PRODUCTS

2-HYDROXYBUTANEDIOIC ACID

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid found in various fruits and vegetables, where it contributes to their tart taste and plays a role in the Krebs cycle for energy production.
In the food and beverage industry, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used as an acidulant and flavor enhancer in products like candies, beverages, and fruit-flavored snacks, helping to regulate acidity and improve taste.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is utilized in cosmetics and skincare products for its mild exfoliating properties, and it also finds applications in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and biotechnology.

CAS Number: 97-67-6
EC Number: 201-791-2
Chemical Formula: C4H6O5
Molar Mass: 134.09g/mol

Synonyms: Hydroxysuccinic acid, Hydroxybutanedioic acid, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid, 2-Hydroxybutanedioate, DL-hydroxysuccinic acid, DL-malate, Apple acid, Alpha-hydroxysuccinic acid, 2-Carboxy-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid, E296 (Food additive code), L(−)-Hydroxysuccinic acid, Apple juice acid, L-malic acid, D-malic acid, D-hydroxysuccinic acid, L-hydroxysuccinic acid, DL-alpha-hydroxysuccinic acid, DL-malate, Hydroxybutanedioic acid (DL-form), Hydroxysuccinate, 2-Hydroxybutanedioate, Hydroxybutanedioate, Dihydroxysuccinic acid, 2-Carboxy-2-hydroxybutanedioate, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid (DL-form), Malic acid, L-malic acid, D-malic acid, , 2- 2-Hydroxysuccinic acid, (S)-Hydroxysuccinic acid, (S)-Malic acid, (S)-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid, (-)-Malic acid, (2S)-Hydroxybutanedioic acid, L-Hydroxysuccinic acid, (2S)-Malic acid, L-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid, (S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid, (2S)-2-Hydroxysuccinic acid, (S)-2-

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound with the chemical formula C4H6O5.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a dicarboxylic acid, meaning it has two carboxylic acid functional groups (-COOH) in its structure.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is the naturally occurring form found in various fruits, including apples, grapes, and cherries.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid contributes to the tart or sour taste of these fruits.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is also commonly used in the food and beverage industry as an acidulant to impart a sour or acidic taste to products like candies, beverages, and fruit-flavored snacks.
Additionally, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used as a food additive for its acidity-regulating and flavor-enhancing properties.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound found in various fruits and vegetables.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a dicarboxylic acid, which means it contains two carboxylic acid functional groups (-COOH) in its chemical structure.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is optically active, with a specific optical rotation that characterizes its enantiomeric form.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid exists in two enantiomeric forms: L-malic acid (the naturally occurring form) and D-malic acid.
The "L" designation indicates the stereochemistry of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid's optical activity.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is responsible for the tart or sour taste in fruits like apples, grapes, and cherries.
In addition to its presence in fruits, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can also be found in some vegetables, such as tomatoes and carrots.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid plays a crucial role in the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) in cellular respiration, where 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is involved in energy production.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is water-soluble and has a molecular formula of C4H6O5.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is commonly used in the food and beverage industry as an acidulant to impart a sour taste to products.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is considered safe for consumption and is often used in food and beverage products as an acidity regulator.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is utilized in the production of sour candies, fruit-flavored beverages, and fruit-flavored snacks.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used as a food additive to enhance the flavor of various processed foods.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is known for its ability to enhance the overall taste profile of products by providing a balanced sourness.

In winemaking, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can be naturally present in grapes and is often monitored and controlled during fermentation to influence the wine's acidity.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can also be used as an ingredient in the formulation of some pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements.
In the cosmetics industry, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in skincare products for its mild exfoliating properties.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a versatile compound that contributes to the preservation and flavor enhancement of many food and beverage items.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid has a role in buffering pH levels in biological systems and maintaining cellular functions.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid has a crisp and refreshing taste, making it an ideal component in various beverages and confectionery.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is considered safe for consumption, and the human body metabolizes it without harmful effects.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can be synthesized from citric acid or obtained through extraction from natural sources.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid's sour taste makes it a popular choice for creating sour candies and sour-flavored products.

In the field of agriculture, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is sometimes used to adjust the pH of soil in order to optimize plant growth.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a multifaceted compound with applications spanning from food and beverages to agriculture and biochemistry.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid belongs to the class of dicarboxylic acids, characterized by having two carboxyl groups (COOH) attached to a carbon chain.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is optically active, meaning 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can exist in two enantiomeric forms: L-malic acid and D-malic acid.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is optically active, meaning 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can exist in two enantiomeric forms: L-malic acid and D-malic acid.
The 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid isomer is the biologically active form found in living organisms.

Chemically, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid has the molecular formula C4H6O5 and a molar mass of approximately 134.09 grams per mole.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid's structure consists of a four-carbon chain with two carboxyl groups (COOH) and one hydroxyl group (OH).

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is commonly found in various fruits, particularly in apples, where it contributes to the sour taste.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is also present in other fruits like grapes, cherries, and citrus fruits, as well as in certain vegetables.

In addition to its natural occurrence, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used as a food additive for its tart flavor and preservative properties.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is commonly added to foods and beverages as an acidulant, flavor enhancer, or pH regulator.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a naturally occurring organic compound.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is classified as a dicarboxylic acid due to its two carboxyl groups.

The chemical formula of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is C4H6O5.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is optically active and exists in the L-form in biological systems.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a white, crystalline solid at room temperature.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid has a tart taste and is commonly found in sour fruits such as apples.

The acid has a melting point of approximately 130-131°C.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is soluble in water and alcohol.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is odorless and typically has a sour or acidic smell.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is often used as a food additive for its sour flavor.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is also used as a flavor enhancer and acidulant in the food industry.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid plays a role in the Krebs cycle, a key metabolic pathway in cells.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is involved in the production of energy through the metabolism of carbohydrates.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is commonly found in various fruits and vegetables.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid contributes to the tartness of certain wines and beverages.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in the production of cosmetics and personal care products.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid has exfoliating properties and is often found in skincare formulations.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is also used in pharmaceuticals as an ingredient in medications.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid has been studied for its potential health benefits, including antioxidant properties.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is biodegradable and environmentally friendly.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is stable under normal conditions of storage and handling.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can be synthesized from fumaric acid or maleic acid.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid has a role in the acidity of certain fermented foods and beverages.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is considered safe for consumption in appropriate quantities.
Overall, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a versatile compound with various applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Applications of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is commonly used as a food additive in the food industry.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid serves as a flavor enhancer and acidulant in beverages, candies, and processed foods.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is added to sour candies to impart a tart taste.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in the production of carbonated beverages to provide acidity and enhance flavor.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is employed as an acidulant in fruit juices and fruit-flavored drinks.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in the fermentation process of alcoholic beverages such as cider and wine.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is added to sports and energy drinks for its refreshing and tart flavor.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used as a preservative in canned fruits and vegetables to maintain their freshness.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is utilized in the production of baking powder and sourdough bread.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is added to certain dairy products such as yogurt and cheese for flavor enhancement.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in the pharmaceutical industry as an ingredient in medications.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is employed in the formulation of chewable tablets and effervescent powders.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in oral care products such as mouthwashes and toothpaste.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is added to skincare products for its exfoliating and rejuvenating properties.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is utilized in hair care products such as shampoos and conditioners.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is employed in the textile industry for dyeing and finishing processes.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in the production of biodegradable plastics and polymers.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is employed in the manufacturing of cleaning agents and detergents.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in agricultural applications as a soil conditioner.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is added to animal feed as a nutritional supplement.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid has a wide range of applications across various industries due to its acidity, flavor-enhancing properties, and biological functions.

Here are some of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid's key applications:

Food and Beverage Industry:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used as an acidulant and flavor enhancer in the production of beverages, including fruit juices, soft drinks, and sports drinks.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a common ingredient in sour candies, fruit-flavored snacks, and confectionery items.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is utilized to provide tartness and acidity in fruit-flavored jams, jellies, and fruit preserves.
In the wine industry, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid levels are monitored and controlled during fermentation to influence wine acidity and flavor.

Food Additive:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is employed as a food additive (E number E296) to regulate acidity and enhance the taste of processed foods, such as canned fruits and vegetables, salad dressings, and sauces.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid helps maintain the freshness and flavor of canned and packaged foods.

Cosmetic and Skincare Products:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in cosmetics and skincare products for its mild exfoliating properties.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can be found in chemical peels, facial masks, and skincare formulations designed to improve skin texture and appearance.

Pharmaceuticals:
In the pharmaceutical industry, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can be used as an excipient in tablet formulations and as a component in certain medications.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid may also be used as an ingredient in effervescent tablets.

Agriculture:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is sometimes used in agriculture to adjust soil pH levels, especially in orchards and vineyards.
Proper pH levels in the soil can improve nutrient availability to plants and enhance crop growth.

Biotechnology and Research:
In research and biotechnology, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in various biochemical and molecular biology applications.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can serve as a substrate in enzymatic reactions and as a buffer solution in laboratory experiments.

Industrial Cleaning:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in some industrial cleaning products as an environmentally friendly alternative to harsher chemicals for descaling and cleaning purposes.

Water Treatment:
In water treatment, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can be employed to adjust pH levels and prevent corrosion in water distribution systems.

Oral Care Products:
Some toothpaste formulations may include 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid's mild abrasive and tartar-control properties.

Nutraceuticals:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used in the formulation of certain nutraceutical and dietary supplement products.

Artificial Flavors and Fragrances:
In the fragrance and flavor industry, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can be used as a component in artificial flavorings and fragrances.

Beverages:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is frequently used in the beverage industry to provide a crisp and tart flavor in fruit juices, fruit-flavored sodas, and energy drinks.

Carbonated Beverages:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is an essential component in many carbonated soft drinks, contributing to their characteristic acidity and taste.

Sports Drinks:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is added to sports and energy drinks to enhance their refreshing and slightly sour profile.

Flavored Waters:
Some flavored bottled waters contain 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid to create a pleasing taste experience.

Fruit Juices:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used to adjust the acidity and flavor profile of fruit juices, ensuring a balanced and appealing taste.

Confectionery:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a key ingredient in sour candies, gummies, and fruit-flavored sweets, delivering the desired tangy sensation.

Preserves:
In the production of jams and jellies, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid helps maintain acidity levels, aiding in preservation and flavor.

Salad Dressings:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used to impart tanginess to salad dressings, vinaigrettes, and marinades.

Canned Fruits and Vegetables:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is employed as a food preservative and pH regulator in canned fruits and vegetables.

Typical Properties of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid:

Physical Properties:

Physical State:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is typically found as a white, crystalline powder or granules.

Melting Point:
The melting point of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is approximately 130-132°C (266-270°F).

Solubility:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is highly soluble in water, and its solubility increases with temperature.

Density:
The density of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid varies with temperature and concentration but is typically around 1.59 g/cm³.

Odor and Taste:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid has a sour or tart taste, and it is odorless.

Hygroscopicity:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid exhibits hygroscopic properties, meaning it can absorb moisture from the air.

Optical Activity:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid exists in two enantiomeric forms: L-malic acid and D-malic acid.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is the naturally occurring form and is optically active.

Chemical Properties:

Acidity:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a weak organic acid and can act as a proton donor in aqueous solutions.

pKa Values:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid has two dissociation constants (pKa values) for its carboxylic acid groups: pKa1 ≈ 3.40 and pKa2 ≈ 5.20.

Buffering Capacity:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can function as a buffer, helping to stabilize pH in various solutions.

Reactivity:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can react with certain metals, such as calcium and magnesium, forming soluble complexes.

Chirality:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is chiral and can exist in both the D and L forms, with 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid being the biologically relevant form.

Biochem/physiol Actions of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a part of cellular metabolism.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid's application is recognized in pharmaceutics.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is useful in the treatment of hepatic malfunctioning, effective against hyper-ammonemia.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is used as a part of amino acid infusion.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid also serves as a nanomedicine in the treatment of brain neurological disorders.
A TCA (Krebs cycle) intermediate and partner in the 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid aspartate shuttle.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is the naturally occurring form, whereas a mixture of L- and D-malic acid is produced synthetically.
Malate plays an important role in biochemistry.

In the C4 carbon fixation process, malate is a source of CO2 in the Calvin cycle.
In the citric acid cycle, (S)-malate is an intermediate, formed by the addition of an -OH group on the si face of fumarate.

2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can also be formed from pyruvate via anaplerotic reactions.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is also synthesized by the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate in the guard cells of plant leaves.

Malate, as a double anion, often accompanies potassium cations during the uptake of solutes into the guard cells in order to maintain electrical balance in the cell.
The accumulation of these solutes within the guard cell decreases the solute potential, allowing water to enter the cell and promote aperture of the stomata.

Precautions of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid:
In 2022, an expert panel reviewed 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid and found it safe to use in cosmetics.
Besides a few side effects, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid supplements are not known to cause any other safety concerns.

However, there is insufficient information to ensure 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid's safety in certain groups.
Because of this, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid's best to be extra cautious and avoid using 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid supplements during pregnancy or lactation.

There is also little evidence regarding the use of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid in children.
Consult with your child's healthcare provider for professional advice.

The 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid in amounts found in food is generally safe for everyone.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid has also been deemed safe as a food additive, flavor enhancer, and pH controller.

Keep in mind that 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid supplements should not substitute standard care.
Self-treating a condition and avoiding or delaying medical care may have serious consequences.

Production Method of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid:
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid widely exists in nature, is the product of animal and plant metabolism, is the main acid component in Apple.
The immature fruit juice of apple, grape and peach is boiled, lime water is added to form calcium salt precipitate, and then 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is converted into lead salt, and then treated to form free acid, and 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can be obtained.

Fermentation method is also possible to achieve industrialization, the use of mutant yeast strains for fermentation, can obtain 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid-based special fungi for acid, or use to produce 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid-based special fungi for fermentation, 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid can be obtained, but the process is more complicated than the synthesis method, and the cost is higher.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is produced by biosynthesis in Japan.

The Brevibacterium aminophenol cells (breridacterium ammoni-agenes cell) were first fixed with polyacrylamides.
A suspension of the cells in physiological saline was mixed with an acrylic acid amide and an appropriate cross-linking agent and a polymerization promoter, and the resulting gel was made into 3mm diameter particles.

After washing, the solution was soaked in sodium fumarate containing about 0.3 bovine bile and kept at 37 °c for 20H.
The cells treated in this way were used as a filler for the reaction column.

1L of sodium fumarate containing 1mol was passed through a reaction column at 37 ° C.
And the 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid was separated from the effluent in the usual manner to produce a pharmaceutical grade product of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid from fumaric acid in a yield of about 70%.

First Aid Measures of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid:

Inhalation:

Move to Fresh Air:
If 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid dust or vapors are inhaled and respiratory discomfort occurs, immediately move the affected person to an area with fresh air.

Assist Breathing:
If breathing difficulties persist or the person is not breathing, administer artificial respiration if trained, and seek immediate medical attention.

Keep Calm:
Encourage the affected person to stay calm and avoid panic.

Skin Contact:

Remove Contaminated Clothing:
If 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid comes into contact with the skin, promptly remove contaminated clothing, including shoes and socks, to prevent further contact.

Rinse with Water:
Wash the affected skin gently but thoroughly with copious amounts of running water for at least 15 minutes to remove any residual 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid.

Seek Medical Attention:
If skin irritation, redness, or chemical burns develop, seek medical advice promptly.

Wash Clothing:
Wash any contaminated clothing before reuse.

Eye Contact:

Rinse Eyes:
If 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid splashes into the eyes, immediately rinse the affected eye(s) gently but thoroughly with lukewarm, clean water for at least 15 minutes. Use an eyewash station if available.

Hold Eyelids Open:
Hold the eyelids open while rinsing to ensure thorough washing of the eye.

Seek Medical Attention:
If eye irritation or pain persists or if there are signs of eye injury, seek immediate medical attention.

Do Not Rub Eyes:
Avoid rubbing the eyes, as 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid may exacerbate irritation and cause further damage.

Ingestion:

Do Not Induce Vomiting:
If 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is ingested accidentally, do not induce vomiting unless advised to do so by a medical professional.

Rinse Mouth:
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water to remove any residual 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid.

Seek Immediate Medical Attention:
Contact a poison control center or seek immediate medical attention, especially if a large quantity has been ingested.

Have Information Available:
Have the product label or container information available to provide to medical personnel.

Handling And Storage of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid:

Handling:

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
When working with 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid's solid or liquid form, wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including safety goggles or a face shield, chemical-resistant gloves, and a lab coat or protective clothing.
Use respiratory protection, such as a dust mask, if handling 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid powder in an environment with dust concentrations above recommended exposure limits.

Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation in the workspace to prevent the buildup of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid dust or vapors.
Use local exhaust ventilation or work in well-ventilated areas.
If ventilation is insufficient, wear a NIOSH-approved respiratory protection device suitable for the specific conditions.

Avoid Contact:
Minimize skin and eye contact with 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid.
In case of accidental contact, follow the first aid measures provided earlier.

Prevent Inhalation:
Avoid inhaling 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid dust or vapors.
Use appropriate respiratory protection when necessary.

Avoid Ingestion:
Do not consume food, beverages, or tobacco products in areas where 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is being handled, and always wash hands thoroughly after handling the substance.

Equipment and Tools:
Use dedicated equipment and tools for handling 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid to prevent cross-contamination.
Clean equipment after use.

Storage:

Container:
Store 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid in tightly sealed containers made of compatible materials, such as plastic, glass, or stainless steel.
Ensure that containers are labeled with appropriate hazard information.

Temperature:
Keep 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid in a cool, dry place away from heat sources, direct sunlight, and open flames.
Store at a temperature below 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid's melting point (approximately 130-132°C or 266-270°F).

Separation:
Store 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid away from incompatible materials, such as strong bases, strong acids, and strong oxidizers, to prevent reactions or contamination.

Identifiers of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid:
EC / List no.: 230-022-8
CAS no.: 6915-15-7
Mol. formula: C4H6O5

CAS Number: 97-67-6
PubChem CID: 222656
EC Number: 202-601-5
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:30796
SMILES: OC(C(C(=O)O)O)C(=O)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C4H6O5/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2,5H,1H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)
InChI Key: BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UWTATZPHSA-N
UNII: 817L1N4CKP
Beilstein Registry Number: 1721515
KEGG Compound ID: C00149

Properties of 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid:
Chemical Formula: C4H6O5
Molar Mass: Approximately 134.09 grams/mol
Chemical Structure: 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with two carboxylic acid functional groups (-COOH) in 2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid's structure.
2-Hydroxybutanedioic acid has both cis and trans isomers.

Melting point: 101-103 °C (lit.)
alpha: -2 º (c=8.5, H2O)
Boiling point: 167.16°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.60
Vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
FEMA: 2655 | L-MALIC ACID
Refractive index: -6.5 ° (C=10, Acetone)
Fp: 220 °C
Storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
Solubility H2O: 0.5 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
Form: Powder
Color: White
Specific Gravity: 1.595 (20/4℃)
PH: 2.2 (10g/l, H2O, 20℃)
pka: (1) 3.46, (2) 5.10(at 25℃)
Optical activity: [α]20/D 30±2°, c = 5.5% in pyridine
Water Solubility: soluble
Merck: 14,5707
JECFA Number: 619
BRN: 1723541
InChIKey: BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N
LogP: -1.68
CAS DataBase Reference: 97-67-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: L-Malic acid, hydroxy-, (s)-(97-67-6)
EPA Substance Registry System: L-Malic acid, 2-hydroxy-, (2S)- (97-67-6)