EC Number 201-368-7.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone has the molecular formula C₁₄H₈O₄ and a molecular weight of approximately 240.21 g/mol.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone contains hydroxyl groups at the 1- and 4-positions and carbonyl groups at the 9- and 10-positions.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone normally appears as an orange-red, red-brown, or reddish crystalline powder.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone possesses a rigid conjugated structure responsible for its strong visible absorption.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone is practically insoluble in water but displays greater compatibility with selected organic solvents and alkaline media.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone develops violet, blue, or purple coloration when its phenolic groups become ionized or coordinate suitable metal ions.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone can be produced through condensation and cyclization reactions involving phthalic anhydride and an appropriate phenolic starting material.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone crude material is commonly recovered through hydrolysis, precipitation, filtration, washing, and drying.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone quality control commonly includes assay, appearance, melting range, moisture, ash, acidity, insoluble matter, and positional-isomer content.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone should be handled with effective dust control, local exhaust ventilation, protective gloves, protective clothing, and chemical eye protection.
PROPERTIES
Chemical Name: 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone
Common Name: Quinizarin
Alternative Common Name: Quinizarine
Preferred IUPAC Name: 1,4-Dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione
Registry Name: 9,10-Anthracenedione, 1,4-dihydroxy-
Color Index Name: Solvent Orange 86
Color Index Number: C.I. 58050
CAS Number: 81-64-1
EC Number: 201-368-7
PubChem CID: 6688
ChEBI Identifier: CHEBI:37487
DSSTox Identifier: DTXSID8044464
UNII: 8S496ZV3CS
NSC Number: 15367
Molecular Formula: C₁₄H₈O₄
Molecular Weight: 240.21 g/mol
Exact Molecular Weight: Approximately 240.0423 Da
InChIKey: GUEIZVNYDFNHJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Family: Hydroxyanthraquinones
Chemical Classification: Dihydroxyanthraquinone dye and intermediate
Functional Groups: Two phenolic hydroxyl groups and two quinone carbonyl groups
Hydroxyl Positions: 1 and 4
Carbonyl Positions: 9 and 10
Hydrogen-Bond Donors: 2
Hydrogen-Bond Acceptors: 4
Topological Polar Surface Area: Approximately 74.6 Ų
Physical State: Crystalline solid
Appearance: Orange-red, reddish-brown, or red-brown powder
Odor: No strong characteristic odor expected
Melting Point: Approximately 198–202°C
Boiling Behavior: Decomposition may occur before practical atmospheric distillation
Volatility: Very low under ordinary ambient conditions
Primary Airborne Exposure Form: Dust
Water Solubility: Very low
Alkaline Solubility: Increased through phenolate formation
Organic-Solvent Compatibility: Soluble to varying degrees in selected organic solvents and dye-processing media
Calculated Log Pow: Approximately 1.9–2.2
Color in Neutral Organic Media: Orange to reddish-orange
Color in Strongly Alkaline Media: Violet, blue, or purple
Primary Industrial Function: Dye and dye intermediate
Direct Colorant Function: Solvent Orange 86
Historical Colorant Function: Smoke Orange R
Primary Intermediate Function: Precursor for aminoanthraquinone colorants
Important Downstream Intermediate: 1,4-Diaminoanthraquinone
Additional Downstream Intermediates: 1-Amino-4-hydroxyanthraquinones and 1,4-disubstituted aminoanthraquinones
Primary Textile Applications: Disperse, transfer-printing, vat, reactive, and acid-dye intermediates
Primary Polymer Applications: Colorants for plastics, polyurethane, coatings, and specialty resins after derivatization
Primary Recording Applications: Inkjet, toner, thermal-transfer, optical-recording, and color-filter colorant intermediates
Analytical Applications: Acid-base indicator, lithium reagent, metal-ion complexing reagent, spectroscopic standard, and electrochemical reference
Primary Production Approach: Condensation and cyclization of phthalic anhydride with a suitable phenolic starting material
Important Process Impurities: Positional hydroxyanthraquinones, residual aromatic starting materials, acidic residues, ash, and dark oxidation products
Dust Hazard: Airborne particles may irritate the eyes and respiratory tract
Skin Hazard: Prolonged or repeated contact may cause irritation
Eye Hazard: Dust may cause redness, tearing, and irritation
Respiratory Hazard: Dust and thermal-decomposition fumes may irritate the respiratory tract
Combustibility: Combustible organic solid under severe fire conditions
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended dry and controlled storage conditions
Incompatible Materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents, strong bases, and uncontrolled reactive chemicals
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, smoke, and irritating organic fumes
Recommended Storage: Cool, dry, dark, tightly closed, and well ventilated
Environmental Precaution: Prevent concentrated release to drains, wastewater, soil, groundwater, and surface water
Quality-Control Parameters: Appearance, assay, melting range, moisture, ash, acidity, insoluble matter, positional isomers, and chromatographic impurity profile
Current Data Requirement: Confirm grade-specific purity, classification, transport status, packaging, storage conditions, and shelf life from current documentation
FIRST AID
Inhalation:
Move the affected person to fresh air.
Keep the person at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
Avoid further exposure to 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone dust, smoke, aerosol, or thermal-decomposition fumes.
Obtain medical attention if coughing, sore throat, wheezing, breathing discomfort, headache, or nausea develops.
Provide respiratory support only through trained personnel using suitable protective equipment.
Skin Contact:
Remove contaminated clothing, footwear, watches, and accessories.
Brush away loose powder carefully without dispersing dust.
Wash the affected skin thoroughly with soap and plenty of water.
Obtain medical attention if redness, irritation, itching, pain, or rash develops or persists.
Wash contaminated clothing thoroughly before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Rinse the eyes immediately with plenty of clean, gently flowing water.
Hold the eyelids open and move the eyes in all directions during irrigation.
Remove contact lenses when present and easy to do, then continue rinsing.
Continue irrigation for at least 15 minutes.
Obtain prompt medical attention if pain, redness, tearing, blurred vision, or irritation persists.
Ingestion:
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by qualified medical personnel or a poison center.
Give water only when the affected person is fully conscious and able to swallow safely.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious, drowsy, or convulsing person.
Obtain medical advice following significant ingestion or if symptoms develop.
Note to Physicians:
No substance-specific antidote should be assumed.
Provide supportive care and treat according to the patient’s symptoms and clinical condition.
Assess the eyes, skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, and neurological condition after substantial exposure.
Consider exposure to related anthraquinone impurities when the grade or origin of the material is uncertain.
Use current poison-center guidance and grade-specific safety documentation as the primary medical references.
HANDLING AND STORAGE
Handling:
Handle 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone in accordance with good industrial-hygiene and dye-intermediate procedures.
Review current technical and safety documentation before opening, sampling, weighing, transferring, reacting, or drying the material.
Avoid all unnecessary contact with the skin, eyes, and clothing.
Do not breathe dust, aerosol, smoke, or thermal-decomposition fumes.
Use enclosed weighing, charging, conveying, reaction, filtration, drying, milling, and packaging systems wherever reasonably practicable.
Avoid pouring, grinding, sweeping, or pneumatic-transfer methods that generate uncontrolled airborne dust.
Use clean, dry, and chemically compatible tools and equipment.
Prevent contamination with strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents, strong bases, reactive metals, and unfamiliar chemicals.
Control temperature, reagent addition, agitation, and oxidation state during amination, reduction, oxidation, sulfonation, and condensation.
Provide effective cooling during strongly acidic production and derivatization reactions.
Use closed sampling procedures to limit exposure and cross-contamination.
Wash the hands, face, and exposed skin thoroughly after handling.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke in areas where 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone is processed.
Keep contaminated work clothing separate from personal clothing.
Keep containers tightly closed whenever the material is not being sampled or transferred.
Ventilation:
Provide effective general ventilation in storage and processing areas.
Use local exhaust ventilation at weighing stations, bag-emptying points, mixers, reactors, filters, centrifuges, dryers, mills, and packaging equipment.
Capture dust at the source rather than allowing it to spread through occupied work areas.
Use enclosed powder-transfer systems for repeated, large-scale, or high-dust operations.
Use dust-collection equipment suitable for combustible organic particulate material where required.
Prevent recirculation of contaminated air unless it has been adequately filtered.
Use suitable particulate respiratory protection when engineering controls cannot adequately limit exposure.
Use respiratory protection appropriate to organic vapors, acidic fumes, or decomposition products during reactive and heated processing.
Use supplied-air or self-contained respiratory equipment for fires, major releases, confined spaces, or unknown concentrations.
Select respiratory equipment through a documented occupational-exposure assessment.
Inspect and maintain ventilation, filters, ducts, process enclosures, and dust collectors regularly.
Storage:
Store 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone in tightly closed and correctly labeled containers.
Keep the material in a cool, dry, dark, clean, secure, and well-ventilated location.
Protect 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone from moisture, excessive heat, intense light, contamination, and physical damage.
Keep 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone separated from strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents, strong bases, and incompatible reactive chemicals.
Keep the material away from open flames, sparks, hot surfaces, and uncontrolled ignition sources.
Use moisture-resistant containers and liners compatible with anthraquinone dye intermediates.
Prevent water, dirt, rust, metals, oxidants, reducing agents, bases, and process residues from entering opened containers.
Reseal partially used containers immediately after sampling or transfer.
Store high-purity material separately from finished dyes, technical chemicals, and waste.
Use first-in, first-out stock rotation within the applicable shelf life.
Inspect stored material for discoloration, caking, moisture uptake, damaged packaging, contamination, or unusual odor.
Maintain lot segregation because isomer and impurity content can affect shade, reaction rate, and downstream dye purity.
Retain certificates of analysis and storage-history records for each lot.
Spill and Leak Procedures:
Restrict access to the affected area and remove unnecessary personnel.
Eliminate ignition sources when this can be done safely.
Provide effective ventilation before beginning recovery operations.
Wear suitable gloves, protective clothing, chemical eye protection, and particulate respiratory protection.
Avoid dry sweeping, compressed-air cleaning, or other methods that disperse powder.
Collect spilled material with a suitable hazardous-dust vacuum or another low-dust recovery method.
Dampen small quantities carefully only when the recovery and disposal procedure permits water use.
Use clean and chemically compatible tools for manual recovery.
Place recovered material in tightly closed, compatible, and correctly labeled waste containers.
Prevent 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone from entering drains, sewers, soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water.
Collect contaminated absorbents, disposable protective equipment, filters, and cleaning residues separately.
Clean affected surfaces after bulk recovery without generating uncontrolled wastewater.
Treat recovered material as dye-intermediate chemical waste.
Dispose of residues through an authorized chemical-waste route.
Confirm that airborne dust has been removed before allowing unprotected personnel to return.
Handling Precautions:
Wear chemical-resistant gloves selected from documented compatibility and permeation information.
Use tightly fitting chemical goggles.
Wear a face shield in addition to goggles where slurry, solution, or reaction-mixture splashing is reasonably foreseeable.
Use protective clothing and closed chemical-resistant footwear.
Provide accessible eyewash and emergency-shower equipment near major handling locations.
Use suitable particulate respiratory protection during dusty operations.
Inspect containers, liners, hoses, transfer devices, filters, ventilation systems, and dust collectors before use.
Prevent accumulation of powder on floors, ledges, equipment, structural surfaces, and ventilation ducts.
Minimize manual handling and use closed transfer wherever practicable.
Control temperature, acidity, amine addition, oxidation state, and agitation during aminoanthraquinone synthesis.
Control solvent selection, drying temperature, and dust generation during purification and finishing.
Prevent cross-contamination between technical material, finished colorants, analytical standards, and waste.
Use only validated cleaning procedures for equipment previously exposed to anthraquinone intermediates.
Keep firefighting, spill-response, and emergency respiratory equipment readily available.
Review current technical specifications, safety documentation, occupational controls, environmental obligations, and waste procedures before production, storage, cleaning, transport, or disposal.
