PRODUCTS

AMMONIUM PERSULFATE APS

CAS:   7727-54-0
MF:   H8N2O8S2
MW:   228.2
EINECS:   231-786-5

Synonyms
AMMONIUM PEROXYDISULPHATE;AMMONIUM PERSULFATE;AMMONIUM PERSULFATE, POUCHES;PEROXIDISULFURIC ACID;diammoniumperoxydisulfate;diammoniumperoxydisulphate;diammoniumpersulfate;Ammonium persulfate Ammonium peroxodisulfate

Ammonium persulfate (APS) is white, odorless single crystal, the formula is (NH4) 2S2O8, it has strong oxidation and corrosion, when heated, it decomposes easily, moisture absorption is not easy, it is soluble in water, the solubility increases in warm water, it can hydrolyze into ammonium hydrogen sulfate and hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution.
The dry product has good stability, storage is easy, and Ammonium persulfate (APS) has the advantage of convenience and safety and so on.
When heated to 120 °C, Ammonium persulfate (APS) can decompose, it is easily damped and it can cake in moist air.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is mainly used as an oxidizing agent and the preparation of hydrogen peroxide, potassium persulfate and other persulfate.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) can be used as free initiator of polymerization reaction, particularly vinyl chloride emulsion polymerization of polymerizable compound and redox polymerization.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) can be used as bleaching agent in grease, soap industry.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) can be used to prepare aniline dyes and dye oxidation and electroplating industry, photographic industry and chemical analysis.
For food-grade, Ammonium persulfate (APS) can be used as modifier of wheat, brewer's yeast mildew.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) can be used as metal etchant, circuit board cleaning and etching, copper and aluminum surface activation, modified starch, pulp and textile bleaching at low temperature and desizing, circulating water purification treatment systems, oxidative degradation of harmful gases, low formaldehyde adhesive stick bound to accelerate, disinfectants, hair dye decolorization.

Ammonium persulfate (APS) is non-flammable, but it can release of oxygen, so it has the role of combustion-supporting, storage environment must be dry and clean, and well-ventilated.
People should pay attention to moisture and rain, Ammonium persulfate (APS) should not be transported in rain.
Keep away from fire, heat and direct sunlight.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) should keep sealed packaging, clear and intact labels.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) should be stored separately with flammable or combustible materials, organic compounds, as well as rust, a small amount of metal, and other reducing substances, it should avoid be mixed to prevent the decomposition of ammonium persulfate and cause explosion.
Persulfates are strong oxidizing agents widely used in the production of metals, textiles, photographs, cellophane, rubber, adhesive papers, foods, soaps, detergents and hair bleaches. Ammonium persulfate (APS) is used as a hair bleaching agent.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) may induce irritant dermatitis, contact urticaria and allergic contact dermatitis and represents a major allergen in hairdressers.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is a colourless (white) salt that is highly soluble in water, much more so than the related potassium salt.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is a strong oxidizing agent that is used as a catalyst in polymer chemistry, as an etchant, and as a cleaning and bleaching agent.

Ammonium persulfate (APS) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is a colourless (white) salt that is highly soluble in water, much more so than the related potassium salt.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is a strong oxidizing agent that is used in polymer chemistry, as an etchant, and as a cleaning and bleaching agent.
The dissolution of the salt in water is an endothermic process.
As an oxidizing agent and a source of radicals, Ammonium persulfate (APS) finds many commercial applications.
Salts of sulfate are mainly used as radical initiators in the polymerization of certain alkenes.
Commercially important polymers prepared using persulfates include styrene-butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is a standard ingredient in hair bleach.
Persulfates are used as oxidants in organic chemistry.
For example, in the Minisci reaction.

Ammonium persulfate (APS) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 120 °C
density: 1.98
bulk density: 900kg/m3
vapor density: 7.9 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
refractive index: 1.50
storage temp.: Store at +15°C to +25°C.
solubility H2O: soluble
form: powder
color: White to yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.982
Odor: Odorless
PH Range: 1 - 2
PH: 1.0-2.5 (25℃, 1M in H2O)
biological source: rabbit
Water Solubility: 582 g/L (20 ºC) decomposes
Sensitive: Moisture Sensitive
Merck: 14,541
Exposure limits ACGIH: TWA 0.1 mg/m3
Stability: Stable. Oxidizing. May ignite combustible material. Incompatible with bases, combustible material, hydrogen peroxide, peroxy compounds, silver compounds, zinc. May decompose upon exposure to water or moist air.
Cosmetics Ingredients Functions: BLEACHING
OXIDISING
Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR): Ammonium persulfate (7727-54-0)
InChI: 1S/2H3N.H2O8S2/c;;1-9(2,3)7-8-10(4,5)6/h2*1H3;(H,1,2,3)(H,4,5,6)
InChIKey: ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -1 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 7727-54-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Ammonium persulfate (APS) (7727-54-0)
Absorption: cut-off at 308nm in H2O at 1M

Ammonium persulfate (APS) is colorless monoclinic crystal or white crystalline powder.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is soluble in water, the solubility is 58.2g/100ml water at 0℃.

Uses
Ammonium persulfate (APS) can be used as analytical reagents, photographic fixing agent and reducing agent.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) can be used as food preservative, oxidizing agent and initiator of high-molecular polymer.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) can be used as raw material of producting persulfate and hydrogen peroxide in chemical industry, inhibitor of polymerization organic polymer, initiator of during the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) can be used as bleaching agent in grease, soap industry.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) can also be used as corrodent in plate metals cutting eclipse and oil extraction in oil industry.
For food-grade, Ammonium persulfate (APS) can be used as modifier of wheat, brewer's yeast mildew.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) can be used for flour modifier; Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungicide.
As oxidizer and bleacher; to remove hypo; reducer and retarder in photography; in dyeing, manufacture of aniline dyes; oxidizer for copper; etching zinc; decolorizing and deodorizing oils; electroplating; washing infected yeast; removing pyrogallol stains; making soluble starch; depolarizer in electric batteries; In animal chemistry chiefly for detection and determination of manganese.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is a bleaching agent for food starch that is used up to 0.075% and with sulfur dioxide up to 0.05%.

As a source of radicals, Ammonium persulfate (APS) is mainly used as a radical initiator in the polymerization of certain alkenes.
Commercially important polymers prepared using persulfates include styrene-butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene.
In solution, the dianion dissociates into radicals:
[O3SO–OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 [SO4]•−
Regarding its mechanism of action, the sulfate radical adds to the alkene to give a sulfate ester radical.
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is also used along with tetramethylethylenediamine to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide in making a polyacrylamide gel, hence being important for SDS-PAGE and western blot.

Because Ammonium persulfate (APS)t is a powerful oxidizer, ammonium persulfate is used to etch copper on printed circuit boards as an alternative to ferric chloride solution.
This property was discovered in the early 20th century.
In 1908, John William Turrentine used a dilute Ammonium persulfate (APS) solution to etch copper.
Turrentine weighed copper spirals before placing the copper spirals into the ammonium persulfate solution for an hour.
After an hour, the spirals were weighed again and the amount of copper dissolved by ammonium persulfate was recorded.
This experiment was extended to other metals such as nickel, cadmium, and iron, all of which yielded similar results.
The oxidation equation is thus: S2O2−8 (aq) + 2 e− → 2 SO2−4 (aq).
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is a standard ingredient in hair bleach. Persulfates are used as oxidants in organic chemistry; for example, in the Minisci reaction and Elbs persulfate oxidation.

Production methods
Ammonium persulfate (APS) can be derived by the electrolysis of ammonium sulfate and dilute sulfuric acid and then crystallized.
Electrolytic process Ammonium persulfate (APS) and sulfuric acid formulates to form liquid electrolyte, it is decontaminated by electrolysis, HSO4-can discharge and generate peroxydisulfate acidat in the anode, and then reacts with Ammonium persulfate (APS) to generate ammonium persulfate, ammonium persulfate goes through filtration, crystallization, centrifugal separation, drying to get ammonium persulfate product when the content reaches a certain concentration in the anode.
Anode reaction: 2HSO4--2e → H2S2O8
Cathodic reaction: 2H ++ 2e → H2 ↑
(NH4) 2S2O4 + H2S2O8 → (NH4) 2S2O8 + H2SO4

Preparation and structure
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is prepared by electrolysis of a cold concentrated solution of either ammonium sulfate or ammonium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density.
The method was first described by Hugh Marshall.
The ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts adopt very similar structures in the solid state, according to X-ray crystallography.
In the ammonium salt, the O-O distance is 1.497 Å.
The sulfate groups are tetrahedral, with three short S-O distances near 1.44 Å and one long S-O bond at 1.64 Å.