1,5-PENTANEDIAL

1,5-PENTANEDIAL = GLUTARALDEHYDE = GLUTARAL

CAS Number: 111-30-8
EC Number: 203-854-4
MDL Number: MFCD00007025
Chemical formula: C5H8O2 / OHC(CH2)3CHO

1,5-Pentanedial is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)3(CHO)2. 
The molecule consists of a five carbon chain doubly terminated with formyl (CHO) groups. 
1,5-Pentanedial is usually used as a solution in water, and such solutions exists as a collection of hydrates, cyclic derivatives, and condensation products, several of which interconvert. 

Because 1,5-Pentanedial has two carbonyl group is reactive to primary amine groups (even as its hydrates), 1,5-Pentanedial can function as a crosslinking agent for any substance with primary amine groups and develop imine connected link. 
1,5-Pentanedial is a colorless, oily liquid with a sharp, pungent odor. 

1,5-Pentanedial is a dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5. 
1,5-Pentanedial has a role as a cross-linking reagent, a disinfectant and a fixative.
1,5-Pentanedial solution is a light yellow liquid. 

1,5-Pentanedial mixes with water.
1,5-Pentanedial is a common fixative in biology.
Fixation occurs by crosslinking (creating covalent chemical bonds between proteins in/on cells). 

1,5-Pentanedial is similar to another common cross-linking fixative, PFA.
1,5 Pentanedial, also known as Glutaraldehyde or glutaral is an organic compound with the formula OCH(CH2)3CHO.
Being non-volatile and bifunctional, 1,5-Pentanedial is often preferred to the less expensive formaldehyde. 

1,5-Pentanedial reacts with amines, amides, and thiol groups in proteins. 
1,5-Pentanedial, C5H8O2 or OCH(CH₂)₃CHO, is a transparent oily, liquid with a pungent odor. 
1,5-Pentanedial is an oily liquid at room temperature (density 1.06 g/mL), and miscible with water, alcohol, and benzene. 

1,5-Pentanedial is Colorless to yellowish liquid with a pungent fruity/medicinal odor. 
1,5-Pentanedial is a 5-25% aqueous solution. 
1,5-Pentanedial's Physical properties are based on a 25% solution.

1,5-Pentanedial is miscible with water, ethanol, benzene, ether, acetone, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, isopropanol, n-hexane and toluene.
1,5-Pentanedial is a slightly irritating odor of colorless or yellowish clear liquid, 1,5-Pentanedial is soluble in water and ether, ethanol and other organic solvents.

The free form of 1,5-Pentanedial in aqueous solution is not much, a large number of different forms of hydrate, and most of the ring structure of the hydrate form exists.
1,5-Pentanedial is active in nature, easy to polymerize and oxidize, and will react with compounds containing active oxygen and nitrogen-containing compounds.

Colorless liquid with a pungent odor;  Clear, viscous colorless liquid; Light yellow liquid; Colorless or light yellow liquid with a sharp pungent odor; Commercially available in aqueous solutions ranging from 2-50%
1,5-Pentanedial is soluble in water and in organic solvents. 

Solutions in water are stable for long periods of time.
1,5-Pentanedial is colorless or yellowish clear and bright liquid with slight irritating smell, and can be dissolved in organic dissolvent such as water, ether and ethanol.
In water solution, 1,5-Pentanedial doesn't exist much in free state; instead, 1,5-Pentanedial makes appearance as hydrates with different forms and most of them are hydrates with annular structure.

1,5-Pentanedial is reactive in property, and liable to polymerize and oxidize, which will react with compounds containing active oxygen and nitrogen. 
The reaction of 1,5-Pentanedial with protein is mainly carried out between the carbonyl group of the former and the amino group of the latter. 
Among the known aldehydes, 1,5-Pentanedial is one of the best cross-linking agents for proteins.

1,5-Pentanedial has a small influence on the activity of enzyme, and most of enzymes can be fixed under controlled condition, to cross-link without losing their activity. 
Contrbuting to its outstanding characteristics,1,5-Pentanedial has drawn special concern from people and been put at broad application.

A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.
1,5-Pentanedial is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor used to disinfect medical and dental equipment.
1,5-Pentanedial is an oily liquid at room temperature (density 1.06 g/mL), and miscible with water, alcohol, and benzene. 

1,5-Pentanedial is an organic compound with the formula CH2(CH2CHO)2. 
1,5-Pentanedial consists of a five carbon chain doubly terminated with formyl (CHO) groups. 
1,5-Pentanedial is usually used as a solution in water, and such solutions exists as a collection of hydrates, cyclic derivatives, and condensation products, several of which interconvert. 

Because 1,5-Pentanedial has two carbonyl group is reactive to primary amine groups (even as its hydrates), 1,5-Pentanedial can function as a crosslinking agent for any substance with primary amine groups and develop imine connected link. 
1,5-Pentanedial is an extremely versatile disinfectant and biological tissue fixer. 

Also know by its IUPAC name 1,5-pentanedial, 1,5-Pentanedial is a clear, pungent, and oily liquid that is miscible in water. 
1,5-Pentanedial is highly reactive with amines, amides, and thiols present in amino acid side chains, and most of its uses can be attributed to 1,5-Pentanedial's excellent protein crosslinking abilities.

1,5-Pentanedial, an aliphatic dialdehyde, is a highly reactive compound that has been isolated as a water-soluble oil and usually is stored as an aqueous solution to inhibit polymerization. 
Unbuffered aqueous solutions of 1,5-Pentanedial are stable for long periods of time, have a mildly acid pH, a negligible odor, and are not potently antimicrobial. 

When buffered to an alkaline pH of 7.5 to 8.0 with sodium bicarbonate, the 1,5-Pentanedial is activated; 1,5-Pentanedial has a strong pungent odor, and 1,5-Pentanedial's antimicrobial activity is greatly enhanced for periods of up to 14 days 
1,5-Pentanedial is an organic compound with the formula CH2(CH2CHO)2. 

1,5-Pentanedial is colorless or yellowish clear and bright liquid with slight irritating smell, and can be dissolved in organic dissolvent such as water, ether and ethanol.
In water solution, 1,5-Pentanedial doesn't exist much in free state; instead,it makes appearance as hydrates with different forms.and most of them are hydrates with annular structure.

1,5-Pentanedial is reactive in property, and liable to polymerize and oxidize, which will react with compounds containing active oxygen and nitrogen. 
The reaction of 1,5-Pentanedial with protein is mainly carried out between the carbonyl group of the former and the amino group of the latter. 
Among the known aldehydes, 1,5-Pentanedial is one of the best cross-linking agents for proteins.

1,5-Pentanedial has a small influence on the activity of enzyme, and most of enzymes can be fixed under controlled condition, to cross-link without losing their activity. 
Contrbuting to 1,5-Pentanedial's outstanding characteristics, 1,5-Pentanedial has drawn special concern from people and been put at broad application.

1,5-Pentanedial, C5H8O2 or OCH(CH₂)₃CHO, is a transparent oily, liquid with a pungent odor. 
1,5-Pentanedial or Glutaric Aldehyde or 1,5-Pentanodione is a dialdehyde of low irritant power and strong action, of wide antimicrobial spectrum, that works due to 1,5-Pentanedial's oxidizing and breaking down action on the cell walls. 

USES and APPLICATIONS of 1,5-PENTANEDIAL:
-Cosmetic Uses:    preservatives
-Crosslinking rigidifies and deactivates many biological functions, so in this way, 1,5-Pentanedial solutions are used as biocides and as fixative.  
-As a disinfectant, 1,5-Pentanedial is used to sterilize surgical instruments.

-1,5-Pentanedial is used as Disinfectant for surgical instruments that cannot be heat sterilized
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as A cross-linking and tanning agent
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as A biocide in metalworking fluids and in oil and gas pipelines

-1,5-Pentanedial is used as An antimicrobial in water-treatment systems
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as A slimicide in paper manufacturing
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as A preservative in cosmetics

-1,5-Pentanedial is used as A disinfectant in animal housing
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as A tissue fixative in histology and pathology labs
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as A hardening agent in the development of X-rays

-1,5-Pentanedial is used as In embalming solutions
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as In the preparation of grafts and bioprostheses
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as In various clinical applications

-1,5-Pentanedial is used for industrial, laboratory, agricultural, medical, and some household purposes, primarily for disinfecting and sterilization of surfaces and equipment. 
For example, 1,5-Pentanedial is used in oil and gas recovery operations and pipelines, waste water treatment, x-ray processing, embalming fluid, leather tanning, paper industry, in fogging and cleaning of poultry houses, and as a chemical intermediate in the production of various materials. 

-Biochemistry:
1,5-Pentanedial is used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker and fixative. 
1,5-Pentanedial kills cells quickly by crosslinking their proteins. 
1,5-Pentanedial is usually employed alone or mixed with formaldehyde as the first of two fixative processes to stabilize specimens such as bacteria, plant material, and human cells. 

-Material Science:
In material science 1,5-Pentanedial application areas vary from polymers to metals and biomaterials. 
1,5-Pentanedial commonly used as fixing agent before characterization of biomaterials for microscopy. 
1,5-Pentanedial is a powerfull crosslinking agent for many polymers contain primer amine groups. 
Crosslinking with 1,5-Pentanedial can be used for a polymeric mixture or also can we used as interlinking agent between two different polymeric layers, and an interlinking agent to improve the adhesion force between two polymeric coatings. 

-1,5-Pentanedial may be used in select goods, such as paint and laundry detergent.
-A second fixative procedure uses osmium tetroxide to crosslink and stabilize cell and organelle membrane lipids.
-1,5-Pentanedial also used for undersea pipes to protect against corrosion.

-Medical:
*Clinical uses:
1,5-Pentanedial is used as a disinfectant and medication. 
Usually applied as a solution, 1,5-Pentanedial is used to sterilize surgical instruments and other areas.

*Dermatological uses:
As a medication 1,5-Pentanedial is used to treat plantar warts. 
For this purpose, a 10% w/v solution is used. 
1,5-Pentanedial dries the skin, facilitating physical removal of the wart.

-Another application for treatment of proteins with 1,5-Pentanedial is the inactivation of bacterial toxins to generate toxoid vaccines, e.g., the pertussis (whooping cough) toxoid component in the Boostrix Tdap vaccine produced by GlaxoSmithKline.
-1,5-Pentanedial is also used in the treatment of hyperhidrosis under the control of dermatologists. 
In people who have frequent sweating but do not respond to aluminum chloride. 
-1,5-Pentanedial solution is an effective agent to treat palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis as an alternative to tannic acid and formaldehyde.

-Veterinary uses:
1,5-Pentanedial diluted with water is often sold as alternative to carbon dioxide gas injection for aquarium plants. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is commonly also used by aquarists in low doses as an algaecide.
-1,5-Pentanedial is used to disinfect medical and dental equipment. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is also used for industrial water treatment and as a preservative.

-1,5-Pentanedial is used to reduce degradation in cells, tissues, and entire organisms before further experiments like electron microscopy. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is used to fix specimen before electron microscopy where 1,5-Pentanedial is employed alone or mixed with polymethanal (paraformaldehyde) as the first of 2 fixations followed by osmium tetroxide.
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as an amine cross-linker.

-1,5-Pentanedial is used in SDS-PAGE to fix/crosslink proteins and peptides prior to staining. 
Gels are treated with a 5% solution for ~30 min, after which it must be thoroughly washed to remove the yellow stain brought about by reacting with free Tris. 
Alternatively, gels can be washed before fixation.

-1,5-Pentanedial is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative. 
At room temperature 1,5-Pentanedial is a pungent colourless oily liquid and is mainly available as an aqueous solution of 50% concentration.
-A 1,5-Pentanedial solution of 0.1% to 1.0% concentration may be used as a biocide for system disinfection and as a preservative for long term storage. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is a sterilant, killing endospores in addition to many microorganisms and viruses. 

-1,5-Pentanedial is also used for industrial water treatment and as a chemical preservative.
-1,5-Pentanedial is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor used to sterilize medical and dental equipment. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as a tissue fixative in electron microscopy. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is employed as an embalming fluid, is a component of leather tanning solutions, and occurs as an intermediate in the production of certain industrial chemicals. 

-1,5-Pentanedial is also used for industrial water treatment and as a chemical preservative. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is frequently used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker. 
The oligomeric state of proteins can be examined through this application.
-Monomeric 1,5-Pentanedial can polymerize by aldol condensation reaction yielding alpha,beta-unsaturated poly-1,5-Pentanedial. 
This reaction usually occurs at alkaline pH values.

-A 1,5-Pentanedial solution of 0.1% to 1.0% concentration may be used for system disinfection and as a preservative for long term storage.
-1,5-Pentanedial is used in biological electron microscopy as a fixative. 
1,5-Pentanedial kills cells quickly by crosslinking their proteins and is usually employed alone or mixed with formaldehyde as the first of two fixative processes to stabilize specimens such as bacteria, plant material, and human cells. 

A second fixative procedure uses osmium tetroxide to crosslink and stabilise cell and organelle membrane lipids. 
Fixation is usually followed by dehydration of the tissue in ethanol or acetone, followed by embedment in an epoxy resin or acrylic resin.

-1,5-Pentanedial is also used in SDS-PAGE to fix proteins and peptides prior to staining. 
Typically, a gel is treated with a 5% solution for approximately one half hour, after which it must be thoroughly washed to remove the yellow stain brought about by reacting with free tris.
-1,5-Pentanedial is claimed that it provides a bioavailable source of carbon for higher plants that is not available to algae. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is used for cross-linking proteins and polyhydroxy materials. 

-Also 1,5-Pentanedial is used as a fixative for tissues and as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is also used in coupling reaction of biotin hydrazides to nucleic acids which is useful for conjugating fluorescent hydrazides and hydroxylamines to DNA and for stabilization ofproteins on agarose beads,activation of polystyrene and glass, for immobilization of antibodies and antigens.
-1,5-Pentanedial is a disinfectant, which is rapidly effective against vegetative forms of Gram-positiveand Gram-negative bacteria.

-1,5-Pentanedial is used in hospitals and medical and dental offices in solutions for cold sterilization and automatic processing of x-rays. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as a tissue fixative in histology and microscopy, chemical intermediate, embalming fluid, biocide (cosmetics, water treatment, oilfield, and fish farming applications), disinfectant, cross-linking agent, leather tanning agent, gelatine hardening agent, and keratolytic. 

-1,5-Pentanedial is used as an antimicrobial agent in agricultural, food handling, commercial, industrial, residential, public, and medical environments.
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as a fungicide, also used for leather tanning.

-Also 1,5-Pentanedial is used as materials preservative (cleansers, adhesives, paper, water based coatings, latex paints, inks, dyes, concrete admixtures, and reverse osmosis membranes) and in industrial processes and water systems treatment (recirculating and waste-water water systems, drilling muds, oil and gas storage systems, paper mills, and metalworking fluids).

-The largest single use of 1,5-Pentanedial is as an antimicrobial, bactericide, fungicide and a virucide. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is used to sterilize hospital and veterinary equipment, and to disinfect surfaces in hospitals, veterinary hospitals, nursing homes, and food processing plants. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is used to prevent bacterial growth in water supplies for washing air, cooler systems, logging ponds, and pulp and paper water systems. 

-Smaller uses are as an embalming fluid, as a fixative for tissues, for film processing and leather tanning.
-1,5-Pentanedial is used As bactericide, disinfector, tanning agent, widely used in petroleum development, leather treatment, food, plastics, coatings etc.

-1,5-Pentanedial is used as a disinfectant, as an intermediate in classical synthesis of pseudopelleterine, as a tanning agent in leather, and in the sterilization of endoscopic instruments, dental and barber equipment, thermometers, rubber or plastic equipment which cannot be heat sterilized. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is used also as embalming fluid, in electron microscopy. Hardener for photographic gelatin. 
-1,5-Pentanedial, Pharmacological agent used for hyperhidrosis and antifungal purposes and for treatment of warts and some bullous diseases as well as herpes infections. 

-1,5-Pentanedial contains 5% sorbitan sesquioleate as emulsifier. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as an antimicrobial agent in sugar mills and as a fixing agent in the immobilisation of glucose isomerase enzyme preparations for use in the manufacture of high fructose corn syrup. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is also used for industrial water treatment and as a chemical preservative.
 

-1,5-Pentanedial is used as a disinfectant, 1,5-Pentanedial is used to sterilize surgical instruments.
-1,5-Pentanedial known as polycycloglutaracetal used as a fertilizer for aquatic plants. 
It is claimed that 1,5-Pentanedial provides a bioavailable source of carbon for higher plants that is not available to algae. 

-Though not marketed as such due to federal regulations, the biocidal effect of 1,5-Pentanedial kills most algae at concentrations of 0.5 - 5.0 ppm. 
These levels are not harmful to most aquatic fauna and flora. 
Adverse reactions have been observed by some aquarists at these concentrations in some aquatic mosses, liverworts, and vascular plants. 

-1,5-Pentanedial is also used for industrial water treatment and as a chemical preservative. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as a tissue fixative in electron microscopy. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as bactericide, disinfector, tanning agent, widely used in petroleum development, leather treatment, food, plastics, coatings etc.

-1,5-Pentanedial is also employed as an embalming fluid, is a component of leather tanning solutions, and occurs as an intermediate in the production of certain industrial chemicals. 
-Crosslinking rigidifies and deactivates many biological functions, so in this way, 1,5-Pentanedial solutions are used as biocides and as fixative.

-1,5-Pentanedial is frequently used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker. 
The oligomeric state of proteins can be examined through this application. 
-A pungent colorless oily liquid, 1,5-Pentanedial is used to disinfect medical and dental equipment. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is commonly also used by aquarists in low doses as an algaecide.

-1,5-Pentanedial is applied as a disinfectant for heat-sensitive medical and dental equipment. 
1,5-Pentanedial’s biocidal properties are also utilized for industrial water treatment, hydraulic fracking, and as a topical wart treatment. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is a preferred fixing agent for biological tissues, since it is nonvolatile, and is widely used for leather tanning, embalming, creation of toxoid vaccines, or preparing cell specimens for electron microscopy. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is also used to fix certain enzymes during the production of high fructose corn syrup.

-1,5-Pentanedial is widely used in embalming; in the manufacture of adhesives, sealants, and electrical products; as a cross-linking agent for proteins and polyhydroxy compounds; in microcapsules containing flavoring agents; and as a tissue fixative in electron microscopy, the paper and leather tanning industries, and x-ray film developing solutions. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is also used as a sterilizing agent for plastics, rubber, thermometers, lenses, and other surgical, dental, and hospital equipment.

-1,5-Pentanedial is an effective sporicidal agent, requiring about 3 h for an almost complete kill of spores as well as gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and viruses. 
-1,5-Pentanedial has been used in surgical procedures including colonic anastomoses and dental pulpotomies.
-1,5-Pentanedial solutions (5-25%) are used clinically to treat skin disorders, including warts, hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating of the hands or soles of the feet), herpes simplex, and herpes zoster, and in the preparation of grafts and bioprostheses. 

-The preservative and antimicrobial properties of 1,5-Pentanedial have found broad application in cosmetic, toiletry, and chemical specialty products because of 1,5-Pentanedial's water solubility and usefulness in systems containing secondary or tertiary amines, quaternary ammonium compounds, or protonated amines.
-1,5-Pentanedial solutions often are used as cell and tissue fixatives in biochemical experiments during space-shuttle flights.
-1,5-Pentanedial diluted with water is often sold as alternative to carbon dioxide gas injection for aquarium plants. 

-A pungent colorless oily liquid, 1,5-Pentanedial is used to sterilise medical and dental equipment.
-1,5-Pentanedial, 2%, solution is used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker and fixative prior to SDS-PAGE, staining, or electron microscopy.
-1,5-Pentanedial is a disinfectant, medication, preservative, and fixative.

-Application Areas :
*Disinfectant Chemical
*Water Treatment Chemical
*Pharmaceutical Chemical
*Biocides

-1,5-Pentanedial is widely used for oil production, medical care, bio-chemical, leather treatment, tanning agents, protein cross-linking agent; in the preparation of heterocyclic compounds; also used for plastics, adhesives, fuels, perfumes, textile, paper making, printing; corrosion prevention of instruments and cosmetics etc.
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as Disinfectant for surgical instruments that cannot be heat sterilized
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as A cross-linking and tanning agent

-1,5-Pentanedial is used as A biocide in metalworking fluids and in oil and gas pipelines
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as An antimicrobial in water-treatment systems
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as A slimicide in paper manufacturing
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as A preservative in cosmetics

-1,5-Pentanedial is used as A disinfectant in animal housing
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as A tissue fixative in histology and pathology labs
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as A hardening agent in the development of X-rays
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as In embalming solutions

-1,5-Pentanedial is used as In the preparation of grafts and bioprostheses
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as In various clinical applications
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as Disinfectant, biocide, tissue fixative, medicine (wart treatment); component of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) fluid.
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as a medication, preservative, disinfectant and fixative. 

-1,5-Pentanedial is used to disinfect the surgical instruments as well as other items of hospitals. 
-1,5-Pentanedial which is also utilized as a cold sterilant that can disinfect as well as clean heat-sensitive medical, dental and surgical equipment. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is used for the sectors of chemical Processing, Gas and Oil. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is a sort of corrosion inhibitor that can be used in several industrial and processing applications.

-A pungent colorless oily liquid, 1,5-Pentanedial from our end is used to sterilize medical and dental equipment. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is also used for industrial water treatment and as a preservative.
-The use of 1,5-Pentanedial is particularly recommended in the Biosafety Ruls of the National Health Department and in almost all the Reglamentations on the subject in the work. 

-1,5-Pentanedial is also recommended by almost all the manufacturers of endoscopic instruments, for their disinfection of high level and/or sterilization. 
-In neutral or slightly alkaline environments, this product develops its peak of efficacy, killing Gram + bacteria, Gram - bacteria, fungus, lipophilic virus, microbacteria, and even bacterial spores. 

-Moreover, when the product is activated, the medium and the stabilizing and oxidizing additives of it, provides the product longer shelf life to surgical instruments in general, prevents drying and cracking of plastic and rubber materials, as well as the corrosion of the low quality stainless steel materials. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is a potent antimicrobial/sterilant used to disinfect equipment, surfaces, and laundry in the health care and cosmetology industries. 

-1,5-Pentanedial is used in leather treatments, chemical syntheses, x-ray film developers, paper manufacture and paper finishes, and as a preservative in paints and art paints. 
-1,5-Pentanedial is used as an embalming fluid and in many biochemical applications such as tissue fixative in electron microscopy and as an aminereactive homobifunctional crosslinker.
-1,5-Pentanedial is mainly used in the high performance disinfection and/or sterilization of elements that cannot be disinfected and/or sterilized through conventional ways (vapor, dry heat, radiation, etc.).

PROPERTIES of 1,5-PENTANEDIAL:
-1,5-Pentanedial is a potent, cross-linking fixative
-bridges larger distances than PFA
-crosslinks are irreversible unlike those of PFA
-larger molecule than methanal from PFA & therefore slower 
-penetration into tissue
-causes more autofluorescence than PFA.

PRODUCTION AND REACTIONS of 1,5-PENTANEDIAL:
PRODUCTION:
1,5-Pentanedialis produced industrially by the catalytic oxidation of cyclopentene by hydrogen peroxide, which can be achieved in the presence of various tungstic acid-based heteropoly acid catalysts. 
This reaction essentially mimics ozonolysis. 
Alternatively it can be made by the Diels-Alder reaction of acrolein and vinyl ethers followed by hydrolysis.

REACTIONS:
Like other dialdehydes, (e.g., glyoxal) and simple aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde), 1,5-Pentanedial hydrates in aqueous solution, forming gem-diols. 
These diols in turn equilibrate with cyclic hemiacetal. 

Monomeric 1,5-Pentanedial polymerizes by aldol condensation and Michael reactions yielding alpha, beta-unsaturated poly-1,5-Pentanedial and related oligomers. 
This reaction occurs at alkaline pH values.

A number of mechanisms have been invoked to explain the biocidal and fixative properties of 1,5-Pentanedial.
Like many other aldehydes, 1,5-Pentanedial reacts with primary amines and thiol groups, which are common functional groups in proteins, nucleic acids and polymeric materials. 

Being bi-functional, 1,5-Pentanedial is a crosslinker, which rigidifies macromolecular structures and shuts down their reactivity.
The aldehyde groups in 1,5-Pentanedial are susceptible to formation of imines by reaction with the amines of lysine and nucleic acids. 
The derivatives from aldol condensation of pairs of 1,5-Pentanedial also undergo imine formation.

ALTERNATIVE PARENTS of 1,5-PENTANEDIAL:    
*Short-chain aldehydes 
*Organic oxides 
*Hydrocarbon derivatives 

SUBSTITUENTS of 1,5-PENTANEDIAL:
*Alpha-hydrogen aldehyde
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Short-chain aldehyde
*Aliphatic acyclic compound

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of 1,5-PENTANEDIAL:
Molar mass: 100.117
Appearance: Clear liquid
Odor: pungent
Density: 1.06 g/mL
Melting point: −14 °C (7 °F; 259 K)
Boiling point: 187 °C (369 °F; 460 K)
Solubility in water: Miscible, reacts
Vapor pressure: 17 mmHg (20°C)

Molecular Weight: 100.12    
XLogP3-AA: -0.5    
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0    
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2    
Rotatable Bond Count: 4    
Exact Mass: 100.052429494    
Monoisotopic Mass: 100.052429494    
Topological Polar Surface Area: 34.1 Ų    
Heavy Atom Count: 7    

Formal Charge: 0    
Complexity: 51.1
Isotope Atom Count: 0    
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0    
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0    
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0    
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0    
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1    
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 104.08373g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 104.08373g/mol
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 25.3
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Physical State: Liquid
Color/Form: Viscous, oily liquid, Colorless

Boiling Point: 239℃
Melting Point: -16℃
Flash Point: 135 °C
Solubility: Miscible with water;
Soluble in water;
Miscible with methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate. 
Soluble in ether (25 °C) 11% w/w. 
Limited solubility in benzene, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, petroleum ether, heptane.
Soluble in alcohols, acetone, and relatively insoluble in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons

Density: 0.9941 g/cm cu at 20 °C; 0.9858 g/cm cu at 25 °C
Appearance: Colorless to Almost colorless clear liquid
H-Bond Donor: 2
H-Bond Acceptor: 2
Vapor Pressure: 0.00 mmHg;3.90X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C
Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Viscosity: 128 mPa.s at 20 °C
Refractive Index: Index of refraction: 1.4499 at 20 °C
Heat of Vaporization: 82.4 kJ/mol at 25 °C

Decomposition: When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Other Experimental:
Henry's Law constant = 3.1X10-7atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)
Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.3X10-11 cu cm/mole-sec at 25 °C (est)
Appearance: colorless clear liquid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: Yes
Specific Gravity: 1.00500 to 1.01100 @ 25.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est).: 8.363 to 8.413

Refractive Index: 1.43000 to 1.43600 @ 20.00 °C.
Boiling Point: 188.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 0.600000 mmHg @ 30.00 °C.
Flash Point: > 300.00 °F. TCC ( > 148.89 °C. )
logP (o/w): -0.180 (est)
Shelf Life: 12.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly.
Storage: store under nitrogen.
Storage: refrigerate in tightly sealed containers. store under nitrogen.
Soluble in: alcohol
water, 1.672e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)

Melting point: -10 °C
Boiling point: 101 °C
Density: 1.06
vapor density: 0.8 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.0203 hPa at 20 °C
form: Liquid
color: Yellow
Specific Gravity: 0.918 to 1.123
Odor: Sharp, fruity, medicinal

PH Range: 3.1 - 4.5
Water Solubility: Soluble in water
Min. Purity Spec: ca. 50% in Water, ca. 5.6mol/L
Physical Form (at 20°C): Liquid
Melting Point: -5°C
Boiling Point: 100°C
Density: 1.06
Refractive Index: 1.373

    
Physical state: liquid
Color: colorless
Odor: characteristic
Melting point/freezing point:
Melting point: -6 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 100,5 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable

Autoignition temperature: Not applicable
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: > 3,0 at 20 °C
Viscosity 
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: at 20 °C soluble
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water: No data available

Vapor pressure: 0,27 hPa at 20 °C
Density: 1,06 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information:
Relative vapor density: 0,8

Formula: C5H8O2
Formula mass: 100.12
Melting point, °C: -10
Boiling point, °C: 101
Vapor pressure, mmHg: 0.6 (25 C)
Vapor density (air=1): 0.8
Evaporization number: 0.9 (butyl acetate=1)
Critical temperature: 360

Critical pressure: 41.1
Density: 1.014 g/cm3 (20 C)
Solubility in water: Miscible
Surface tension: <80 g/s2
Refractive index: 1.43 (20 C)
Partition coefficient, pKow: -0.34
Heat of vaporization: 42.5 kJ/mol

FIRST AID MEASURES of 1,5-PENTANEDIAL:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air. 
Immediately call in physician.

*In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Call a physician immediately.

*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.

*If swallowed:
After swallowing: 
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most). 
Call a physician immediately. 
Do not attempt to neutralise.

-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of 1,5-PENTANEDIAL:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Take up carefully with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly. 

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of 1,5-PENTANEDIAL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.

*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of 1,5-PENTANEDIAL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:

*Eye/face protection:
Use Tightly fitting safety goggles

*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,40 mm
Break through time: > 480 min

Splash contact:
Material: Latex gloves
Minimum layer thickness: 0,6 mm
Break through time: > 240 min

*Body Protection:
protective clothing

-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of 1,5-PENTANEDIAL:
-Precautions for safe handling:
*Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood. 

*Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing. 
Wash hands and face after working with substance.

-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions
Tightly closed. 
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Recommended storage temperature see product label.

*Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8B: Non-combustible

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of 1,5-PENTANEDIAL:
-Reactivity:
No data available

-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .

SYNONYMS:
glutaraldehyde
Pentanedial
Glutaral
Glutaric dialdehyde
Cidex
Glutardialdehyde
1,5-Pentanedial
Sonacide
Glutaric aldehyde
Pentane-1,5-dial
Glutaraldehyd
Glutaric acid dialdehyde
Glutaralum
Glutarol
Ucarcide
Aldesan
Alhydex
Hospex
1,3-Diformylpropane
Gluteraldehyde
1,5-Pentanedione
Aldesen
Novaruca
Sporicidin
Aldehyd glutarowy
NCI-C55425
Glutaclean
Sterihyde
Aqucar
Veruca-sep
Sterihyde L
Relugan GT
Relugan GTW
component of Cidex
Glutarex 28
NSC 13392
Sonacide (TN)
Cidex 7
Ucarcide 250
UNII-T3C89M417N
Relugan GT 50
Sterihyde L (TN)
Coldcide-25 microbiocide
Glutaral (JAN/USP/INN)
Potentiated acid glutaraldehyde
CHEBI:64276
T3C89M417N
1, 5-Pentanedial
NSC-13392
NCGC00091110-01
DSSTox_CID_5355
DSSTox_RID_77761
DSSTox_GSID_25355
Glutaraldehyde Solution, 25%
Caswell No. 468
Glutaraldehyde solution
1,3-Diformyl propane
Diswart
Gludesin
Glutarol-1,5-pentanedial
Polyglutaraldehyde
Poly(glutaraldehyde)
CCRIS 3800
HSDB 949
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 043901
BRN 0605390
pentandial
Dioxopentane
Glutural
Ucarset
Verucasep
Glutaraldehyde solution, for electron microscopy, ~25% in H2O
Virsal
Glutaral(usan)
glutaric dihydride
GLUTARALDEHYDE, 25% SOLN
Glutaral concentrate
Bactron K31
Ucarcide 225
Glutaraldehyde solution (50% or less)
Glutaraldehyde solution, 25% in water
Pentanedial, homopolymer
pentane-1,5-dialdehyde
Glutaral, INN, USAN
Protectol GDA, GT 50
SCHEMBL836
WLN: VH3VH
BIDD:ER0299
Glutaraldehyde Solution, 50%
CHEMBL1235482
DTXSID6025355
AMY3308
Bio1_000462
Bio1_000951
Bio1_001440
NSC13392
STR01121
ZINC1729593
Tox21_111083
Tox21_201742
Tox21_303295
STL281872
AKOS008967285
DB03266
Glutaric dialdehyde, 25%sol. In water
Glutaric dialdehyde, 25% sol. in water
NCGC00091110-02
NCGC00091110-03
NCGC00257231-01
NCGC00259291-01
Glutaraldehyde solution, 25 wt. % in H2O
Glutaraldehyde solution, 50 wt. % in H2O
FT-0626730
G0067
G0068
EN300-18037
D01120
Glutaraldehyde solution, for synthesis, 25.0%
Glutaraldehyde solution, Grade II, 25% in H2O
A802339
Q416475
Glutaraldehyde solution, for in vitro diagnostic use
Q-201162
Glutaric dialdehyde solution, 50 wt. % in H2O, FCC
F2191-0161
Pentanedial
1,5-Pentanedial
5-Oxopentanal
Aldesan
Banicide
Biomate 743
Cidex
Cidex 7
Cidex-Dialyzer
Cidexplus
Cleancide 275
Diglutaric Aldehyde
Eimaldehyde
Floperm 665X1
Formula H
Glu-Cid
Glutaclean
Glutaral
Glutardialdehyde
Glutarex 28
Glutaric Acid Dialdehyde
Glutaric Dialdehyde
Glutohyde
Hospex
KS 02
Kcide 850
Maxicide Plus
Metricide Plus
NSC 13392
Panavirocide
Piror 850
Relugan GT
Relugan GT 50
Relugan GTW
Sonacide
Sporicidin
Sterihyde
Sterihyde L
Sterisol S
Surcide G 50
T 352
Ucarcide 250
Wavicide 01
glutaraldehyde
glutaric dialdehyde
1,5-pentanedione
glutardialdehyde
glutaclean
glutaral
glutaric acid dialdehyde
glutarex 28
pentanedial
Glutaraldehyde Solution BP
Pentanedial
1,5-Pentanedial
glutaraldehyde sol,F. E. M.,~50% in H2O
glutaraldehyde sol,for E. M.,~25% in H2O
glutaraldehyde grade I
glutaraldehyde 50% aqueous solution*photographic
glutaraldehyde grade I 50% aqueous*solution
glutaraldehyde grade I 70% aqueous*solution
Glutaraldehyde, 25% Aqueous Solution
Glutaraldehyde 50% solution
Glutarldehyde
Glutaraldehyde
Glutaraldehyde disinfectant
1,3-Diformylpropane
1,5-Pentanedial
1,5-Pentanedione
Aldehyd glutarowy
Aldesan
Aldesen
Alhydex
Aqucar
Cidex
Cidex 7
Coldcide-25 microbiocide
component of Cidex
Glutaclean
Glutaral
Glutaraldehyd
Glutaraldehyde
Glutaraldehyde solution
Glutaralum
Glutardialdehyde
Glutarex 28
Glutaric acid dialdehyde
Glutaric aldehyde
Glutaric dialdehyde
Glutarol
Gluteraldehyde
Hospex
Novaruca
Pentane-1,5-dial
Potentiated acid glutaraldehyde
Relugan GT
Relugan GT 50
Relugan GTW
Sonacide
Sporicidin
Sterihyde
Ucarcide
Ucarcide 250
Veruca-sep
BRN 0605390
CASWELL NO. 468
CCRIS 3800
EPA PESTICIDE CHEMICAL CODE 043901
HSDB 949
NCI-C55425
NSC 13392
Glutaraldehyde
Glutaric dialdehyde
Pentanedial
1,3-diformylpropane
1,5-Pentanedial
Glutaric Aldehyde
Glutaric Acid Dialdehyde
Alhydex
Cidex
Dioxopentane
Glutaral
Glutardialdehyde
Glutarol
Sporicidin
Ucarcide
Veruca-sep
Gluteraldehyde
1,5-pentanedione
potentiated acid glutaraldehyde
sonacide
Pentane-1,5-dial
Aldesan
Coldcide-25 microbiocide
Glutaralum
Hospex