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12-HYDROXYSTEARIC ACID

12-Hydroxystearic acid is a hydroxylated fatty acid derived mainly from the catalytic hydrogenation and hydroxylation of castor oil, with the molecular formula C₁₈H₃₆O₃ and a hydroxyl group at the 12th carbon atom.
This unique structure imparts both hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics, making 12-Hydroxystearic acid highly versatile for esterification, polymerization, and a wide range of industrial and cosmetic applications.
12-Hydroxystearic acid is widely used in lithium and calcium greases, coatings, adhesives, plastics, and personal care products, where it improves thickening, stability, lubrication, and sensory properties.

CAS Number: 106-14-9
EC Number: 203-366-1
Molecular Formula: C18H36O3
Molecular Weight: 300.48 g/mol

Synonyms: 12-Hydroxystearic acid, 12-HYDROXYOCTADECANOIC ACID, 106-14-9, Hydroxystearic acid, Cerit Fac 3, Hydrofol acid 200, Ceroxin GL, Barolub FTO, DL-12-Hydroxystearic acid, Stearic acid, 12-hydroxy-, Loxiol G 21, 12-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid, NSC 2385, HSDB 5368, EINECS 203-366-1, EINECS 253-004-1, UNII-933ANU3H2S, BRN 1726730, 933ANU3H2S, DTXSID8026725, CHEBI:85208, AI3-19730, CASID HSA, NSC-2385, DL-12-HYDROXYOCTADECANOIC ACID, DTXCID606725, KOW, EC 203-366-1, 4-03-00-00942 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), 12-Hydroxystearic acid (USP-RS), 12-Hydroxystearic acid [USP-RS], 203-366-1, RefChem:6726, Octadecanoic acid, 12-hydroxy-, 36377-33-0, DL-12-hydroxy stearic acid, MFCD00004592, UNII-YXH47AOU0F, CAS-106-14-9, 12-hydroxy stearic acid, 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoicacid, 12-Hydroxystearic acid estolide, 12-hydroxy-stearic acid, YXH47AOU0F, SCHEMBL17773, WLN: QV10YQ6, 12-HSA, CHEMBL292352, orb1693720, SCHEMBL3700272, MSK1717, NSC2385, (?)-12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 99%, 12-Hydroxystearic acid (Standard), AAA10614, HY-W127329R, EINECS 227-283-5, EINECS 242-295-0, Tox21_201492, Tox21_303035, LMFA02000130, AKOS016010128, HY-W127329, NCGC00164350-01, NCGC00164350-02, NCGC00257021-01, NCGC00259043-01, 78642-86-1, MS-24336, PD150654, SY048149, 12-HYDROXYOCTADECANOIC ACID [HSDB], DB-180778, Octadecanoic acid, 12-hydroxy-, (+/-)-, CS-0185570, H0308, NS00008165, Octadecanoic acid, 12-hydroxy-, (A+/-)-, ST51039859, E82291, Q27158401, 12-Hydroxystearic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, InChI=1/C18H36O3/c1-2-3-4-11-14-17(19)15-12-9-7-5-6-8-10-13-16-18(20)21/h17,19H,2-16H2,1H3,(H,20,21, 12-HYDROXYOCTADECANOIC ACID, 12-Hydroxystearic acid, 106-14-9, Octadecanoic acid, 12-hydroxy-, Harwax A, DL-12-Hydroxystearic acid, Cerit Fac 3, Hydrofol acid 200, Ceroxin GL, Barolub FTO, Loxiol G 21, Stearic acid, 12-hydroxy-, 12-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid, NSC 2385, DL-12-hydroxy stearic acid, 36377-33-0, (R)-12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 12-hydroxy stearic acid, MFCD00004592, CHEBI:85208, 27924-99-8, KOW, DSSTox_CID_6725, DSSTox_RID_78200, DSSTox_GSID_26725, CAS-106-14-9, HSDB 5368, 12-Hydroxystearic acid homopolymer, EINECS 203-366-1, EINECS 253-004-1, UNII-YXH47AOU0F, BRN 1726730, AI3-19730, 12-Hydroxystearic acid estolide, Octadecanoic acid, 12-hydroxy-, homopolymer, Polyhydroxystearic acid (2300 MW), ACMC-1ACPY, 12-hydroxy-stearic acid, YXH47AOU0F, EC 203-366-1, SCHEMBL17773, WLN: QV10YQ6, 4-03-00-00942 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), POLYHYDROXYSTEARIC ACID, 12-HSA, CHEMBL292352, 12 HYDROXY STEARIC ACID, DTXSID8026725, NSC2385, (?)-12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, 99%, NSC-2385, EINECS 227-283-5, EINECS 242-295-0, Tox21_201492, Tox21_303035, ANW-15316, LMFA02000130, AKOS016010128, MCULE-9965131742, NCGC00164350-01, NCGC00164350-02, NCGC00257021-01, NCGC00259043-01, 8039-23-4, FT-0607234, H0308, ST51039859, V0108, W-108773, W-110875, Q27158401, 12-Hydroxystearic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Benzyl(2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylate4-methylbenezenesulfonate, 78642-86-1

12-Hydroxystearic acid is a long-chain fatty acid derivative obtained primarily by the hydrogenation and hydroxylation of castor oil.
12-Hydroxystearic acid appears as a white to off-white crystalline solid with a waxy texture and is valued for its chemical stability, lubricating properties, and ability to form stable gels.

With the molecular formula C₁₈H₃₆O₃, 12-Hydroxystearic acid contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) on the 12th carbon of stearic acid, which significantly enhances its reactivity and versatility in industrial and cosmetic formulations.
12-Hydroxystearic acid is widely used in the production of lithium and calcium greases, coatings, adhesives, and plastics, where it improves thickening, stability, and mechanical performance.

In personal care products, 12-Hydroxystearic acid serves as an emollient, consistency enhancer, and skin-conditioning agent, contributing to smooth textures in creams, lotions, and lipsticks.
Due to its multifunctional profile—balancing performance in industrial systems and safety in consumer applications—12-Hydroxystearic acid is a critical specialty fatty acid in both technical and cosmetic markets.

12-Hydroxystearic acid is a hydroxy fatty acid that is stearic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 12.
12-Hydroxystearic acid has a role as a plant metabolite and a bacterial xenobiotic metabolite.

12-Hydroxystearic acid is a hydroxyoctadecanoic acid and a secondary alcohol.
12-Hydroxystearic acid is a conjugate acid of a 12-hydroxyoctadecanoate.

12-Hydroxystearic acid is a castor oil derivative used in a variety of cosmetic applications.
12-Hydroxystearic acid is often used by formulators as an emollient in skin care products and is also a common surfactant in soaps.
12-Hydroxystearic acid is used predominately in antiperspirants and deodorants, lip gels, hair styling waxes, and skin creams and lotions

12-Hydroxystearic acid is used in cosmetics, wax blends, heavy duty greases, polishes, inks and hot melt adhesives, as a lubricant for natural and synthetic rubbers and as a source for industrial oleo chemicals.
12-Hydroxystearic acid is also used as an intermediate in pharmaceuticals.

12-Hydroxystearic acid, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as long-chain fatty acids.
These are fatty acids with an aliphatic tail that contains between 13 and 21 carbon atoms.

12-Hydroxystearic acid is a hydroxylated fatty acid derived mainly from the catalytic hydrogenation and hydroxylation of castor oil, one of the richest natural sources of ricinoleic acid.
With the molecular formula C₁₈H₃₆O₃ and a molecular weight of approximately 300.48 g/mol, 12-Hydroxystearic acid is structurally characterized by a saturated stearic acid backbone bearing a hydroxyl group at the 12th carbon atom.
This unique structure imparts both hydrophobic (long alkyl chain) and hydrophilic (hydroxyl group) characteristics, allowing 12-Hydroxystearic acid to serve as a versatile intermediate in a wide variety of chemical, industrial, and cosmetic applications.

In terms of physical appearance, 12-Hydroxystearic acid occurs as a white to faintly yellow crystalline solid, waxy in texture, with a melting point typically in the range of 76–82 °C.
12-Hydroxystearic acid is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols, esters, and hydrocarbons.
The hydroxyl group significantly improves its reactivity compared to simple stearic acid, making 12-Hydroxystearic acid highly suitable for esterification, condensation, and polymerization reactions.

From an industrial perspective, 12-Hydroxystearic acid plays a crucial role in the formulation of lithium and calcium greases, where it acts as a thickener and provides excellent thermal stability, water resistance, and mechanical durability.
12-Hydroxystearic acid is also widely employed in the manufacture of polyurethane resins, alkyd resins, coatings, and adhesives, where it enhances flexibility, hardness, and long-term stability.
In the plastics and rubber industries, 12-Hydroxystearic acid functions as a mold release agent, internal lubricant, and flow modifier, improving both processing efficiency and the performance of final products.

In the cosmetic and personal care sector, 12-Hydroxystearic acid is valued as a consistency enhancer, emollient, and skin-conditioning agent.
12-Hydroxystearic acid helps stabilize emulsions, increases viscosity, and imparts a smooth, creamy feel to lotions, creams, lip balms, and decorative cosmetics such as lipsticks.
12-Hydroxystearic acid's natural derivation from castor oil and favorable toxicological profile make it especially attractive in “green chemistry” and clean-label formulations, aligning with the growing demand for bio-based and sustainable ingredients.

Furthermore, 12-Hydroxystearic acid is employed in the synthesis of esters, surfactants, and wax-like derivatives, which find applications in textiles, polishes, and lubricants.
12-Hydroxystearic acid also serves as an intermediate in pharmaceutical and agrochemical formulations, where its structural reactivity provides opportunities for novel compound development.

Overall, 12-Hydroxystearic acid is a multifunctional specialty fatty acid whose balance of chemical reactivity, lubricating properties, and safety has secured it an essential position in both industrial technologies and consumer applications.
12-Hydroxystearic acid's unique ability to function as both a structural building block and a performance enhancer underlines its importance across markets ranging from heavy-duty lubricants to high-end cosmetics.

Market Overview of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid:
12-Hydroxystearic acid has established itself as a high-value specialty fatty acid within the global oleochemicals market, primarily due to its multifunctional properties and versatility across industrial and consumer sectors.
Derived mainly from castor oil, which is cultivated extensively in India, Brazil, and parts of Asia and Africa, the supply of 12-Hydroxystearic acid is closely linked to the global castor oil industry.
As a result, fluctuations in castor bean production, climate conditions, and agricultural practices have a direct influence on the pricing and availability of 12-Hydroxystearic acid in international markets.

The industrial applications segment accounts for the largest share of global demand.
In particular, 12-Hydroxystearic acid is a key raw material in the production of lithium-based lubricating greases, which are widely used in the automotive, aerospace, heavy machinery, and marine sectors due to their excellent high-temperature stability and water resistance.

Beyond lubricants, 12-Hydroxystearic acid is extensively utilized in the paints, coatings, adhesives, resins, and plastics industries, where it enhances viscosity, improves durability, and provides performance stability.
This makes 12-Hydroxystearic acid an indispensable component in both traditional manufacturing and advanced material applications.

In the personal care and cosmetics sector, demand for 12-Hydroxystearic acid is being driven by the growing preference for bio-based and sustainable ingredients.
12-Hydroxystearic acid's role as an emollient, thickening agent, and consistency enhancer makes it particularly attractive for use in creams, lotions, lipsticks, and other cosmetic formulations, especially in markets emphasizing natural and safe raw materials.
This aligns with the broader global trend of shifting away from petrochemical-derived additives toward renewable, plant-based alternatives.

Geographically, the Asia-Pacific region dominates both the production and consumption of 12-Hydroxystearic acid, with India leading global castor oil output and serving as a critical supplier to downstream chemical manufacturers.
Europe and North America represent mature but steadily growing markets, driven by advanced applications in lubricants, coatings, and personal care industries, coupled with stringent environmental regulations that encourage the adoption of renewable oleochemicals.
Emerging economies in Latin America and Africa are also showing increased consumption as industrial infrastructure expands.

From a market growth perspective, the global demand for 12-Hydroxystearic acid is projected to rise steadily due to:
The continued expansion of the automotive and machinery lubricant market,
The shift toward eco-friendly and bio-based raw materials,
Increasing investment in cosmetics and personal care sectors, and
Ongoing innovation in coatings, adhesives, and polymer formulations.

However, the industry faces challenges such as raw material supply volatility, competition from synthetic alternatives, and price sensitivity in developing markets.
Companies are responding through vertical integration, supply chain optimization, and investments in sustainable castor oil cultivation, which aim to ensure long-term stability and competitiveness in the 12-Hydroxystearic acid market.

Uses of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid:
12-Hydroxystearic acid is used in cosmetics, wax blends, heavy duty greases, polishes, inks and hot melt adhesives, as a lubricant for natural and synthetic rubbers and as a source for industrial oleo chemicals.
12-Hydroxystearic acid is also used as an intermediate in pharmaceuticals.

12-Hydroxystearic acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, adhesives and sealants, lubricants and greases, polishes and waxes, fertilisers, coating products and air care products.
12-Hydroxystearic acid is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products and polishes and waxes.

12-Hydroxystearic acid is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
12-Hydroxystearic acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.

12-Hydroxystearic acid is used in the following products: polymers, washing & cleaning products, textile treatment products and dyes, metal surface treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products, leather treatment products and lubricants and greases.

12-Hydroxystearic acid is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
12-Hydroxystearic acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, textile, leather or fur and plastic products.

12-Hydroxystearic acid is a saturated hydroxy fatty acid.
12-Hydroxystearic acid's a waxy, odourless, tasteless and cream coloured compound in flakes / powder.
12-Hydroxystearic acid is one of many castor oil derivatives sold by.

12-Hydroxystearic acid is used as a thickener for silicon grease, as a rubber activator/accelerator and in the manufacture of certain personal care products, among other applications.
12-Hydroxystearic acid is commonly used as gelling agent for organic solvents.

12-Hydroxystearic acid is a highly versatile chemical intermediate whose unique combination of a long hydrophobic fatty acid chain and a reactive hydroxyl group enables a wide spectrum of industrial and consumer applications.
12-Hydroxystearic acid's uses span from heavy-duty technical sectors such as lubricants and coatings to high-value markets like cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

Lubricants and Greases:
One of the most important uses of 12-Hydroxystearic acid is in the production of lithium and calcium-based greases, which are widely employed in automotive, aerospace, marine, and industrial machinery.
12-Hydroxystearic acid acts as a thickening and gelling agent, giving greases excellent thermal stability, shear resistance, and water repellency.
12-Hydroxystearic acid enhances lubrication performance under high mechanical stress and extreme temperatures, which is why lithium-12-HSA greases are considered the industry standard for multipurpose lubricants.

Resins, Coatings, and Adhesives:
In alkyd and polyurethane resins, 12-Hydroxystearic acid contributes to improved flexibility, hardness, and gloss in coatings and paints.
12-Hydroxystearic acid is used in industrial coatings, printing inks, adhesives, and sealants, where it improves flow behavior, film durability, and chemical resistance.
Modified esters of 12-Hydroxystearic acid are employed in powder coatings and heat-resistant paints, ensuring long service life in demanding applications.

Plastics, Rubber, and Polymer Processing:
Functions as a mold release agent and internal/external lubricant during polymer and rubber processing.
12-Hydroxystearic acid reduces friction and improves flow properties of thermoplastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and PVC.
12-Hydroxystearic acid helps in controlling crystallization in polymers, providing improved mechanical performance and transparency.

Cosmetics and Personal Care:
12-Hydroxystearic acid is widely used as an emollient, thickener, and consistency enhancer in skin creams, lotions, lipsticks, and balms.
12-Hydroxystearic acid provides smooth texture, stable viscosity, and conditioning properties for skin and lips.
12-Hydroxystearic acid's plant-based origin (from castor oil) makes it a preferred ingredient in clean-label and sustainable cosmetic formulations, aligning with global trends toward bio-based raw materials.

Pharmaceuticals and Specialty Chemicals:
12-Hydroxystearic acid serves as an intermediate for the synthesis of esters, surfactants, and specialty waxes used in drug formulations and topical delivery systems.
12-Hydroxystearic acid's derivatives are studied for potential applications in controlled-release systems due to their wax-like structure and biocompatibility.

Textiles, Leather, and Polishes:
12-Hydroxystearic acid is used in textile finishing agents and leather treatments, where it provides softness, flexibility, and water resistance.
Incorporated into floor polishes, shoe polishes, and protective coatings because of 12-Hydroxystearic acid's excellent film-forming and gloss-enhancing properties.

Other Industrial Applications:
12-Hydroxystearic acid is used in oil additives to improve viscosity and performance.
In metalworking fluids, 12-Hydroxystearic acid helps reduce wear and improve lubrication under extreme pressures.
12-Hydroxystearic acid serves as a stabilizer and rheology modifier in inks, pigments, and pigment pastes.

Industry Uses:
Lubricants and lubricant additives
Other (specify)
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Intermediates

Consumer Uses:
Thickening agent
Lubricants and lubricant additives

Applications of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid:
The most popular use for hydroxystearic acid is in the cosmetics and personal care industry.
Because 12-Hydroxystearic acid is effective in a range of functions, it is a versatile and popular ingredient for many different products.

Some of the most popular applications for hydroxystearic acid include the following products: Hair care, such as shampoos, conditioners and styling products, Skin care, such as facial care and cleansing, body care and baby care products, Sun care, such as sun protection, self-tanning and after-tanning products.
In any given cosmetics product, hydroxystearic acid is used in three primary functions — as a surfactant, emollient and thickener.

Designed to reduce the surface tension of water, surfactants help water molecules interact with grease and oil.
Surfactants work by using opposing forces.

These cleansing molecules have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, and both components are essential for a surfactant to work effectively — the hydrophilic head binds to water molecules, while the hydrophobic tail binds to dirt and oils.
The hydrophobic tail also repels water molecules, creating more space and reducing the overall surface tension of the liquid.

As a surfactant, hydroxystearic acid helps water mix with oils and dirt.
When used in cosmetic products, 12-Hydroxystearic acid helps clean hair and skin of any grease or debris.

Once loosened, the various oils and dirt are easily rinsed away, resulting in a fresh, clean surface.
Emollients are important conditioning compounds in the cosmetics industry.

These chemicals are responsible for the softening effect of lotions and creams — emollients improve the texture of the skin and hair, and they impart shine after use.
When used in lotions, skin creams and hair products, emollients modify the way formulations feel on the skin.

They also increase the spreadability of products and the length of time they remain effective.
As an emollient, hydroxystearic acid improves the feel and workability of cosmetic products.

The emollient effect of 12-Hydroxystearic acid is especially useful in skin care products such as facial creams and lotions, although it is also beneficial in hair products and spreadable, cream-based make-up.
In many spreadable products, consumers look for a thick, luscious consistency — cosmetics that are too thin or watery are more difficult to spread over the skin.

Thickening agents help products reach the right texture — they make thin formulas creamier and easier to spread.
Thickeners are used to enhance the consistency of a broad range of products, from conditioners to sun tanning lotions.

Although hydroxystearic acid is more often used as a surfactant or emollient, it also has thickening properties.
Manufacturers include hydroxystearic acid as a thickening agent in products such as lotions or deodorants, and its cleansing and softening effects give a formula additional benefits.

Benefits of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid:

Hydroxystearic Acid as a Surfactant:
By itself, water is not the most effective cleaning agent.

While water loosens dirt and debris, 12-Hydroxystearic acid is repelled by grease and oil — to help water clean effectively, another substance must be added to the water to lower its surface tension.
This is why surfactants are essential in cleaning products.
Designed to reduce the surface tension of water, surfactants help water molecules interact with grease and oil.

Surfactants work by using opposing forces.
These cleansing molecules have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, and both components are essential for a surfactant to work effectively — the hydrophilic head binds to water molecules, while the hydrophobic tail binds to dirt and oils.
The hydrophobic tail also repels water molecules, creating more space and reducing the overall surface tension of the liquid.

As a surfactant, hydroxystearic acid helps water mix with oils and dirt.
When used in cosmetic products, 12-Hydroxystearic acid helps clean hair and skin of any grease or debris.
Once loosened, the various oils and dirt are easily rinsed away, resulting in a fresh, clean surface.

The surfactant capability of 12-Hydroxystearic acid makes it a common ingredient in cleansing cosmetics products such as soaps and body washes.

Hydroxystearic Acid as an Emollient:
Emollients are important conditioning compounds in the cosmetics industry.
These chemicals are responsible for the softening effect of lotions and creams — emollients improve the texture of the skin and hair, and they impart shine after use.

When used in lotions, skin creams and hair products, emollients modify the way formulations feel on the skin.
They also increase the spreadability of products and the length of time they remain effective.

As an emollient, hydroxystearic acid improves the feel and workability of cosmetic products.
The emollient effect of 12-Hydroxystearic acid is especially useful in skin care products such as facial creams and lotions, although it is also beneficial in hair products and spreadable, cream-based make-up.

Hydroxystearic Acid as a Thickener:
In many spreadable products, consumers look for a thick, luscious consistency — cosmetics that are too thin or watery are more difficult to spread over the skin.

Manufacturing Uses:
The benefits of hydroxystearic acid extend beyond the cosmetics industry — the surfactant, lubricating and thickening properties of 12-Hydroxystearic acid are also beneficial in a wide range of manufacturing applications.

Below are a few of the common manufacturing applications of hydroxystearic acid:

Rubber products:
Hydroxystearic acid works as an activator, accelerator and internal lubricant for both synthetic and natural rubber.
This property makes 12-Hydroxystearic acid an ideal choice for the rubber production industry.

Lubricants:
12-Hydroxystearic acid can be used in calcium and barium, free multifunctional lithium, glycerol and higher-quality lubricants designed for use in cars, airplanes and other types of machinery.
The surfactant capability of hydroxystearic acid helps prevent particles from sticking to engine parts, allowing the various components to move easily and keeping the motor in good condition.

Silicon and lithium grease:
Hydroxystearic acid is often used as a thickening agent in silicon and lithium-based grease.

Paint production:
When introduced to paint, hydroxystearic acid reacts with acrylic esters, producing stable thermosetting polymers.
These polymers are often used to create high-quality industrial and automotive equipment, along with producing decorative metal coatings.

Manufacturing of plastic products:
Hydroxystearic acid is often used as an additive in the manufacturing of PVC products, including plastic siding, sheets, films, wall panels and window profiles.

Other products:
12-Hydroxystearic acid is also used in inks, hot melt adhesives and polishing products.
Hydroxystearic acid can be found in drilling fluid additives, food packaging and as an intermediate for pharmaceuticals.

Resistant to oil, solvents and water, hydroxystearic acid can maintain its integrity in a variety of environments.
12-Hydroxystearic acid can also withstand a wide range of temperatures, making it an appealing choice for many manufacturing processes.

Benefits in Cosmetics:
Because of its wide range of uses and applications, hydroxystearic acid is a practical and efficient choice for cosmetics and personal care products.
Because 12-Hydroxystearic acid is a natural and low-risk product, the benefits of hydroxystearic acid extend to both the consumers and manufacturers of cosmetics.

Benefits for Consumers:
Hydroxystearic acid provides two key benefits for the consumers and end users of cosmetics — 12-Hydroxystearic acid is a natural and relatively safe product, in stark contrast to its petrochemical competition.

Natural:
Derived from plant-sourced oils, 12-Hydroxystearic acid is entirely vegetable-based, and it isn’t tested on animals during any stage of manufacturing.
Hydroxystearic acid is a vegan compound, which appeals to consumers who are looking for natural, environmentally-friendly products.

Benefits for Manufacturers:
The same benefits that make hydroxystearic acid a perfect choice for consumers also make it advantageous for manufacturers.

Eco-friendly:
Many of the traditional cosmetics ingredients are harmful to the environment or human health.
For manufacturers searching for eco-friendly alternatives, hydroxystearic acid is an ideal option.

A vegetable-based oleochemical, hydroxystearic acid is a natural and sustainable resource.
Unlike petrochemicals, 12-Hydroxystearic acid is derived from a renewable resource, making hydroxystearic acid an eco-friendly choice for the cosmetics industry.

Low-risk:
Hydroxystearic acid is safe for consumers, and it is also a low-risk option for manufacturers.
Nonflammable, non-reactive and not an explosive hazard, hydroxystearic acid is a relatively safe compound for cosmetics companies.
However, as true when handling any chemical compound, make sure you take all standard safety precautions when handling hydroxystearic acid, such as wearing protective clothing, working in a well-ventilated space and administering first aid if it is ingested.

Future of the Hydroxystearic Acid and Cosmetics Markets:
Hydroxystearic acid is a flexible oleochemical that is effective in a variety of industries.
As the cosmetics industry grows, the importance and use of hydroxystearic acid will grow with it.

The success of hydroxystearic acid is spearheaded by a powerful movement within the personal care industry — as consumers push for green cosmetics, the demand for hydroxystearic acid will only increase.

The Green Cosmetics Movement:
The production of oleochemicals has skyrocketed in the past years, and 12-Hydroxystearic acid's success is closely tied to another cultural movement — the push towards green and sustainable cosmetics.

Across the industry, an increasing number of consumers pay attention to the ingredients of their favorite products.
The average cosmetics consumer is more informed than ever before, and they are looking for products that will not harm their health or their environment.

To be labeled “green,” a product must include environmentally-friendly manufacturing practices, formulations or packaging.
In the cosmetics industry, the definition goes a step further — to be considered “green,” a cosmetic product must contain natural ingredients derived from raw, renewable sources.

Choosing green cosmetics has several attractions for consumers and manufacturers.
Along with promoting the long-term health of humans and the environment, “going green” encourages ecological responsibility and the production of higher-quality products.
However, switching to sustainable ingredients is also a smart financial decision.

The green cosmetics industry has seen a 15 percent annual growth rate, and the trend isn’t expected to end any time soon.
Some researchers estimate that by 2025, the organic beauty market will be worth $25.11 billion in the global economy.

Because hydroxystearic acid is a vegetable-derived, vegan ingredient, it appeals to consumers and manufacturers interested in the green cosmetics movement.
Investing in this versatile oleochemical is a safe choice — as more and more consumers search for oleochemical-based products, having hydroxystearic acid on your ingredient list will expand your brand into the booming green cosmetics market.

Production of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid:
The production of 12-Hydroxystearic acid is closely tied to the castor oil industry, since castor oil is the richest natural source of ricinoleic acid (≈ 85–90% of its fatty acid content).
Ricinoleic acid contains a hydroxyl group at the 12th carbon, which provides the chemical foundation for converting castor oil into 12-Hydroxystearic acid through controlled hydrogenation.

Raw Material Source – Castor Oil:
Castor beans (Ricinus communis) are cultivated primarily in India, Brazil, and China, which together dominate the global supply.
Castor oil is extracted from the seeds and refined before entering chemical conversion processes.
The reliance on castor oil links 12-Hydroxystearic acid availability to agricultural yields, climatic conditions, and global trade flows.

Hydrogenation Process:
The key industrial route for producing 12-Hydroxystearic acid involves catalytic hydrogenation of castor oil or ricinoleic acid.
Nickel or palladium catalysts are commonly used under controlled conditions of pressure and temperature.

During hydrogenation, the double bond of ricinoleic acid (C9–C10) is saturated, while the hydroxyl group at the C12 position remains intact, yielding 12-Hydroxystearic acid as the main product.
Careful process control is required to maximize yield and avoid over-hydrogenation, which could reduce hydroxyl functionality.

Isolation and Purification:
The reaction mixture is cooled, and the resulting 12-Hydroxystearic acid crystallizes out as a solid waxy material.
Further purification may include filtration, recrystallization, or fractional distillation to obtain a product with high purity (> 90%).
The purified product is then milled into flakes, powders, or pastilles, depending on downstream application requirements.

Alternative Synthetic Routes:
Some experimental routes explore the direct hydroxylation of stearic acid or epoxidation–hydroxylation of oleic acid, but these are less common industrially due to higher cost and lower efficiency.
The biocatalytic transformation of vegetable oils into hydroxylated fatty acids has also been studied, reflecting the industry’s shift toward greener, enzyme-based processes.

Industrial Scale and Capacity:
Large-scale production facilities are concentrated near castor oil processing hubs in India and China.
Annual global production capacity of 12-Hydroxystearic acid is measured in tens of thousands of metric tons, with the majority allocated to lubricant and grease manufacturing.
Producers often integrate upstream (castor oil extraction) and downstream (derivative manufacturing) operations to stabilize costs and ensure supply reliability.

Sustainability Considerations:
Because castor beans can be cultivated on marginal, non-food agricultural land, 12-Hydroxystearic acid is considered a renewable and sustainable specialty chemical.
Industry trends are moving toward low-energy catalytic methods and enzyme-catalyzed hydroxylation, reducing the environmental footprint of production.
Certifications such as RSPO (Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil) equivalents for castor oil are gaining traction, promoting traceability and responsible sourcing.

History of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid:

The history of 12-Hydroxystearic acid is closely tied to the development of the castor oil industry and the evolution of oleochemical chemistry in the late 19th and 20th centuries.
12-Hydroxystearic acid's discovery and industrial adoption reflect the broader shift from natural fats and oils to chemically modified derivatives that could serve in lubricants, resins, and cosmetics.

Early Origins (1800s):
Castor oil, extracted from Ricinus communis seeds, had been used for centuries as a medicine, lamp oil, and lubricant.
In the mid-19th century, chemists began identifying 12-Hydroxystearic acid's unique composition, noting that over 80% of its fatty acids consisted of ricinoleic acid, an unusual hydroxy fatty acid.
The presence of a hydroxyl group on ricinoleic acid sparked interest among early organic chemists, who experimented with hydrogenation and derivatization to obtain more stable saturated compounds.

Early 20th Century – Industrial Chemistry of Ricinoleic Acid:
By the 1920s–1930s, advances in catalytic hydrogenation technology allowed chemists to selectively hydrogenate ricinoleic acid to yield 12-Hydroxystearic acid.
This was significant because 12-Hydroxystearic acid produced a solid, crystalline fatty acid with new properties—higher melting point, greater stability, and excellent thickening ability.
During this period, 12-Hydroxystearic acid began to be used in lubricants and greases, especially for aviation and industrial machinery, which required stable, water-resistant lubricants.

Post-War Expansion (1940s–1960s):
The expansion of the automotive and heavy machinery industries after World War II accelerated demand for lithium-based greases, for which 12-Hydroxystearic acid became a critical raw material.
Greases formulated with 12-Hydroxystearic acid provided superior thermal stability and mechanical durability, making them the standard in many industrial applications.
Simultaneously, research into polymer chemistry and coatings discovered that 12-Hydroxystearic acid could enhance the properties of alkyd resins and polyurethanes, further expanding its market.

Late 20th Century – Diversification into Consumer Goods:
By the 1970s–1980s, 12-Hydroxystearic acid gained increasing importance in personal care and cosmetics as an emollient and viscosity modifier in creams, lotions, and lipsticks.
12-Hydroxystearic acid's plant-based origin (from renewable castor oil) made it attractive as industries began exploring sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based additives.
The rise of the oleochemical industry, especially in Asia (India, China), made 12-Hydroxystearic acid widely available on the global market.

Modern Developments (2000s–Present):
Today, 12-Hydroxystearic acid is produced on a large industrial scale, with India serving as the dominant global supplier due to its extensive castor bean cultivation.

12-Hydroxystearic acid's applications continue to diversify:

Industrial: advanced greases, resins, coatings, and polymer processing.

Consumer: cosmetics, personal care, and eco-friendly household products.

In recent years, green chemistry initiatives have driven interest in biocatalytic and enzyme-assisted synthesis of hydroxylated fatty acids, aiming to improve sustainability and reduce energy consumption.
12-Hydroxystearic acid’s dual role as both a technical performance enhancer and a sustainable cosmetic ingredient has solidified its position as a critical oleochemical.

Handling and Storage of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid:

Handling:
Avoid generating dust during handling, as airborne particles may cause mild irritation to eyes or respiratory tract.
Use appropriate local exhaust ventilation in areas where dust or vapors could accumulate.

Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling the material.

Storage:
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight and moisture.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination.

Recommended storage temperature: 15–30 °C.

Store away from strong oxidizing agents and strong acids.
Use corrosion-resistant containers (steel drums or polyethylene).

Stability and Reactivity of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid:

Stability:
Stable under normal conditions of use and storage.

Reactivity:
May react with strong oxidizers (e.g., peroxides, nitric acid) causing exothermic reactions.
Avoid excessive heating; decomposition at high temperatures may release acrolein, aldehydes, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide.

Conditions to avoid:
Heat, sparks, flames, and prolonged exposure to moisture.

Hazardous decomposition products:
CO, CO₂, and low levels of volatile organic compounds.

First Aid Measures of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid:

Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air if dust is inhaled.
If symptoms (coughing, throat irritation) persist, seek medical attention.

Skin Contact:
Wash immediately with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.
If irritation persists, consult a physician.

Eye Contact:
Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting eyelids occasionally.
Seek medical attention if irritation or redness persists.

Ingestion:
Rinse mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Get medical advice if large amounts are ingested or if discomfort occurs.

Firefighting Measures of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide (CO₂), or water spray.

Unsuitable media:
Direct water jet may spread burning material.

Fire hazards:
Organic material – may burn if exposed to high heat or flame.
Combustion produces irritating and toxic fumes (CO, CO₂).

Protective equipment for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full protective gear.
Use water spray to cool containers exposed to fire.

Accidental Release Measures of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid:

Personal precautions:
Avoid inhalation of dust; use respiratory protection if needed.
Prevent contact with skin and eyes.

Environmental precautions:
Avoid release into drains, waterways, or soil.
Contain spill to prevent environmental contamination.

Cleanup methods:
Sweep or vacuum spilled material and place in labeled containers for disposal or recovery.
Wash area with water and detergent to remove residues.

Exposure Controls / Personal Protective Equipment of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid:

Engineering controls:
Provide adequate ventilation, especially in enclosed areas where dust may form.

Respiratory protection:
Not normally required under typical use.
If dust levels exceed occupational exposure limits, use a NIOSH-approved dust respirator.

Skin protection:
Wear protective gloves (nitrile, neoprene, or PVC).
Protective clothing recommended for bulk handling.

Eye protection:
Safety glasses with side shields or chemical goggles.

Hygiene measures:
Wash thoroughly after handling.
Remove and launder contaminated clothing before reuse.

Identifiers of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid:
CAS: 106-14-9
IUPAC Name: 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid
Molecular Formula: C18H36O3
InChI Key: ULQISTXYYBZJSJ-UHFFFAOYNA-N
SMILES: CCCCCCC(O)CCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 300.48
Synonym: DL-12-hydroxy stearic acid

Chemical Name: 12-Hydroxystearic acid
Molecular Formula: C₁₈H₃₆O₃
Molecular Weight: 300.48 g/mol
IUPAC Name: 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid
CAS Number: 106-14-9
EC Number (EINECS): 203-366-1
PubChem CID: 8210
UNII (FDA): 5QK47Z0U3R
MDL Number: MFCD00004473
InChI Key: JVESGZZVBFNJJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI String: InChI=1S/C18H36O3/c19-17-13-11-9-7-5-3-1-2-4-6-8-10-12-14-18(20)15-16-21/h19,21H,1-16H2,(H,20,21)
SMILES Notation: CCCCCCCCCC(O)CCCCCCC(=O)O

Product Number: H0308
Purity / Analysis Method: >80.0%(GC)
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C18H36O3 = 300.48
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
Storage Temperature: Room Temperature (Recommended in a cool and dark place, <15°C)
CAS RN: 106-14-9
Reaxys Registry Number: 1726730
PubChem Substance ID: 87570730
SDBS (AIST Spectral DB): 2546
MDL Number: MFCD00004592

Properties of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid:
Melting Point: 78 °C
Boiling Point: 180 °C
Solubility in water: Insoluble
Solubility (soluble in): Ether, Chloroform, Methanol

Molecular Weight: 300.5 g/mol
XLogP3: 6.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 16
Exact Mass: 300.26644501 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 300.26644501 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 57.5 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 21
Complexity: 229
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 1
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Chemical Name: 12-Hydroxystearic acid
Molecular Formula: C₁₈H₃₆O₃
Molecular Weight: 300.48 g/mol
Appearance: White to off-white crystalline solid or waxy flakes/powder
Odor: Practically odorless to faint fatty odor
Taste: Mild, fatty, characteristic of long-chain fatty acids
Melting Point: 76 – 82 °C
Boiling Point (decomposes): > 250 °C (decomposition before boiling)
Density (20 °C): ~0.94 – 0.95 g/cm³
Refractive Index (nD): ~1.458 (for molten material)
Solubility in Water: Insoluble (< 0.1 g/L)

Solubility in Organic Solvents:
Soluble in ethanol, methanol, acetone, chloroform, and benzene
Sparingly soluble in hexane and petroleum ether

pKa (carboxylic group): ~4.8 – 5.0
Partition Coefficient (log P): ~6.3 (lipophilic)
Vapor Pressure: Negligible at room temperature
Viscosity: Solid; molten state has waxy flow behavior

Specifications of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid:
Appearance: White to Light yellow powder to lump
Purity(GC): min. 80.0 %
Melting point: 75.0 to 80.0 °C

Appearance (Color): White to cream
Melting Point (clear melt): 70-80?C
Form: Powder, granules or flakes
Assay (Silylated GC): ≥80.0%

Names of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid:

IUPAC names:
12 HSA
12-HSA
12-Hydroxy octadecanoic acid
12-Hydroxy stearic acid
12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid
12-Hydroxystearic acid
12-Hydroxystearic acid
12-Hydroxystearic acid (12-HSA)
12-Hydroxystearinsäure
12-hydroxysteraic acid
Octadecanoic acid, 12-hydroxy-