AMMONIA 25%

Ammonia is a fundamental inorganic chemical that plays a critical role in industrial chemistry, agriculture, medicine, and environmental systems. 
Ammonia 25% specifically refers to an aqueous solution containing approximately 25% ammonia by weight in water. 
This concentration is one of the standard commercial grades of ammonia solution, offering high alkalinity and reactivity while remaining manageable for storage and handling compared to anhydrous ammonia.

Historically, ammonia has been used since ancient times, with early applications in fertilizers, cleaning agents, and even in food processing. 
Today, concentrated ammonia solutions such as 25% aqueous ammonia are used extensively in chemical synthesis, metallurgy, water treatment, cleaning products, and as a precursor in industrial processes.
CAS Number: 1336-21-6
Synonyms:Ammonium hydroxide solution,Aqueous ammonia,Ammonia solution
Ammonia water,Ammonium hydrate,Spirit of Hartshorn,NH₄OH

Chemical Identity and Properties
Molecular Formula
NH₃·H₂O (aqueous)
Commonly written as NH₄OH for simplicity, though the solution is better described as dissolved ammonia gas in equilibrium with ammonium and hydroxide ions.

Molecular Weight
Ammonia (NH₃): 17.031 g/mol
Ammonium hydroxide solution varies depending on concentration (25% solution density ~0.91 g/cm³ at 20 °C).
Physical Properties of 25% Ammonia Solution
Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid with strong, pungent odor
Odor: Characteristic sharp ammonia smell
Boiling Point: Approximately 38–40 °C (depends on vapor pressure of NH₃ in solution)
Melting Point: Below 0 °C (varies by concentration)
Density (20 °C): ~0.91 g/cm³
Vapor Pressure (20 °C): High, due to NH₃ volatility
pH: ~11.6–12.5 (strongly alkaline)
Solubility: Fully miscible with water; soluble in alcohol and other polar solvents

Chemical Properties
Strong base in aqueous medium due to NH₃ accepting protons.
Weak electrolyte, partially dissociating into NH₄⁺ and OH⁻.
Readily absorbs carbon dioxide to form ammonium carbonate or bicarbonate.
Reacts with acids to form ammonium salts.
Can form explosive mixtures with halogens or oxidizers.

Production Methods
Industrial Ammonia Production
The parent compound, ammonia, is primarily produced via the Haber-Bosch process, which synthesizes NH₃ from nitrogen and hydrogen under high pressure and temperature with an iron-based catalyst:

Preparation of Ammonia 25%
Ammonia gas from the Haber process is dissolved in deionized water under controlled temperature and pressure to form aqueous ammonia. 
The concentration is adjusted to 25% by weight through precise dilution and quality control.

Applications of Ammonia 25%
Industrial Applications
Chemical Intermediate: Precursor for fertilizers, plastics, dyes, and explosives.
Textile Industry: Used in mercerization of cotton and wool treatment.
Metallurgy: Employed for neutralizing acidic residues and as a fluxing agent.

Water Treatment
Used as a pH adjuster in water purification.
Reacts with chlorine to form chloramines, which serve as secondary disinfectants.

Cleaning and Household Products
A major ingredient in household cleaners, degreasers, and glass-cleaning solutions due to its grease-cutting ability.

Agriculture
Utilized as a nitrogen source in fertilizers and as a stabilizer in soil treatment.

Pharmaceutical and Laboratory Uses
Employed as a reagent in analytical chemistry.
Used in the preparation of medicinal compounds and as a mild antiseptic in diluted form.

Environmental Applications
Plays a role in flue gas treatment systems to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOₓ).
Neutralizes acidic industrial effluents.

SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT AMMONIA 25%

First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician. 
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:
 
If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air. 
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately. 
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
 
In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.
 
If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting. 
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. 
Rinse mouth with water. 
Consult a physician.
 
Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas
 
Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment. 
 
Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. 
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.
 
Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
 
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. 
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
 
Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.
 
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. 
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials
 
Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
 
Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles. 
Faceshield (8-inch minimum). 
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
 
Skin protection:
Handle with gloves. 
Gloves must be inspected prior to use. 
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. 
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. 
Wash and dry hands.
 
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.
 
Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. 
 
If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. 
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. 
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
 
Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions. 
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.
 
Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. 
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product