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AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT)

Also known as horse chestnut extract, Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is commonly incorporated into moisturizers, anti-aging creams, scalp treatments, and eye gels.
Cosmetics & Topicals uses of Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut): Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, astringent, and circulation‑boosting—widely used in creams, serums, eye gels, toners, and anti‑cellulite treatments

CAS Number: 8053-39-2
EINECS/ELINCS No: 232-497-7
Chem/IUPAC Name: Aesculus Hippocastanum Extract
INCI Name: AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT

SYNONYMS:
Aescin, Aescine, Aesculus hippocastanum, Buckeye, Castaño de Indias, Châtaignier de Mer, Châtaignier des Chevaux, Chestnut, Conker Tree, Escine, Faux-Châtaignier, Hippocastani Cortex, Hippocastani Flos, Hippocastani Folium, Hippocastani Semen, Hippocastanum Vulgare Gaertn, Marron Europeen, Marronnier, Marronnier Blanc, Marronnier Commun, Marronnier d'Inde, Marronnier des Chevaux, Pu, Spanish Chestnut, Venastat, Venostasin Retard, Venostat, White Chestnut, Aescin, Aesculus hippocastanum, Buckeye, horse chestnut leaf extract, extract of the leaves of the horse chestnut, aesculus hippocastanum L. extract, hippocastanum vulgare leaf extract

Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is the extract of the leaves of the Horse Chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum L., Hippocastanaceae.
Horse Chestnut or Aesculus hippocastanum, a Sapindaceae family member, has been long used in folk medicine.

Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) contains an active biocomponent aescin having significant medicinal properties.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is known for its remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, vasoprotective, astringent, and analgesic virtues, helping against numerous ailments.

Aesculus Hippocastanum (Horsechestnut) is a tree.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) contains significant amounts of a poison called esculin and can cause death if eaten raw.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) also contains a substance that thins the blood.

Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) makes it harder for fluid to leak out of veins and capillaries, which can help prevent water retention (edema).
The horse chestnut fruits contain seeds that look like the sweet chestnut but have a bitter taste.

People most commonly take Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) by mouth to treat poor circulation that can cause the legs to swell (chronic venous insufficiency or CVI).
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut)'s also used for many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these other uses.

Be careful not to confuse Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) with Aesculus californica (California buckeye) or Aesculus glabra (Ohio buckeye).
Some people call any of these plants Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut), but they are different plants with different effects.

Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is a species of flowering plant in the maple, soapberry and lychee family Sapindaceae.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is a large, deciduous, synoecious (hermaphroditic-flowered) tree.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is also called horse-chestnut, European horsechestnut, buckeye, and conker tree.

Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is not to be confused with the sweet chestnut or Spanish chestnut, Castanea sativa, which is a tree in another family, Fagaceae.
Aesculus hippocastanum is a large tree, growing to about 39 metres (128 ft) tall with a domed crown of stout branches.

On old trees, the outer branches are often pendulous with curled-up tips.
The leaves are opposite and palmately compound, with 5–7 leaflets 13–30 cm (5–12 in) long, making the whole leaf up to 60 cm (24 in) across, with a 7–20 cm (3–8 in) petiole.

The leaf scars left on twigs after the leaves have fallen have a distinctive horseshoe shape, complete with seven "nails".
The flowers are usually white with a yellow to pink blotch at the base of the petals; they are produced in spring in erect panicles 10–30 cm (4–12 in) tall with about 20–50 flowers on each panicle.

Its pollen is not poisonous for honey bees.
Usually only 1–5 fruits develop on each panicle.
The shell is a green, spiky capsule containing one (rarely two or three) nut-like seeds called conkers or horse-chestnuts.

Each conker is 2–4 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) in diameter, glossy nut-brown with a whitish scar at the base.
Horse chestnut, scientifically known as Aesculus hippocastanum L., is a plant whose seeds, leaves, and extracts are used in various therapeutic applications.

It is particularly noted for its active compound, aescin, which has been studied for its potential benefits in treating venous and lymphatic disorders.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is a fine light brown powder.

It is derived from the plant Aesculus hippocastanum.
There are no antimicrobial preservatives present in this product.

Horse chestnut is a plant also known as Aescin, Aesculus hippocastanum, Buckeye, Castaño de Indias, Châtaignier de Mer, Châtaignier des Chevaux, Escine, Faux-Châtaignier, Hippocastani, Hippocastanum Vulgare Gaertn, Marron Europeen, Marronnier, Spanish Chestnut, Venostasin Retard, Venostat, White Chestnut, and other names.

Horse chestnut is native to Eastern Europe - specifically, the Balkans - and to the Himalayas of central Asia.
Nowadays, horse chestnut typically grows naturally across temperate European and North American regions in gardens, parks, and along roadsides.
Due to their imposing height, beautiful flowers, and generous shade, horse chestnut trees are often grown ornamentally; however, their hard fruits, or drupes, have also been shown to have important medicinal properties.

The trunk of the tree is very erect and columnar, and grows very rapidly to a great height, with widely spreading branches.
The bark is smooth and greyish-green in colour.
It has been used with some success in dyeing yellow.

The wood, being soft and spongy, is of very little use for timber.
It is often used for packing-cases.
Horse chestnut is a flowering plant commonly referred to as Aesculus hippocastanum.

Unprocessed horse chestnut seeds contain a toxin called esculin (also spelled aesculin) that increases the risk of bleeding due to anticoagulant actions.
These seeds are processed to remove the toxic component, resulting in purified Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) (HCSE).

The active component of this pure extract is escin, or aescin, that promotes blood circulation through the veins and reduces swelling and inflammation of the legs.
Its therapeutic potential in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency is being studied.

Horse chestnut is a tree that produces spiny-shelled fruits containing seeds, known as conkers.
These may have some health benefits, for instance in treating varicose veins and hemorrhoids.
However, they may also have adverse effects.

Aesculus hippocastanum, or horse chestnut, is a tree native to parts of southeastern Europe but now grows in many areas around the world.
It is also known as buckeye or Spanish chestnut.
People may be able to distinguish the tree by its leaves and flowers, but its most notable trait is its fruit.

Insects pollinate the flowers, which then develop a glossy red-brown conker inside a spiky green husk.
The tree’s fruits resemble sweet chestnuts but have a bitter taste and are unsafe to eat.
It is widely cultivated in streets and parks throughout the temperate world, and has been particularly successful in places like Ireland, Great

Britain and New Zealand, where they are commonly found in parks, streets and avenues.
Cultivation for its spectacular spring flowers is successful in a wide range of temperate climatic conditions provided summers are not too hot, with trees being grown as far north as Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, the Faroe Islands, Reykjavík, Iceland and Harstad, Norway.

The seeds, especially those that are young and fresh, are slightly poisonous, containing alkaloid saponins and glucosides.
Although not dangerous to touch, they cause sickness when eaten; consumed by horses, they can cause tremors and lack of coordination.
The horse-chestnut is a favourite subject for bonsai.

Though the seeds are said to repel spiders there is little evidence to support these claims.
The presence of saponin may repel insects but it is not clear whether this is effective on spiders.
Aesculus hippocastanum is affected by the leaf-mining moth Cameraria ohridella, whose larvae feed on horse chestnut leaves.

The moth was described from North Macedonia where the species was discovered in 1984 but took 18 years to reach Britain.
In Germany, they are commonly planted in beer gardens, particularly in Bavaria.
Prior to the advent of mechanical refrigeration, brewers would dig cellars for lagering.

To further protect the cellars from the summer heat, they would plant horse chestnut trees, which have spreading, dense canopies but shallow roots which would not intrude on the caverns.

The practice of serving beer at these sites evolved into the modern beer garden.
An inexpensive detergent for washing clothes can be made at home from conkers, and this is said to be an environmentally benign ('eco-friendly') detergent.

USES and APPLICATIONS of AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) has anti-inflammatory, soothing, and antioxidant properties that make it quite popular in cosmetics and personal care products.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut)'s key bioactive components include aescin, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which give the extract its coveted properties.

Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is ideal for sensitive or inflamed skin as it reduces redness, irritation, and swelling.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) also aids in tightening the skin and reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
In its raw form, Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) appears as a light to dark brown liquid that is soluble in water - making it suitable for aqueous-based formulations.

Herbal Medicine: Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) supports vein health—used for chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), varicose veins, swelling, leg heaviness
Horse chestnut has been used in alternative medicine and is likely effective in treating some symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency (decreased blood flow return from the feet and legs back to the heart).

These symptoms include leg pain or tenderness, varicose veins, itching or swelling in the legs, and fluid retention (puffy or swollen ankles or feet).
Other uses not proven with research have included fever, cough, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, enlarged prostate, menstrual cramps, and swelling caused by arthritis, sprains, or bone fractures.

It is not certain whether horse chestnut is effective in treating any medical condition.
Medicinal use of this product has not been approved by the FDA.
Horse chestnut should not be used in place of medication prescribed for you by your doctor.

Horse chestnut is often sold as an herbal supplement.
There are no regulated manufacturing standards in place for many herbal compounds and some marketed supplements have been found to be contaminated with toxic metals or other drugs.

Herbal/health supplements should be purchased from a reliable source to minimize the risk of contamination.
Horse chestnut may also be used for purposes not listed in this product guide.
In Britain and Ireland, the seeds are used for the popular children's game conkers.

During the First World War, there was a campaign to ask for everyone (including children) to collect the seeds and donate them to the government.
The conkers were used as a source of starch for fermentation using the Clostridium acetobutylicum method devised by Chaim Weizmann to produce acetone for use as a solvent for the production of cordite, which was then used in military armaments.

Weizmann's process could use any source of starch, but the government chose to ask for conkers to avoid causing starvation by depleting food sources.
But conkers were found to be a poor source, and the factory only produced acetone for three months; however, they were collected again in the

Second World War for the same reason.
Proponents of horse chestnut suggest that the seed extract contains active compounds that may protect veins and promote blood flow.
As such, some people may use it to treat varicose veins.

-However, people have traditionally used Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) as herbal medicine to treat several health conditions.
The main active component in horse chestnut is escin.

Additionally, horse chestnut seeds contain the following chemical compounds:
*kaempferol
*quercetin
*proanthocyanidins
*sterols

-Therapeutic Uses of Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut):
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) (HCSE) is widely used in Europe for managing conditions such as chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and lymphedema.

Studies have shown that HCSE can effectively reduce edema, a common symptom of CVI, by decreasing capillary permeability and improving venous return.
It has been compared to compression therapy and found to be equally effective in reducing lower leg volume in patients with CVI.

-Clinical Efficacy uses of Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut):
Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) in various formulations.

For instance, studies have shown that both retarded and non-retarded formulations of Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) have similar bioavailability and are well-tolerated by patients.

Moreover, Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) has been used in combination with surgical interventions, such as orbital decompression surgery, to enhance outcomes in conditions like thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.

-Pharmacology uses of Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut):
Escin exhibits anti-inflammatory and venotonic effects via NF‑κB modulation
Potential antiviral action against enveloped viruses (e.g., coronaviruses) in vitro

USES & EFFECTIVENESS OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
Poor circulation that can cause the legs to swell (chronic venous insufficiency or CVI).
Taking 300 mg of standardized Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) by mouth can reduce some symptoms of poor blood circulation, such as varicose veins, pain, tiredness, swelling in the legs, itching, and water retention.

But Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) might be less effective than maritime pine bark for reducing leg swelling and cramps.
There is interest in using Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful.

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) standardized to around 20 percent aescin (escin) is possibly useful in traditional medicine for its effect on venous tone.
A Cochrane Review suggested that Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) may be an efficacious and safe short-term treatment for chronic venous insufficiency, but definitive randomized controlled trials had not been conducted to confirm the efficacy.

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
*Health Benefits of Horse Chestnut
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) has a long history of use as an herbal remedy, and modern research supports some of its traditional uses.
Based on scientific research, the most relevant Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) benefits include:

*Strengthening veins.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) has the ability to strengthen blood vessels to ameliorate conditions like varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency.

*Reducing edema.
Thanks to its astringent and diuretic actions, Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) promotes urination and relieves fluid retention.

Traditionally, Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) has been used to reduce swelling from injuries, such as sprains, and also for healing small, superficial wounds.

BENEFITS OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
Research suggests that escin has anti-inflammatory properties and protects the cells lining the veins.
This may reduce the leakage of blood plasma and prevent swelling.

Additionally, escin may improve the tone of veins and their ability to contract effectively.
Therefore, Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut)’s herbal properties suggest it is a potential treatment for conditions that involve inflammation or swelling in the veins.

*Chronic venous insufficiency
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) occurs when the valves in a person’s veins are unable to work correctly.
This results in the veins being less able to transport blood back to the heart.

This can lead to a person developing varicose veins.
CVI affects approximately 6–7 million people in the United States, with more females having the condition than males.
Symptoms can include swelling, pain, and skin discoloration.

If a doctor does not treat CVI, it can lead to venous ulcers or deep vein thrombosis.
As Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) may possess vasoprotective properties, it could potentially improve the tone of veins and help them pump blood back to the heart.

A 2015 review article indicates that Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) could provide a safe and tolerable treatment option for CVI.
Similarly, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) highlights that the extract may relieve symptoms of discomfort and heaviness of the legs associated with CVI.

*Hemorrhoids
Due to its beneficial action on veins, some evidence suggests that horse chestnut may be helpful for hemorrhoids.
However, there is little clinical research available to support this.
Therefore, more research is necessary to determine if Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) could be beneficial for treating hemorrhoids.

POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT) FOR MALE INFERTILITY:
The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NICCH) reports that scientists have researched Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) for male infertility associated with varicocele.
This is a condition in which the veins inside the scrotum become inflamed.
However, more research is still necessary as there is not enough evidence to draw firm conclusions.

POSSIBLE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECTS OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
A 2021 animal study indicates that escin present in a type of Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) originating from Uzbekistan may possess anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic effects.
The researchers suggest that the active ingredients in Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) may have potential uses as pharmaceutical drugs to treat diabetes and inflammation.

Furthermore, they note that these compounds might potentially treat thromboembolism, viruses, and even cancer.
Additionally, a 2022 laboratory study indicates that Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) might help wound healing or help treat tumors in skin cancer.

WHAT AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT) USED FOR?
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is commonly used in cosmetics for its anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and circulation-boosting properties.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) strengthens blood vessels, making it effective in reducing puffiness and dark circles, particularly in eye creams.

Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut)’s antioxidant content helps combat oxidative stress, protecting the skin from premature aging.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut)'s astringent properties help tighten the skin and minimize pores, making it a popular ingredient in toners and firming products.

Additionally, Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) alleviates swelling and fluid retention, making it a key ingredient in anti-cellulite creams and body care formulations.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is also beneficial in soothing sensitive skin and promoting overall skin health.

ORIGIN OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is made by harvesting the seeds or bark of the horse chestnut tree.
The plant material is dried and ground, then extracted using solvents such as ethanol, water, or a combination of both.

The extraction process may involve maceration or percolation to separate the active compounds, particularly aescin, flavonoids, and saponins.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is then filtered, concentrated, and sometimes standardized to ensure consistent potency of active ingredients before being incorporated into cosmetic formulations.

WHAT DOES AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT) DO IN A FORMULATION?
*ANTIOXIDANT
*ASTRINGENT
*SKIN CONDITIONING
*SKIN PROTECTING

Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is generally considered safe for topical use in cosmetics.
However, the unprocessed seeds of the horse chestnut tree contain toxic compounds like aesculin, which can cause toxicity if ingested.
In cosmetic formulations, the extract is purified to remove harmful substances, ensuring it is safe for skin application.
As with any ingredient, individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should perform a patch test to avoid potential irritation.

ALTERNATIVES OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
*CENTELLA ASIATICA EXTRACT
*AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM SEED EXTRACT
*RUSCUS ACULEATUS ROOT EXTRACT

ETYMOLOGY OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
The common name horse chestnut originates from the similarity of the leaves and fruits to sweet chestnuts, Castanea sativa (a tree in a different family, the Fagaceae), together with the alleged observation that the fruit or seeds could help panting or coughing horses.
Although it is sometimes known as buckeye, for the resemblance of the seed to a deer's eye, the term buckeye is more commonly used for New World members of the genus Aesculus.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
The native distribution of Aesculus hippocastanum given by different sources varies.
As of March 2023, Plants of the World Online considered it to be native to the Balkans (Albania, Bulgaria, Greece and former Yugoslavia), but also to Turkey and Turkmenistan.

A 2017 assessment for the IUCN Red List restricted the native distribution to the Balkan area: Albania, Bulgaria, mainland Greece and North Macedonia.
It has been introduced and planted around the world.

It can be found in many parts of Europe as far north as Harstad north of the Arctic Circle in Norway, and Gästrikland in Sweden as well as in many parks and cities around the northern United States and Canada such as Edmonton in Canada.

The compact native population of horse chestnut in Bulgaria is distinct from the horse chestnut forests of northern Greece, western North Macedonia and Albania.

It is limited to an area of 9 ha in the Preslav Mountain north of the Balkan Mountains, in the valleys of the Dervishka and Lazarska rivers.
Bulgaria's relict horse chestnut forests are critically endangered at the national level and protected as part of the Dervisha Managed Nature Reserve.

✅ BENEFICIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
*Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) reduces edema – up to 25% fluid reduction in leg swelling studies
*Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) strengthens blood vessels, improving microcirculation and reducing leakage
*Antioxidant activity – scavenges free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative stress
*Immunomodulatory & antiviral potential via downregulating NF‑κB signaling

7 HEALTH BENEFITS OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) has powerful anti-inflammatory properties and may help relieve pain and inflammation.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) may also benefit other health conditions like hemorrhoids and male infertility caused by swollen veins.

Horse chestnut, or Aesculus hippocastanum, is a tree native to the Balkan Peninsula.
Extract from the horse chestnut seed is a popular dietary supplement commonly used to improve vein health and reduce inflammation.
The main active component in Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is aescin, which has been studied for its many health benefits.

Here are 7 health benefits of Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut).
Horse chestnut, or Aesculus hippocastanum, is a tree native to the Balkan Peninsula.

Extract from the horse chestnut seed is a popular dietary supplement commonly used to improve vein health and reduce inflammation.
The main active component in Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is aescin, which has been studied for its many health benefits.

Here are 7 health benefits of Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut).

Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) may relieve symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a health condition characterized by poor blood flow to the veins of the legs.

Symptoms can include:
*edema, or swelling of the legs.
*leg pain or cramps.
*itchy legs.
*varicose veins, or enlarged, twisted veins that typically occur in the legs.
*leg ulcers.
*weakness in the legs.

A common treatment is compression therapy or stockings, which can increase blood flow to your legs.
The compound aescin in horse chestnut has multiple medicinal properties that could make it useful for treating CVI.
For example, it may increase blood flow in your veins, possibly improving symptoms.

In fact, one study noted that Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) was as effective as compression therapy at reducing swelling and leg volume.
These studies show that Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) may be effective for treating CVI short term, but more research is needed to determine its long-term effects.

Summary
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) may be an effective short-term treatment for CVI, a condition that can cause varicose veins, swelling of the legs, and leg pain.

-May relieve hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are a common health condition characterized by swollen veins around your anus and rectum.

Symptoms are uncomfortable and can include itching, irritation, pain, and rectal bleeding (16Trusted Source).

The anti-inflammatory properties of horse chestnut seed extract may help relieve symptoms of hemorrhoids by reducing inflammation and swelling in the affected veins (17Trusted Source).

Still, research in this area is limited and more studies are needed to confirm the potential benefits of horse chestnut extract for treating hemorrhoids.

Summary
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) may help relieve hemorrhoid symptoms by reducing pain and swelling, but more research is needed.

-Has antioxidant properties
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) contains powerful antioxidants — compounds that can help prevent cell damage caused by unstable molecules called free radicals.

Too many free radicals can lead to inflammation and cellular damage.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is rich in flavonoid compounds, including quercetin and kaempferol, which have potent antioxidant properties.

A test-tube study found that both aescin and Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) have antioxidant properties, but that the Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) had greater effects than aescin alone.
This may be due to the synergistic effects of the components in Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut).

Summary
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) contains antioxidants that may help protect against cellular damage caused by free radicals.

-Contains cancer-fighting compounds
Aside from its powerful anti-inflammatory properties, test-tube studies also indicate that aescin has anticancer effects.
These studies found that aescin could significantly reduce tumor cell growth in certain cancers like liver cancer, leukemia, and multiple myeloma.

In addition, test-tube studies observed that aescin can cause cell death in cancerous cells like pancreatic cancer and lung cancer.
However, these studies used concentrated amounts of aescin, and it’s unclear whether the amount found in Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut)would have the same effects.
More human studies in this area are needed before firm conclusions can be made.

Summary
Horse chestnut may have anticancer effects.
Still, more research in this area is needed before strong conclusions can be drawn.

-May help with male infertility
One of the causes of male infertility is varicocele, or swelling of the veins near the testicles.
The anti-inflammatory and anti-swelling properties in aescin — a compound in horse chestnut — may make it an effective treatment for infertility related to varicocele.

A 2-month study in over 100 men with varicocele-associated infertility found that taking 30 mg of aescin every 12 hours improved sperm density, sperm motility, and sperm quality.
In addition, the varicocele size decreased with the intake of aescin.

Summary
Swelling of the veins near the testicles can cause infertility.
A compound in Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) has been found to improve sperm quality and decrease varicocele in men with varicocele-associated infertility.

SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is generally well-tolerated, with studies reporting minimal side effects.
In clinical settings, Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) has been used safely in both oral and topical forms, with no serious treatment-related adverse events reported.

However, it is important to note that the quality and composition of Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) can vary, which may affect its pharmacokinetic properties.

BENEFITS, DOSAGE, CONTRAINDICATIONS OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
The horse chestnut is a tree from the Hippocastanaceae family, native to the countries of the Balkan Peninsula and commonly found in ornamental gardens throughout Europe.
The horse chestnut has palmate leaves (which are not toothed, unlike chestnut leaves).

The fruit, the horse chestnut, is a slightly prickly capsule (in contrast to the chestnut which has fine and numerous spines).
The seeds are not edible due to the presence of alkaloid saponins, but dried seeds and the bark of the horse chestnut have been used for medicinal purposes since the 16th century.

The applicable parts of the horse chestnut are the seed, bark, flower, and leaf.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is most commonly used.

Horse chestnut contains triterpene saponins called Escin (3-10%), and coumarins: Esculoside.
The inflorescence is used for homeopathic preparations.

The nut and bark are rich in tannins, escin, and esculoside.
These last two substances have a protective effect on the walls of veins and small blood vessels.
They strengthen the resistance of blood capillaries and decrease their permeability.

They have the ability to reduce swelling and inflammation.
Nowadays, dried Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is standardized to contain 16 to 21% triterpenic glycosides (anhydrous escin).

Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is commonly used in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency.
Leaf and seed preparations are also used to treat hemorrhoids and varicose veins.

PARTS USED & WHERE GROWN OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
The horse chestnut tree is native to Asia and northern Greece, but it is now cultivated in many areas of Europe and North America.
The tree produces fruits that are made up of a spiny capsule containing one to three large seeds, known as horse chestnuts.
Traditionally, many of the aerial parts of the horse chestnut tree, including the seeds, leaves, and bark, were used in medicinal preparations.
Modern extracts of horse chestnut are usually made from the seeds, which are high in the active constituent aescin (also known as escin).

WHAT IS AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT)?
Horse chestnut trees (Aesculus hippocastanum) are recognized by their large, towering trunks and full branches that tout clusters of white flowers with chestnut-like seeds (also known as conkers or buckeyes).

COMPONENTS OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
The main active component of horse chestnut seeds is aescin, or escin (a mixture of triterpenoid saponins).
Escin protects blood vessels, promotes blood circulation, and is anti-inflammatory.
Escin shouldn’t be confused with esculetin – the poisonous ingredient in non-processed horse chestnuts.

Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) also contains antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potentially cancer-fighting flavonoids and phenolic acids such as:
*P-coumaric acid
*Caffeic acid
*Quercetin
*Kaempferol
*Apigenin

HEALTH BENEFITS OF HORSE CHESTNUT
Likely Effective for: Chronic Vein Problems
Leg vein problems can result in chronic venous insufficiency (CVI).

Valves in veins help carry blood from the legs back to the heart.
When the valves become weakened or damaged, they may cause swelling, pain, fatigue, tension, and itching in the legs.
Numerous human studies confirm the benefits of horse chestnuts for treating chronic vein problems.

Horse chestnut seeds reduced the number of fluids in lower legs as well as ankle and calf swelling in people with chronic leg problems in a systematic review of 17 studies.
Compared to placebos, Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) (taken for 2–12 weeks in oral doses of 100–150 mg daily) reduced leg swelling, pain, fatigue, and itching based on 21 clinical trials involving ~12,000 CVI patients.

Taken together, the existing evidence suggests that Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) helps with chronic vein problems.
Note, however, that this herbal supplement is not approved by the FDA for this condition.

You may discuss with your doctor if it could be helpful in your case.
Never take Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) supplements in place of what your doctor recommends or prescribes.

1) Swelling
Edema is caused by the buildup of fluids under the skin, leading to swelling.
It can affect the lower legs and feet, and symptoms include stiff joints, aching limbs, skin color changes, and weight gain.

In two clinical trials, 125 patients who received escin injections (5–10 mg twice a day) after surgery noticed reduced temperature and swelling 3–4 days after surgery.
Escin decreased the production of inflammatory compounds (suppresses neutrophil activation) and increased energy use (increases ATP) in human cells.

Escin also increased the contraction of veins, helping to push blood back to the heart and decrease swelling (via reducing calcium sensitivity) in rat muscle cells.

Although promising, the existing evidence is insufficient to conclude for certain that Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) reduces swelling.
Further clinical research is needed.

2) Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids are also caused by swollen veins in the anus.
In a study of 80 patients with hemorrhoids, escin (40 mg) improved bleeding and swelling in over 80% of patients during two months.

A single clinical trial cannot be considered sufficient evidence that Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut)’s escin improves hemorrhoids.
This preliminary result should be replicated in additional clinical trials.

3) Male Fertility
In a study of 219 Chinese male patients with infertility (due to prostate vein swelling), 60 mg of escin for 2 months improved sperm quality, motility, and amount (by at least 30%).

As was the case for hemorrhoids, a single clinical trial is insufficient to claim that escin improves fertility issues due to prostate vein swelling.
More clinical studies are needed.

4) Anti-aging Effects
Clinical testing of 3% Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) on 40 female volunteers (3 times a day, 9 weeks) diminished wrinkles around the eyes compared to the controls.

Again, only one clinical trial supports this potential benefit of Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut).
More clinical trials on larger populations are needed to confirm this preliminary finding.

5) Inflammation
In a clinical trial, escin from Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) (5 mg twice daily, intravenous, 2 weeks) reduced inflammation in 24 women with vein problems.

It acted by blocking the release of inflammatory compounds and reducing the activation of immune cells that increase inflammation.
In dogs, the leaves of Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) has been used to reduce swelling in gum disease.
In one study, Kaempferol found in Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) decreased inflammation in the breast cancer cells.

A small clinical trial, a study in dogs, and a cell-based study are insufficient to conclude that Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) helps with inflammation.
Further clinical research is warranted.

6) Animal and Cell Research (Lack of Evidence):
No clinical evidence supports the use of Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) for any of the conditions listed in this section.
Below is a summary of the existing animal and cell-based research, which should guide further investigational efforts.
However, the studies should not be interpreted as supportive of any health benefit.

7) Strengthening Small Blood Vessels
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) may strengthen small blood vessels (capillaries) that otherwise become swollen when weakened.

In a tissue study on human leg veins, Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) increased the tone of veins (contracting them due to increased PGF-2).
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) also blocked enzymes that break down blood vessel walls, prevented leakage, and maintained the structure of capillaries.

8) Gut Health
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) blocks the effects of serotonin, an important neurotransmitter in the gut.
In a cell study, P-coumaric acid also helped beneficial gut microbiota detoxify the body.

9) Lowering Blood Sugar
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) from Japanese horse chestnut reduced blood sugar levels.
This could be important for treating both diabetes and obesity, although research in humans is needed.

10) Protecting the Kidneys in Diabetes
Diabetic complications can damage the kidneys.
Horse chestnuts were capable of restoring kidney function.

11) Antioxidant
Antioxidants delay cell damage.
In cell studies, Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) was a more powerful antioxidant than Vitamin E.
The effect of escin is boosted by numerous other antioxidants in the plant.

12) Skin Protection
Horse chestnut seed extract protects cells and reduces inflammation, which is linked to anti-aging effects.
These qualities, along with Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut)’s “gentle, soapy feel,” suggest the potential use of horse chestnuts in cosmetics.
However, research in humans is lacking.

HOW TO USE AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
To use this product, simply steep 1–2 teaspoons of Horse Chestnut Leaf in hot water for 3–5 minutes.
For added flavor and health benefits, you can add a slice of lemon or a teaspoon of honey to your tea.
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is also used to treat menstrual pain, eczema, cough, joint pain, and arthritis.

ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
Key bioactive components include:
*Aescin (escin) – a mixture of triterpene saponins, notably β‑aescin
*Flavonoids – such as kaempferol, quercetin
*Tannins and coumarins (like aesculin)
*Saponins

BENEFITS OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
*Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) may Relieve Inflammation.
*Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) may Promote Wound Healing.
*Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) may Help With Male Fertility.
*Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) may Help In Chronic Venous Insufficiency.

AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT) IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER COMPOUNDS
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) reduced arthritis in combination with a low dosage of prednisone (Deltasone, Rayos).
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) is improved the activity of beneficial gut bacteria in combination with a prebiotic and flaxseed oil.

HOW AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT) WORKS:
Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) contains a mixture of saponins that are collectively called escin and have been shown to strengthen the walls of small blood vessels.

Research suggests that Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) may be as effective for treating venous problems as compression stockings.

Aesculus Hippocastanum Leaf Extract (Horsechestnut) can also help relieve fluid retention in the body as well as reduce exudate, a bodily fluid that leaks from blood vessels or organs when they have been injured, causing inflammation.

The tannins present in horse chestnut may also contribute to these anti-inflammatory and anti-edema properties.
Tannins are also astringent, providing a cleansing effect for wounds and skin ailments.

HOW AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT) LOOKS:
Shape, bark, twigs
It is a large deciduous tree with a huge domed crown.
All its parts are distinctive making it an easy tree to identify.
Horse chestnuts can live up to 300 years.
The bark starts smooth and pinkish grey in young specimens, but is greyish brown in mature trees and develops scaly plates.

Buds
They have large thick, sticky buds up to 3.5cm which are easily recognisable in the winter months.

Leaves
The leaves known as palmate in shape, resemble a human hand.
With 5–7 leaflets, they are considered large and can be up to 25cm long.
The upper surface of the leaf is smooth with the underside of the leaf being slightly hairy / downy.

Flowers
Large, upright, white or pinkish flowers resembling candelabras appear all over the tree in May.
These are quite fragrant and very popular with pollinators.

Fruits
The fruits of the tree appear as green spikey cases or shells which are home to a brown shiny seed known as a conker.

WHERE TO FIND AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
It is native to the mountains of the Balkans.
It grows very well in Ireland's temperate climate.
It is a very popular landscape tree so can be found in many estates and parklands throughout the country.
It can also be found in many European cities due to its popularity amongst gardeners and planners during the 19th century.

VALUE TO WILDLIFE OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
Its flowers are very popular with nectar loving insects such as bees.
The triangle moth caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the Horse Chestnuts, as do the caterpillars of the horse chestnut leaf-miner moth, which are in turn food for blue tits.
Deer and other mammals eat the conkers.

CULTURAL IMPORTANCE OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
HISTORY
Native to the Balkans, the horse chestnut was introduced to England from Turkey in the sixteenth century and then from there to Ireland in early 1600s.
It has been planted in Ireland as an ornamental tree for over 200 years and can be seen on landed estates throughout the country.

Loved by planners and designers, it quickly became established in many European cities during the nineteenth century.
As horse chestnut is a soft wood, its timber has little commercial value.
Although, it has been suggested that it was used in the past for woodcarving and to make dairy maid's buckets.

The conkers of the horse chestnut are probably best known for their use in the game of the same name, ‘Conkers’, which children have been playing since at least the mid-nineteenth century.
However, they were also used to make medicine for both humans and animals.

Indeed, as they were traditionally used to make medicine for horses, it is thought that this is where the name ‘horse chestnut’ comes from.
In England during the Second World War, conkers were ground to make a coffee substitute and to make a type of starch that was necessary for the production of the explosive cordite.

In addition, the flower buds of the horse chestnut were sometimes used instead of hops to make beer.
The horse chestnut is special to the people of Kyiv in Ukraine, so much so that the blooming horse chestnut was once the official symbol of the city.

It is known as the ‘City of Chestnuts’ as horse chestnuts are abundant throughout its many squares.
Other famous horse chestnuts include the avenue of trees planted at Bushy Park in the Borough of London by Christopher Wren in 1699 and the horse chestnut that Anne Frank could see from her attic window in Amsterdam while she was in hiding, and which she frequently wrote about as a symbol of freedom.

Saplings of the tree were donated as part of the Anne Frank House seedling project to various schools and organisations throughout the world before the parent tree fell in 2010.

MYTH, LEGEND AND FOLKLORE OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
Although there appears to be little folklore or mythology surrounding the horse chestnut, it has been suggested that in Europe, it is seen as a symbol of luck, prosperity, protection and strength.

LITERATURE OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
The horse chestnut features in the Ukrainian song ‘Kyiv Waltz’, written by Andrei Malyshko and Platon Mayboroda, which is considered an anthem of the capital:
*Again chestnuts bloom,
*Dnieper Wave beats.
*Youth dear -
*You are my happiness.

The Horse Chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum, which has also been known as Hippocastanum vulgare (Gaertn.), is an entirely different tree from the Sweet Chestnut, to which it is not even distantly related, and is of much more recent importation to English soil.
It is a native of northern and central parts of Asia, from which it was introduced into England about the middle of the sixteenth century.

The name Aesculus (from esca, food) was applied originally to a species of oak, which according to Pliny, was highly prized for its acorns, but how it came to be transferred to the Horse Chestnut is very uncertain.
Perhaps, as Loudon suggests, it was given ironically, because its nuts bear a great resemblance, externally, to those of the Sweet Chestnut, but are unfit for food.

Hippocastanum (the specific name of the common sort) is a translation of the common name, which was given - Evelyn tells us - 'from its curing horses brokenwinded and other cattle of coughs.'
Some writers think that the prefix 'horse' is a corruption of the Welsh gwres, meaning hot, fierce, or pungent, e.g. 'Horse-chestnut' = the bitter chestnut, in opposition to the mild, sweet one.

The tree is chiefly grown for ornamental purposes, in towns and private gardens and in parks, and forms fine avenues, which in the spring, when the trees are in full bloom, present a beautiful sight.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
CAS Number: 8053-39-2
Chem/IUPAC Name: Aesculus Hippocastanum Extract
EINECS/ELINCS No: 232-497-7
COSING REF No: 82461
CAS number: 8053‑39‑2
EC (EINECS) number: 232‑497‑7
PubChem SID: 135344704
Form & Appearance: Light to dark brown liquid extract, water-soluble
Odor: Slight plant-like or herbal scent (typical for leaf extracts)

pH: ~4.5–6 in aqueous solutions
Solubility: Soluble in water; insoluble in oils
Viscosity: Low to moderate (varies by preparation)
Common names: Horse chestnut
Irish name: Crann cnó capaill
Latin name: Aesculus hippocastanum
Family: Sapindaceae
Origin: Native to the Balkans
Tree type: Deciduous broadleaf tree

FIRST AID MEASURES of AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM LEAF EXTRACT (HORSECHESTNUT):
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available