AMMONIUM PERSULPHATE

Cas No:7727-54-0
EC No:231-786-5

Synonyms:
Ammonium peroxidodisulfate;Ammonium Peroxodisulate;Ammonium peroxodisulfate;AMMONIUM PEROXYDISULFATE;Ammonium peroxydisulfate ((NH4)2S2O8);Ammonium peroxysulfate;Ammonium persulfate;AMMONIUMPERSULFAT ((NH4)2S2O8);Anala R;Bis(ammonium) peroxodisulfate;diammonium peroxodisulfate;diammonium peroxodisulphate;Diammonium peroxydisulfate;Diammonium peroxydisulphate;Diammonium persulfate;Diammoniumperoxodisulfat;Enplate AD 485;Panreac PA;Peroxodisulfate de diammonium;peroxodisulfato de diamonio;Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), diammonium salt;Peroxydisulfuric acid ([(HO)S(O)2]2O2), ammonium salt (1:2);Peroxydisulfuric acid ([(HO)S(O)2]2O2), diammonium salt;PEROXYDISULFURIC ACID, DIAMMONIUM SALT;UN 1444;UN 1444;AP, APS, Ammonium peroxodisulfate, Ammonium peroxydisulfate, PER;Ammonium persulfate
;7727-54-0;Ammonium peroxydisulfate;Diammonium peroxydisulfate;Diammonium peroxodisulphate;Diammonium persulfate;Ammonium peroxodisulfate;Ammoniumpersulfate;Diammonium peroxydisulphate;UNII-22QF6L357F;CCRIS 1430;Persulfate d'ammonium [French];PEROXYDISULFURIC ACID, DIAMMONIUM SALT;EINECS 231-786-5;UN1444;22QF6L357F;Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), diammonium salt;Ammonium persulfate, 98%, extra pure;Ammonium persulfate, 98+%, ACS reagent;HSDB 7985;Ammonium persulfate, 99+%, for molecular biology, DNAse, RNAse and Protease free;ammonium persuiphate;ammonium per sulphate;ammonium peroxidisulfate;ammonium persulphate-d8;ACMC-209shx;Ammonium peroxydisulphate;AP; APS; Ammonium peroxodisulfate; Ammonium peroxydisulfate; PER Formula: (NH4)2S2O8 Formula Weight: 228.20 CAS No.: 7727-54-0 Purity: ?98.0% Application: Catalyst for acrylamide gel polymerization. Packaging: 100, 500 g…; AP; APS; Ammonium peroxodisulfate; Ammonium peroxydisulfate; PER Density (g/cm3): 1.14 Molecular weight: 228.2 Molecular formula: (NH4)2S2O8 Chemical purity: 0.98 UN Number: UN1444

Ammonium persulfate (APS) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8. It is a colourless (white) salt that is highly soluble in water, much more so than the related potassium salt. It is a strong oxidizing agent that is used in polymer chemistry, as an etchant, and as a cleaning and bleaching agent.

The dissolution of the salt in water is an endothermic process.

Ammonium persulfate is prepared by electrolysis of a cold concentrated solution of either ammonium sulfate or ammonium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density.The method was first described by Hugh Marshall.

As an oxidizing agent and a source of radicals, APS finds many commercial applications.

Salts of sulfate are mainly used as radical initiators in the polymerization of certain alkenes. Commercially important polymers prepared using persulfates include styrene-butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene. In solution, the dianion dissociates to give radicals

The sulfate radical adds to the alkene to give a sulfate ester radical. It is also used along with tetramethylethylenediamine to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide in making a polyacrylamide gel, hence being important for SDS-PAGE and western blot.

Illustrative of its powerful oxidizing properties, it is used to etch copper on printed circuit boards as an alternative to ferric chloride solution.This property was discovered many years ago. In 1908, John William Turrentine used a dilute ammonium persulfate solution to etch copper. Turrentine weighed copper spirals before placing the copper spirals into the ammonium persulfate solution for an hour. After an hour, the spirals were weighed again and the amount of copper dissolved by ammonium persulfate was recorded. This experiment was extended to other metals such as nickel, cadmium, and iron, all of which yielded similar results.The oxidation equation is thus: S2O2-8 (aq) + ?e- › 2 SO2-4 (aq).

Ammonium persulfate is a standard ingredient in hair bleach.

Persulfates are used as oxidants in organic chemistry. For example, in the Minisci reaction.

Airborne dust containing ammonium persulfate may be irritating to eye, nose, throat, lung and skin upon contact. Exposure to high levels of dust may cause difficulty in breathing.

It has been noted that persulfate salts are a major cause of asthmatic effects in women. Furthermore, it has been suggested that exposure to ammonium persulfate can cause asthmatic effects in hair dressers and receptionists working in the hairdressing industry. These asthmatic effects are proposed to be caused by the oxidation of cysteine residues, as well as methionine residues.

Ammonium persulfate (APS) is a widely used reagent in biochemistry and molecular biology for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels. APS forms oxygen free radicals in aqueous solution by a base-catalyzed mechanism. The bases, most commonly used as catalysts, are tertiary amines such as TEMED (N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) or DMAPN (3-dimethylaminopropionitrile). The free radicals will cause the polymerization of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide to form a gel matrix, which can be used for separating macromolecules by size. APS has also been utilized to study protein-protein interactions via photoinitiated crosslinking chemistry.

Ammonium persulfate has been used for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels and acrylamide hydrogels.

Catalyst for acrylamide gel 

Ammonium persulfate appears as a white crystalline solid. A strong oxidizing agent. Does not burn readily, but may cause spontaneous ignition of organic materials. Used as a bleaching agent and as a food preservative.

Definition of ammonium persulfate: a colorless crystalline salt (NH4)2S2O8 used as an oxidizing agent and for improving dense photographic negatives

Usage areas

Etching agent in glass, zinc and PCB production process
In textile and bleaching processes; in color and deodorizing oils
Production of paints
Copper has an area of use as a surface treatment agent and as a soil conditioner.
It is used in the polymerization of acrylonitrile, generally in the production of polyacrylonitrile fiber with alkali sulfides, in the emulsion polymerization of monomers.
Flour, oil, glue, soap, etc. as a bleach in their production. It is used as an oxidizer in industries such as plastics, photography, perfumery, production of various chemicals and metallurgy.
In the polymerization of crylonitrile, usually in the production of polyacrylonitrile fibers together with alkali sulfides, monomers
In emulsion polymerization.
In industries such as plastic, photography, perfumery.
As an oxidizer in the production of various chemicals and metallurgy.

Component List
Component    % Comp.    CAS #    EC #
Ammonium Persulfate    99     7727-54-0      231-786-5 
 

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Information on Basic Physical & Chemical Properties
a. Appearance    White crystals    b. Odor    None
c. Odor Threshold    N.A.    d. pH    N.A.
e. Melting/Freezing Point (oC)    120    f. Boiling point (oC)    N.A.
g. Flash Point (oC)    N.D.    h. Evaporation Rate    No Data
i. Flammability    N.A.    j. Upper/Lower Flammability or Explosive Limits    N.D.
k. Vapor Pressure    No Data    l. Vapor Density (Air = 1)    No Data
m. Relative Density    1.98 @ 20C    n. Water Solubility    80 g/100 ml @ 25 C
o. Partition Coefficient n-octanol/water    N.A.    p. Autoignition Temperature (oC)    N.D.
q. Decomposition Temperature (oC)    N.A.    r. Viscosity    N.A.
s. Explosive Properties    None by thermal or mechanical means.    t. Oxidizing Properties    Strong Oxidizer
 
Outline
Ammonium persulfate is white, odorless single crystal, the formula is (NH4) 2S2O8, it has strong oxidation and corrosion, when heated, it decomposes easily, moisture absorption is not easy, it is soluble in water, the solubility increases in warm water, it can hydrolyze into ammonium hydrogen sulfate and hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution. The dry product has good stability, storage is easy, and it has the advantage of convenience and safety and so on. When heated to 120 °C, it can decompose, it is easily damped and it can cake in moist air. It is mainly used as an oxidizing agent and the preparation of hydrogen peroxide, potassium persulfate and other persulfate. It can be used as free initiator of polymerization reaction, particularly vinyl chloride emulsion polymerization of polymerizable compound and redox polymerization. It can be used as bleaching agent in grease, soap industry. It can be used to prepare aniline dyes and dye oxidation and electroplating industry, photographic industry and chemical analysis. For food-grade, it can be used as modifier of wheat, brewer's yeast mildew. It can be used as metal etchant, circuit board cleaning and etching, copper and aluminum surface activation, modified starch, pulp and textile bleaching at low temperature and desizing, circulating water purification treatment systems, oxidative degradation of harmful gases, low formaldehyde adhesive stick bound to accelerate, disinfectants, hair dye decolorization.
Ammonium persulfate is non-flammable, but it can release of oxygen, so it has the role of combustion-supporting, storage environment must be dry and clean, and well-ventilated. People should pay attention to moisture and rain, it should not be transported in rain. Keep away from fire, heat and direct sunlight. It should keep sealed packaging, clear and intact labels. It should be stored separately with flammable or combustible materials, organic compounds, as well as rust, a small amount of metal, and other reducing substances, it should avoid be mixed to prevent the decomposition of ammonium persulfate and cause explosion.

Chemical properties
It is colorless monoclinic crystal or white crystalline powder. It is soluble in water, the solubility is 58.2g/100ml water at 0C.

Uses
It can be used as analytical reagents, photographic fixing agent and reducing agent.
It can be used as food preservative, oxidizing agent and initiator of high-molecular polymer.
It can be used as raw material of producting persulfate and hydrogen peroxide in chemical industry, inhibitor of polymerization organic polymer, initiator of during the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer. It can be used as bleaching agent in grease, soap industry. It can also be used as corrodent in plate metals cutting eclipse and oil extraction in oil industry. For food-grade, it can be used as modifier of wheat, brewer's yeast mildew.
It can be used for flour modifier (Limited ?0.3g/kg, the Japanese standard, 1999); Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungicide (limit 0.1%, FAO/WHO, 1984).
The above information is edited by the chemicalbook of Wang Xiaodong.

Production methods
It can be derived by the electrolysis of ammonium sulfate and dilute sulfuric acid and then crystallized.
Electrolytic process Ammonium sulfate and sulfuric acid formulates to form liquid electrolyte, it is decontaminated by electrolysis, HSO4-can discharge and generate peroxydisulfate acidat in the anode, and then reacts with ammonium sulfate to generate ammonium persulfate, ammonium persulfate goes through filtration, crystallization, centrifugal separation, drying to get ammonium persulfate product when the content reaches a certain concentration in the anode.

Anode reaction: 2HSO4--2e › H2S2O8
Cathodic reaction: 2H ++ 2e › H2 ^
(NH4) 2S2O4 + H2S2O8 › (NH4) 2S2O8 + H2SO4

Category
Oxidant
Toxicity grading
Mid toxicity.

Acute oral toxicity
Rat LD50: 689 mg/kg; intraperitoneal-rat LD50: 226 mg/kg.

Explosive hazardous characteristics
It is strong oxidant, it can explode when mixed with reducing agent, sulfur, phosphorus etc; it can explode when be heated, impacted, and meet fire.

Flammability hazard characteristics
It can decompose of oxygen when high heat; it can generate toxic nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and ammonia fumes when heated.

Storage characteristics
Treasury should have ventilation and low-temperature drying; loading and unloading should be light; it should be stored separately with organic matter, reducing agents, sulfur, phosphorus combustibles.
Extinguishing agent
Mist of water, sand.

Professional standards
TWA 2 mg/m3.

Description
Persulfates are strong oxidizing agents widely used in the production of metals, textiles, photographs, cellophane, rubber, adhesive papers, foods, soaps, detergents and hair bleaches. Ammonium persulfate is used as a hair bleaching agent. It may induce irritant dermatitis, contact urticaria and allergic contact dermatitis and represents a major allergen in hairdressers.

Chemical Properties
Ammonium persulfate is a colorless or white crystalline solid.

Chemical Properties
Off-white crystalline powder

Uses
Used for detection and determination of manganese and iron.

Uses
As oxidizer and bleacher; to remove hypo; reducer and retarder in photography; in dyeing, manufacture of aniline dyes; oxidizer for copper; etching zinc; decolorizing and deodorizing oils; electroplating; washing infected yeast; removing pyrogallol stains; making soluble starch; depolarizer in electric batteries; In animal chemistry chiefly for detection and determination of manganese.

Uses
Ammonium Persulfate is a bleaching agent for food starch that is used up to 0.075% and with sulfur dioxide up to 0.05%.

General Description
A white crystalline solid. A strong oxidizing agent. Does not burn readily, but may cause spontaneous ignition of organic materials. Used as a bleaching agent and as a food preservative.

Air & Water Reactions
Soluble in water.

Reactivity Profile
Ammonium persulfate is a potent oxidizing agent. A powdered mixture with aluminum and water can explode [NFPA 491M 1991]. A mixture with sodium peroxide will explode if subjected to friction (crushing in a mortar), heating, or if a stream of carbon dioxide is passed over Ammonium persulfate [Mellor 10:464 1946-47]. Acidic solutions dissolve iron violently, [Mellor, 1947, Vol. 10, 470].

Hazard
Fire risk in contact with reducers.

Health Hazard
Inhalation produces slight toxic effects. Contact with dust irritates eyes and causes skin rash.

Contact allergens
Persulfates are strong oxidizing agents widely used in the production of metals, textiles, photographs, cellophane, rubber, adhesive papers, foods, soaps, detergents, and hair bleaches. Ammonium persulfate is used as a hair bleaching agent. It may induce irritant dermatitis, (mainly) nonimmunologic contact urticaria, and allergic contact dermatitis and represents a major allergen in hairdressers. People reacting to ammonium persulfate also react to other persulfates such as potassium persulfate.

Safety Profile
Poison by intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. A powerful oxidizer that can react vigorously with reducing agents. Releases oxygen when heated. Mxtures with sodium peroxide are explosives sensitive to friction, heating above 75?, or contact with CO2 or water. Mixtures with (powdered aluminum + water) or (zinc + ammonia) are explosive. Violent reaction with iron or solutions of ammonia + silver salts. Solution with sulfuric acid is a strong oxidzing cleaning solution. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of SO,, NH3, and NOx.

Potential Exposure
It is used as a bleaching agent, in photographic chemicals, and to make dyes. It is also used as an ingredient of polymerization catalysts.

Shipping
UN1444 Ammonium persulfate, Hazard Class: 5.1; Labels: 5.1-Oxidizer

Purification Methods
Recrystallise it at room temperature from EtOH/water. It gradually loses NH3 on exposure to air. Its solubility is 0.5g/mL at 20o, and 2g/mL at 100o.

Incompatibilities
Decomposes in water and moist air, forming oxygen gas. A strong oxidizer; reacts with reducing agents; organic and combustible materials. Incompatible with heat, sodium peroxide (produces a friction-, heat-, and water-sensitive explosive); aluminum powder.

Waste Disposal
May be treated with large volumes of water, neutralized and flushed to sewer. This applies to small quantities only.