PRODUCTS

1-BROMOPROPANE

1-Bromopropane is used in certain products, such as: Electronic cleaner spray, Silicone mold release spray, Automotive air conditioning flush.
1-Bromopropane is used as a solvent in both commercial and industrial capacities.
1-Bromopropane can also act as a reactant in manufacturing other chemical substances.

CAS Registry Number: 106-94-5
EC / EINECS Number: 203-445-0
MDL Number: MFCD00000254
Common Name: n-Propyl bromide
Molecular Formula: C₃H₇Br
Molecular Weight: 122.99 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
Propyl bromide, n-propyl bromide, Bromopropane, 1-bromo-propane, Bromopropane, 1-, n-C3H7Br, 1-Brompropan, bromo propane, 1-propyl bromide, DrySolv, FabriSolv, 1-Bromopropane, Propyl bromide, 1-BROMOPROPANE, 106-94-5, N-Propyl bromide, Propyl bromide, Propane, 1-bromo-, 1-BROMO-PROPANE, propylbromide, n-propylbromide, CCRIS 30, DTXSID6021874, Y9746DNE68, DTXCID401874, CHEBI:47105, 1-BP, propane, RefChem:430780, 203-445-0, Propane, bromo-, BROMOPROPANE, 1-Propyl bromide, MFCD00000254, 1-Bromopropane-d7, Bromopropane, 1-, HSDB 1068, EINECS 203-445-0, 26446-77-5, bromo-propane, UNII-Y9746DNE68, 1-propylbromide, 1-BP, 3-bromopropane, AI3-18129, 1-bromopropan, 1-brompropane, 1-bromo propane, 3-bromo propane, PrBr, 1-bromanylpropane, n-PrBr, 1-Bromopropane, 99%, n-C3H7Br, EC 203-445-0, SCHEMBL2478, PROPYL BROMIDE [MI], SCHEMBL43597, SCHEMBL43698, SCHEMBL247886, SCHEMBL497416, SCHEMBL894998, SCHEMBL997129, 1-BROMOPROPANE [HSDB], 1-BROMOPROPANE [IARC], SCHEMBL6999850, CHEMBL1230095, SCHEMBL15864866, SCHEMBL29288023, 1-Bromopropane, analytical standard, LCA06667, MSK14525, NGA40020, NGA40021, QBA42205, QBA42215, TBA21700, Tox21_200619, BR1117, SBB040931, STL264215, AKOS000118833, MSK14525-1000M, NCGC00091561-01, NCGC00091561-02, NCGC00258173-01, 3BR, CAS-106-94-5, LS-12961, DB-003860, B0638, NS00006463, ST50214539, EN300-19391, 1-Bromopropane Solution in Methanol, 1000ug/mL, 1-Bromopropane(Discontinued,See C4X-1093133), InChI=1/C3H7Br/c1-2-3-4/h2-3H2,1H, A801541, Q161589, F0001-0130, Propane, 1-bromo-, Propyl bromide, n-Propyl bromide, [ChemIDplus] n-Propylbromide, Propylbromide,1-BP

1-Bromopropane (also known as n-Propyl Bromide or nPB) is a widely used chemical compound in industrial and commercial applications.
With 1-Bromopropane formula C₃H₇Br and a simple bromopropane structure as a linear haloalkane, it is recognized for its versatility as both a solvent and a chemical intermediate.

In its pure form, 1-Bromopropane appears as a colorless, transparent liquid with high volatility and strong cleaning power, making it especially valuable in industries where precision and efficiency are critical.
One chemical attracting attention in recent years is 1-bromopropane (1-BP).

1-Bromopropane is part of the Alkyl Halides group.
1-Bromopropane, also known as n-propyl bromide, is an example of a class of chemical compounds known as alkyl bromides.
1-Bromopropane (n-Propylbromide) is a transparent liquid supplied in drums and bulk containers.

1-Bromopropane is used in the manufacturing process is sourced from the Dead Sea.
1-Bromopropane is applied as a chemical intermediate and as a solvent in (vapor) degreasing of metal parts.
1-Bromopropane is a colorless liquid.

1-Bromopropane is a colorless liquid.
Commercial 1-bromopropane includes not only 1-bromopropane, but also additives that improve its performance in the desired application and stabilizers to inhibit decomposition.

1-Bromopropane was originally used in the production of pesticides, flavors and fragrances, pharmaceuticals, and other chemicals.
1-bromopropane appears as a colorless liquid.
1-Bromopropane is slightly denser than water and slightly soluble in water.

1-bromopropane is a bromoalkane that is propane carrying a bromo substituent at position 1.
1-Bromopropane has a role as a neurotoxin and a solvent.
1-Bromopropane is a bromoalkane and a bromohydrocarbon.

1-Bromopropane has been reported in Ascophyllum nodosum, Mastocarpus stellatus, and other organisms with data available.
1-bromopropane is an organobromide compound.
1-Bromopropane is miscible with ethanol, water and diethyl ether.

1-Bromopropane(1-BP), also known as n-propyl bromide, is a colourless to pale yellow liquid with a strong, characteristic sweet odour.
1-Bromopropane is soluble in some organic solvents and slightly soluble in water.
1-Bromopropane is a liquid with flash point of 220℃.

1-Bromopropane is a bromoalkane that is propane carrying a bromo substituent at position 1.
1-Bromopropane has a role as a neurotoxin and a solvent.
1-Bromopropane is a bromoalkane and a bromohydrocarbon.

1-bromopropane appears as a colorless liquid.
1-Bromopropane is slightly denser than water and slightly soluble in water.
Flash point of 1-Bromopropane is below 75 °F.

1-Bromopropane is slightly soluble in water.
1-Bromopropane is a colorless or pale yellow transparent liquid, neutral or slightly acidic, sensitive to light, with a melting point of -110°C and a boiling point of 71°C.

1-Bromopropane has a relative density of 1.357 (20°C) and a refractive index of 1.4341.
1-Bromopropane can mix with alcohols and ethers in any proportion and is slightly soluble in water.

1-Bromopropane is prepared commercially via the free-radical anti-Markovnikov hydrobromination of propylene.
Since 2000, 1-bromopropane has increasingly replaced toxic, ozone-depleting chlorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons as dry-cleaning solvents.

USES and APPLICATIONS of 1-BROMOPROPANE:
A key application of 1-Bromopropane is the production of valproic acid for pharmaceutical use.
Commonly, 1-Bromopropane is found in industries like: Domestic manufacturing, Importing, Repackaging, Recycling, Cleaning and degreasing, and Reactant processing.

1-Bromopropane can occur both naturally and synthetically.
It is possible to find 1-bromopropane products available to Canadians and in your indoor air.
1-Bromopropane is used in certain products, such as: Electronic cleaner spray, Silicone mold release spray, Automotive air conditioning flush.

1-Bromopropane is used as a solvent in both commercial and industrial capacities.
1-Bromopropane can also act as a reactant in manufacturing other chemical substances.

1-Bromopropane is used in the United States as a solvent in industrial and commercial applications and has been substituted for other solvents that have been identified as suspect human carcinogens or ozone-depleting chemicals.
Among its uses, 1-bromopropane has been used as a solvent for spray adhesives, vapor degreasing, and as a substitute for perchloroethylene in dry cleaning.

1-Bromopropane is used as a solvent substitute to clean metals and electronics, in adhesive and coating applications, and in aerosol propellant applications.
1-Bromopropane has also been used to replace perchloroethylene in dry cleaning.

1-Bromopropane (also known as n-Propyl Bromide or nPB) is a widely used chemical compound in industrial and commercial applications.
Over the years, 1-Bromopropane has found widespread use as a cleaning agent for metals, electronic components, and precision instruments, often serving as a substitute for chlorinated solvents.

Beyond cleaning, 1-Bromopropane also plays a key role as an alkylating intermediate in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and fragrance synthesis, highlighting its importance in chemical manufacturing.
1-bromopropane is used as a chemical intermediate in the production of amongst others pesticides, flavours and fragrances.

1-Bromopropane is primarily used as a solvent in various industrial applications.
1-Bromopropane is effective in degreasing metals, cleaning electronics, and removing oils and waxes from surfaces.
In the pharmaceutical industry, 1-Bromopropane serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of certain drugs.

Additionally, 1-Bromopropane is utilized in the production of pesticides and other agrochemicals.
Its properties make 1-Bromopropane suitable for use in adhesives, coatings, and as a reaction medium in organic synthesis.

1-Bromopropane is a widely used organic solvent used for the cleaning of metal surfaces, removal of soldering residues from electronic circuit boards, and in the hole transport layer (HTL) of multi-layered OLEDs.
1-Bromopropane is also a solvent for adhesives and has been deployed as a replacement for perchloroethylene as a dry cleaning solvent.

1-Bromopropane's use as a solvent in aerosol glues used to glue foam cushions has been especially problematic.
1-bromopropane’s increasing use in the 21st century resulted from need for a substitute for chlorofluorocarbons and perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene).

1-Bromopropane is used as a solvent for adhesives, degreasing plastics and optics.
1-Bromopropane is used in the production of asphalt, synthetic fiber and aerosols.
1-Bromopropane is employed for cleaning the metal surfaces, electronic circuit boards, and multi-layered OLEDs (Organic Light Emitting Diodes).

1-Bromopropane serves to replace perchloroethylene as a dry cleaning solvent.
1-Bromopropane, a halogenated hydrocarbon, is primarily utilized in organic synthesis and as a solvent in various research applications.
Its molecular structure, characterized by a three-carbon chain with a bromine atom attached to the terminal carbon, makes 1-Bromopropane particularly effective in nucleophilic substitution reactions, a foundational mechanism in organic chemistry.

This reaction type allows for the replacement of the bromine atom with other functional groups, thereby enabling the synthesis of a wide range of organic compounds.
The ability of 1-bromopropane to participate in such reactions makes it useful in the development of new materials, pharmaceuticals, and complex molecules for research purposes.

Its utility extends to laboratories focused on understanding chemical interactions and properties, where 1-Bromopropane is employed in experimental protocols to elucidate mechanisms of reaction and to explore the synthesis of novel compounds with potential applications in various fields of chemistry.

1-Bromopropane is a simple bromoalkane frequently used as an industrial solvent and degreasing agent.
1-Bromopropane is a solvent that is used in degreasing, dry cleaning, spray adhesives, aerosol solvents and resins and is primarily used as a chemical intermediate in the production of pesticides, quaternary ammonium compounds, flavours and fragrances, and pharmaceuticals in closed processes.

1-Bromopropane serves to replace perchloroethylene as a dry cleaning solvent.
1-Bromopropane is used as an organic synthesis raw material in the synthesis of organophosphorus insecticides and acaricides such as sulfur propyl, propylthiophosphonate, and propylbromophosphonate in pesticides.
1-Bromopropane can also be used in the pharmaceutical, dye, and fragrance industries, as well as a raw material for Grignard reagents.

KEY BENEFITS of 1-BROMOPROPANE:
*A chemical intermediate.
*Inorganic salt.
*An industrial solvent.
*High purity grade product.
*Global supply chain.
*ISO certified production.
*REACH registered.
*K-REACH registered.

PREPARATION of 1-BROMOPROPANE:
1-Bromopropane can be synthesized by reacting n-propyl alcohol (n-propanol) with excess hydrobromic acid.
Water formed as a by-product is quickly removed from the resulting crude product before purification to give the final product.
A modification of this reaction procedure involves using bromine with a reducing agent such as sulfur, sulfur dioxide, phosphorus or sodium borohydride.

The overall reaction with hydrobromic acid is depicted below.
n-C3H7OH + HBr => n-C3H7Br + H2O
The prefix n (or normal) refers to a “straight chain” hydrocarbon component as opposed to a branched hydrocarbon component, such as the isopropyl group in isopropyl alcohol (i-propyl alcohol or i-propanol) where the hydroxyl (−OH) group is attached to the middle carbon.

NOTES of 1-BROMOPROPANE:
1-Bromopropane is light sensitive.
Keep 1-Bromopropane container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

PREPARATION METHODS of 1-BROMOPROPANE:
There are two main methods for preparing 1-Bromopropane.
1-Bromopropane is obtained by the reaction of n-propanol with hydrogen bromide.
Add hydrogen bromide to concentrated sulfuric acid, then add n-propanol and heat reflux for 0.5 hours.

Distill all the generated 1-Bromopropane at 70–75°C, then wash with concentrated hydrochloric acid and neutralize to pH 7 with sodium carbonate.
Dry with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filter, distill the filtrate, collect the fraction at 69–74°C, and obtain 1-Bromopropane.

1-Bromopropane is obtained by the reaction of n-propanol with sodium bromide.
Heat n-propanol, water, and sodium bromide to reflux, maintain at 69–72°C, and add sulfuric acid dropwise.
After the addition, continue refluxing for 2 hours.

Distill and collect the fraction at 68–100°C, wash with sodium carbonate solution to neutral, then distill and collect the fraction at 68–76°C, which is 1-Bromopropane.
In addition, 1-Bromopropane can also be prepared by the reaction of n-propanol with bromine in the presence of red phosphorus.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of 1-BROMOPROPANE:
CAS Registry Number:106-94-5
EC / EINECS Number:203-445-0
PubChem CID:7840
ChemSpider ID:7552
UN Number:2344
IUPAC Name:1-Bromopropane
Common Name:n-Propyl bromide
Molecular Formula:C₃H₇Br
Molecular Weight:122.99 g/mol
Appearance:Colorless liquid with a characteristic sweet odor

Density:≈1.354 g/mL at 25 °C
Melting Point:~-110 °C
Boiling Point:~71 °C
Vapor Pressure:~146 mmHg at 20 °C
Vapor Density:~4.3 (vs air)
Flash Point:Around 72 °F (~22 °C)
Refractive Index:n²⁰_D ≈1.434
Solubility:Slightly soluble in water (≈2.5 g/L at 20 °C);
soluble in organic solvents such as acetone, ethanol, ether,
benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride

LogP:~2.1–2.2 (measure of partition coefficient, indicates moderate hydrophobicity)
Autoignition Temperature:~914 °F (~490 °C)
Physical Form:Liquid
CAS #:106-94-5
EC / EINECS:203-445-0
Formula:C₃H₇Br
Mol. Weight:122.99 g/mol
Appearance:Colorless liquid
Boiling Point:~71 °C
Flash Point:~22 °C

Solubility:Slightly in water
Uses:Solvent, degreaser, chemical intermediate
Linear Formula:CH3CH2CH2Br
CAS Number:106-94-5
Molecular Weight:122.99
UNSPSC Code:12352100
NACRES:NA.22
PubChem Substance ID:24892019
EC Number:203-445-0

Beilstein/REAXYS Number:505936
MDL number:MFCD00000254
Assay:99%
Form:liquid
Product Name:1-Bromopropane, 99%
InChI:1S/C3H7Br/c1-2-3-4/h2-3H2,1H3
InChI key:CYNYIHKIEHGYOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES string:CCCBr
vapor density:4.3 (vs air)
vapor pressure:146 mmHg (20 °C)

assay:99%
form:liquid
autoignition temp.:914 °F
refractive index:n20/D 1.434 (lit.)
bp:71 °C (lit.)
mp:−110 °C (lit.)
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C3H7Br = 122.99
Physical State (20 deg.C): Liquid
Storage Temperature: Room Temperature (Recommended in a cool and dark place, <15°C)
CAS RN: 106-94-5

Reaxys Registry Number: 505936
PubChem Substance ID: 87563646
SDBS (AIST Spectral DB): 3869
Merck Index (14): 7845
MDL Number: MFCD00000254
CAS: 106-94-5
IUPAC Name: 1-bromopropane
Molecular Formula: C3H7Br
InChI Key: CYNYIHKIEHGYOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES: CCCBr
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 122.99
Synonym: 1-bromopropane
Appearance (Color): Clear colorless to pale yellow
Comment: May darken on storage
Identification (FTIR): Conforms (non-U.S. specification)
Water Content (Karl Fischer Titration): ≤0.01% (100 ppm) (U.S. specification)
Refractive Index: 1.4325-1.4360 @ 20°C (non-U.S. specification)
Form: Liquid

Color (APHA): ≤30 APHA (U.S. specification)
Assay (GC): ≥98.5%
Assay from Supplier's CofA: ≥98.5% (GC) (U.S. specification)
Comment: Material purchased in the U.S. and in other countries
Formula: C3H7Br / CH3CH2CH2Br
Molecular mass: 123.0
Boiling point: 71.0°C
Melting point: -110°C
Relative density (water = 1): 1.35

Solubility in water, g/l at 20°C: 2.5 (slightly soluble)
Vapour pressure, kPa at 18°C: 13.3
Relative vapour density (air = 1): 4.3
Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20°C (air = 1): 1.4
Flash point: 22°C c.c.
Auto-ignition temperature: 490°C
Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: 2.1
Explosive limits, vol% in air: 3.4-9.1
Appearance: Colorless liquid

Melting point/range: -110 °C
Boiling point/range: 71 °C
Density: 1.354 g/mL
Vapor pressure: 19.5 kPa (20°C)
Solubility in water: 2.5 g/L at 20°C
Flash point: None (ASTM D 56)
Hazards - signal word: Danger - please see SDS

Oxidizing properties: Non-oxidizing
Appearance: Clear liquid
Color (APHA): Max - 50
2-Bromopropane/Isopropylbromide (ppm): Max - 100
Acidity as HCI (wt%): Max - 0.003
Evaporation residue (ppm): Max - 50
Melting point: -110 °C
Boiling point: 71 °C(lit.)

Density: 1.354 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor density: 4.3 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 146 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.434(lit.)
Flash point: 72 °F
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: Soluble in acetone, ethanol, ether, benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride
form: clear liquid
color: Colorless to Almost colorless

explosive limit: 3.4-9.1%(V)
Water Solubility: 2.5 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitive: Light Sensitive
Merck: 14,7845
BRN: 505936
Henry's Law Constant: 7.3*10-3 atm-m3/mol (estimated)
Dielectric constant: 8.1（25℃）
Exposure limits: ACGIH: TWA 0.1 ppm

Stability: Stability Flammable - note low flash point.
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases.
InChI: 1S/C3H7Br/c1-2-3-4/h2-3H2,1H3
InChIKey: CYNYIHKIEHGYOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: CCCBr
LogP: 2.1
CAS DataBase Reference: 106-94-5(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 4

FDA UNII: Y9746DNE68
Proposition 65 List: 1-Bromopropane (1-BP)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Propane, 1-bromo-(106-94-5)
IARC: 2B (Vol. 115) 2018
EPA Substance Registry System: 1-Bromopropane (106-94-5)
UNSPSC Code: 41116107
NACRES: NA.24

density: 1.354 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Chemical formula: C3H7Br
Molar mass: 122.993 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Density: 1.354 g mL−1
Melting point: −110.5 °C; −166.8 °F; 162.7 K
Boiling point: 70.3 to 71.3 °C; 158.4 to 160.2 °F; 343.4 to 344.4 K

Solubility in water: 2.5 g L−1 (at 20 °C)
Solubility in ethanol: Miscible
Solubility in diethyl ether: Miscible
log P: 2.319
Vapor pressure: 19.5 kPa (at 20 °C)
Henry's law constant (kH): 1.4 μmol Pa−1 kg−1
Refractive index (nD): 1.43414

Viscosity: 5.241 mPa s (at 20 °C)
Thermochemistry: Heat capacity (C) 134.6 J K−1 mol−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −125.8 to −123.0 kJ mol−1
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): −2.0580 to −2.0552 MJ mol−1
Physical state: liquid (20 °C, 1.013,25 hPa)
Color: No data available
Odor: pleasant
Melting point/range: -110 °C

Method: lit.
Boiling point/boiling range: 70 - 71 °C (1.013,25 hPa)
Flammability: No data available
Upper explosion limit / Upper flammability limit: Upper explosion limit 9,1 %(V)
Lower explosion limit / Lower flammability limit: Lower explosion limit 4,6 %(V)
Flash point: 24,5 °C (1.013 hPa)
Method: closed cup
Autoignition temperature: ca. 490 °C (ca. 1.013,25 hPa)

Method: Regulation (EC) No. 440/2008, Annex, A.15
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: 0,52 mPa.s (20 °C)
Method: OECD Test Guideline 114
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Flow time: No data available
Water solubility: ca. 2,45 g/l (20 °C)

Method: OECD Test Guideline 105
Partition coefficient: noctanol/water log Pow ca. 2,1 (20 °C)
pH: 7
Method: OECD Test Guideline 107
Bioaccumulation: Bioaccumulation is not expected
Vapor pressure: 117,31 hPa (25 °C)
Relative density: 1,35 (20 °C)
Method: OECD Test Guideline 109

Density: 1,354 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Method: lit.
Relative vapour density: 4,25 (Air = 1.0)
Explosives: Not classified as explosive
Oxidizing properties: none
Burning rate: No data available
Self-ignition: 490 °C
Evaporation rate: No data available

Molecular weight: 122,99 g/mol
Molecular Weight: 122.99 g/mol
XLogP3: 2.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 121.97311 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 121.97311 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 Å²

Heavy Atom Count: 4
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 7.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

FIRST AID MEASURES of 1-BROMOPROPANE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of 1-BROMOPROPANE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of 1-BROMOPROPANE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of 1-BROMOPROPANE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of 1-BROMOPROPANE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of 1-BROMOPROPANE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available