AMMONIUM PERSULPHATE

Ammonium Persulfate, also known as Ammonium Peroxydisulfate, Ammonium Peroxodisulfate, Diammonium Peroxydisulfate, Ammonium Persulphate, APS and CAS No. 7727-54-0, is an inorganic peroxide salt with the formula (NH₄)₂S₂O₈, a white crystalline structure, very high water solubility and strong oxidizing character. It is used in particular as a radical initiator in emulsion polymerization, in copper etching and micro-etching operations in printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing, in hair bleaching and coloring products, as a gel breaker in oil and gas fields, in starch modification, in textile processing, and as an oxidizing agent in environmental technologies.
Ammonium Persulfate, or APS by its commercial abbreviation, is regarded as one of the most widely used persulfate salts in industry thanks to its high active oxygen content, ready solubility in water, ability to generate free radicals in a controlled manner and long-term stability in the solid state.
Polymerization, etching and oxidation systems containing Ammonium Persulfate in their formulations help critical process steps — such as the initiation of polymer chains, the controlled dissolution of metal surfaces and the oxidative degradation of organic matter — to be carried out reliably, thanks to the sulfate radicals formed when the persulfate ion is decomposed by heat or reducing activators.
Using this Ammonium Peroxydisulfate-based raw material in formulations can provide functional benefits such as high conversion and low residual monomer in emulsion polymers, uniform and controlled copper etching in PCB manufacturing, increased lifting power in hair bleaching products, timely breaking of fracturing fluids in oil wells, and reduction of starch to the desired viscosity.
Ammonium persulfate acts through both radical chemistry and direct oxidation reactions, owing to its structure — two ammonium cations and a peroxydisulfate anion in which two sulfate groups are linked by a peroxide bridge — its high standard reduction potential, and the sulfate radical anions (SO₄•⁻) formed by homolytic cleavage of the O–O bond.
In the cosmetics and personal care sector, grades of suitable purity may be included under the INCI name Ammonium Persulfate in hair bleaching powders and bleach boosters; in formulations using Ammonium Persulfate, selecting the right grade is decisive for the performance of the final product, user safety and regulatory compliance.

Ammonium Persulfate is a functional raw material used to help reduce problems such as low conversion and high residual monomer in emulsion polymerization, uneven etching and poor copper surface preparation in PCB manufacturing, insufficient lifting power in hair bleaching products, unbroken gel residues in oilfield operations and high viscosity in starch processing.
Ammonium Persulfate reacts in a controlled manner with monomers, metals or organic molecules in the medium, initiating polymerization, converting copper into soluble copper sulfate and oxidatively breaking down organic chains.
It is a functional and economical component that, thanks to its high active oxygen content and easy dosing, helps keep process efficiency and end-product quality at the desired level in polymer, electronics, cosmetic, oilfield and chemical process formulations.
Systems containing Ammonium Persulfate support the development of more stable paint and adhesive dispersions, more precise circuit boards, more effective hair bleaching products, more productive oil and gas wells and more consistent paper coating starches for the end user.

Ammonium Peroxodisulfate is an effective inorganic raw material that can support several performance properties simultaneously across different processes, thanks to its high oxidation potential, high water solubility and radical-generating capacity that can be activated by heat or redox systems.
Because it can be stored stably in solid form and is effective across a wide range of applications, Ammonium Persulfate helps meet multiple needs — polymerization initiation, metal etching, bleaching, depolymerization, oxidative degradation and analytical oxidation — compared with single-function alternatives.
It can be evaluated in acrylic, styrene-acrylic, styrene-butadiene and vinyl acetate emulsion polymerization, polyacrylamide gel preparation, PCB copper etching and micro-etching, metal surface cleaning, hair bleaching powders, gel breakers in hydraulic fracturing fluids, starch oxidation, textile desizing, soil and groundwater remediation and laboratory analyses, while grades of suitable purity can also be used in cosmetic products.
Ammonium Persulphate helps the formulator develop efficient and reproducible processes, while offering the manufacturer practical benefits such as a free-flowing crystalline form, fast dissolution, consistent active oxygen content, easy dosing and compatibility with other process chemicals.

WHAT IS AMMONIUM PERSULFATE?

Ammonium Persulfate, also known in industrial chemistry as Amonyum Persülfat (Turkish) or Ammonium Peroxydisulfate, is the diammonium salt of peroxydisulfuric acid with the molecular formula (NH₄)₂S₂O₈. Ammonium Persulfate is also referred to by names such as Ammonium Peroxydisulfate, Ammonium Peroxodisulfate, Diammonium Peroxydisulfate, Ammonium Persulphate, Peroxydisulfuric Acid Diammonium Salt and, in short, APS. Commercially, it is generally supplied as white crystalline powder or granules, in different purity levels and with different particle size distributions.
It may show different process behavior in different applications, particularly depending on its purity (assay), active oxygen content, moisture, iron, copper and other heavy metal impurities, chloride content, amount of insoluble matter and particle size. Terms such as Ammonium Persulfate 98%, Ammonium Persulfate 99%, APS Technical Grade, Electronic Grade Ammonium Persulfate, Cosmetic Grade Ammonium Persulfate and Ammonium Persulfate ACS Reagent may be encountered in technical and commercial searches. However, these terms do not all describe the same product in every case. For example, a technical grade ammonium persulfate and an electronic grade ammonium persulfate share the same chemical structure but are two separate commercial grades with very different impurity limits and different intended uses.
In commercial language, the term "persulfate" may at times also be used for other persulfate and peroxide compounds. For example, sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate, triple salts based on potassium monopersulfate (peroxymonosulfate) and ready-made hair bleaching blends containing persulfates are related to Ammonium Persulfate but are chemically different products. The product covered on this page is pure ammonium peroxydisulfate. For this reason, which product is meant must always be clarified during ordering and quotation processes.
Furthermore, not all Ammonium Persulfate products on the market have the same technical properties or the same process behavior. The product's actual purity, active oxygen content, moisture level, iron and heavy metal content and particle size can significantly change its performance in polymerization, etching or cosmetic applications. Therefore, it should not be assumed that products from different manufacturers are technically interchangeable simply because they share the product name "Ammonium Persulfate".
Ammonium persulfate is a single, defined inorganic compound; however, in aqueous solution it undergoes slow hydrolysis and decomposition over time and with temperature. During this decomposition, ammonium bisulfate, sulfuric acid and oxygen are formed; as a result, the pH of the solution falls over time and the active oxygen content decreases. This structural characteristic is the main reason why Ammonium Persulfate solutions are generally prepared fresh before use and why the solid product should be stored in a dry environment.
Ammonium Persulfate can be used in particular as an initiator in emulsion polymerization, as a copper etching agent in the electronics industry, as an oxidation booster in hair bleaching products, as a gel breaker in oilfield operations, and as an oxidizing component in starch, textile, environmental and analytical chemistry applications. Depending on the application, more specific product designations such as technical grade, polymer grade, electronic grade, cosmetic grade or analytical grade may be used.
The performance of Ammonium Peroxydisulfate does not depend solely on its chemical identity. Purity, active oxygen content, moisture, iron, copper, chloride and particle size can affect formulation and process outcomes. Therefore, two ammonium persulfate products sold under the same name may not show the same polymerization rate, etching performance, solution stability or behavior in cosmetic formulations.

Depending on the grade, Ammonium Persulphate can be evaluated in applications such as emulsion polymers, superabsorbent and water-soluble polymers, PCB etching and micro-etching solutions, metal surface treatments, hair bleaching and coloring products, hydraulic fracturing fluids, starch and paper processing, textile processing, soil and water treatment, photography and laboratory analyses. Its most common use is as a water-soluble radical initiator in emulsion and solution polymerization.

Thanks to the radical-generating and oxidation potential in its chemical structure, Ammonium Persulfate forms sulfate radical anions, particularly when heated or when it encounters a reducing activator; these radicals add to monomers to initiate polymer chains or oxidize organic and inorganic substrates. Described in industry by various functional names such as polymerization initiator, etchant, bleach booster and gel breaker, this compound makes the initiation and conversion steps of many processes possible. This structure supports the quality of paint and adhesive dispersions, the precision of circuit boards, the effectiveness of hair bleaching products and the productivity of oil wells.
Commercially available ammonium persulfate products come in different purities and particle sizes depending on the purification and crystallization processes applied during production. Industrial ammonium persulfate is generally produced by electrolytic oxidation of a solution containing ammonium sulfate and sulfuric acid; the resulting product is then crystallized, centrifuged, dried and screened. This white crystalline solid raw material may vary in terms of process performance and end-product quality depending on its technical parameters such as purity, active oxygen, moisture and impurity profile. In conclusion, Ammonium Persulfate is one of the fundamental oxidizing and initiating chemicals of industry, used in a wide range of settings from polymer reactors to circuit board lines.

COMMON PRODUCT AND CHEMICAL NAMES:

Ammonium Persulfate

Ammonium Persulphate

Ammonium Peroxydisulfate

Ammonium Peroxodisulfate

Ammonium Peroxodisulphate

Diammonium Peroxydisulfate

Diammonium Peroxodisulfate

Peroxydisulfuric Acid Diammonium Salt

Amonyum Persülfat

Amonyum Peroksidisülfat

Amonyum Peroksodisülfat

Diamonyum Peroksidisülfat

APS

(NH₄)₂S₂O₈

H₈N₂O₈S₂

Ammonium Persulfate (INCI)

INS 923 / E923

Ammonium Persulfate Technical Grade

Polymer Grade Ammonium Persulfate

Electronic Grade Ammonium Persulfate

Cosmetic Grade Ammonium Persulfate

Ammonium Persulfate ACS Reagent

Some of these names indicate a chemical identification, some an abbreviation, and others the field of use or commercial grade. For example, Ammonium Peroxydisulfate and Ammonium Peroxodisulfate denote chemical names based on the IUPAC approach, while (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ is the chemical formula. Ammonium Persulphate is the British English spelling; APS is the abbreviation commonly used particularly in polymer and laboratory applications. Technical Grade, Polymer Grade, Electronic Grade, Cosmetic Grade and ACS Reagent are commercial designations referring to the product's quality class. Ammonium Persulfate is also the INCI name used in cosmetic products. The number INS 923 refers to ammonium persulfate as defined as a flour treatment agent in the Codex Alimentarius system, and is also referred to as E923 in some sources.
It is important that the CAS number used for Ammonium Persulfate is evaluated together with the actual identity of the product. CAS No 7727-54-0 and EC No 231-786-5 are listed in sources for ammonium persulfate. Sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate and potassium monopersulfate are separate substances with different CAS numbers. Therefore, at the time of purchase, whether the product is pure ammonium persulfate, a different persulfate salt or a ready-made blend should be verified through the documentation.

CAS NO, EC / EINECS NO AND CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

Product name: Ammonium Persulfate / Amonyum Persülfat

Common abbreviation: APS

Chemical name: Diammonium peroxydisulfate

INCI name: Ammonium Persulfate

Food additive number: INS 923 (E923 in some sources)

CAS No: 7727-54-0

EC / EINECS No: 231-786-5

Molecular formula: (NH₄)₂S₂O₈

Molecular weight: Approximately 228.2 g/mol

Chemical class: Inorganic peroxide salt / persulfate

Main functions: Radical polymerization initiator, oxidizing agent, copper etching agent, hair bleach booster, gel breaker, depolymerization and bleaching agent

Ammonium Persulfate is a product consisting of a single inorganic salt of defined composition. Therefore, unlike natural mixtures, it is defined by an exact chemical formula and molecular weight; differences between commercial products arise from purity, active oxygen content, moisture, impurity profile and particle size.
CAS No 7727-54-0 and EC No 231-786-5 are listed for ammonium persulfate in various official and technical sources. This registration is the general chemical identification describing solid ammonium persulfate.
However, using a single CAS number for Ammonium Persulfate may not be sufficient for every commercial product. Since persulfate-containing hair bleaching blends, coated (encapsulated) gel breakers and ready-made etching concentrates have different chemical definitions and different active substance ratios, the full product definition and relevant technical documents should be checked at the time of purchase.

In measurement and dosage calculations, it should be taken into account that the theoretical active oxygen content of Ammonium Persulfate is approximately 7.0% by weight. This value is calculated from the ratio of the active oxygen in the peroxide bridge of the molecule to the molecular weight. In commercial products, the active oxygen content is generally in the range of 6.8–7.0% depending on purity. This ratio is important especially when switching between different persulfate salts and when calculating dosage based on oxidation capacity.
Although Ammonium Persulfate is defined as a single main component, trace amounts of iron, copper, lead, chloride, ammonium sulfate and moisture may be present in commercial grades. Therefore, even among products with the same CAS number, the impurity profile can alter solution stability, polymerization kinetics and performance in certain sensitive applications.

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF AMMONIUM PERSULFATE

Ammonium Persulfate is an ionic salt consisting of two ammonium cations (NH₄⁺) and one peroxydisulfate anion (S₂O₈²⁻). In the peroxydisulfate anion, two sulfate groups are linked to each other by a peroxide (–O–O–) bridge; this relatively weak O–O bond is the main source of the molecule's strong oxidizing behavior and radical-generating ability.
The structural properties of the molecule and its solution can be summarized as follows: the peroxydisulfate ion, with a standard reduction potential of around 2.0 V, is one of the strongest known oxidizers; the O–O bond is broken by heat or by single-electron transfer to form sulfate radical anions (SO₄•⁻); the ammonium ions give the product high water solubility; and because it slowly decomposes in aqueous solution over time to form acidic compounds, the solution pH falls over time.
Ammonium Persulfate solutions show different decomposition rates as temperature and pH change. Relatively stable at low temperatures, the solution begins to generate radicals rapidly as temperature rises. Heavy metal ions, particularly iron and copper, can catalyze decomposition; for this reason, low-metal grades are preferred in sensitive applications.

The technical performance of Ammonium Peroxodisulfate cannot be understood from its chemical structure alone. Purity, active oxygen, moisture, impurity profile and particle size are important parameters determining product behavior.
The sulfate radical anion is a highly reactive species with a higher oxidation potential than the peroxydisulfate ion. This radical can add to the double bonds of vinyl monomers to initiate a polymer chain, break down organic pollutants or oxidatively cleave polysaccharide chains. This property forms the basis of applications such as emulsion polymerization, environmental remediation, starch modification and gel breaking.
Its direct oxidation character, on the other hand, enables ammonium persulfate to convert metals such as copper into their soluble salts. In this reaction, copper is oxidized to copper(II) sulfate while persulfate is reduced to sulfate ion. The same property is also the fundamental reason why it supports the oxidation of melanin pigments in hair bleaching systems.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AMMONIUM PERSULFATE

Ammonium Persulfate is generally a white, odorless solid in crystalline powder or granular form. Its physical appearance may vary depending on the production method, crystallization conditions, particle size and storage conditions.

General technical properties:

Physical appearance: White crystalline powder or granules

Chemical character: Inorganic peroxide salt, strong oxidizer

Molecular formula: (NH₄)₂S₂O₈

Molecular weight: Approximately 228.2 g/mol

CAS No: 7727-54-0

EC / EINECS No: 231-786-5

Purity (assay): Generally specified as minimum 98–99%

Active oxygen: Theoretically approximately 7.0%; generally 6.8–7.0% in commercial products

Density: Approximately 1.98 g/cm³ (crystal)

Bulk density: Varies depending on particle size; the current value should be checked in the TDS

Water solubility: Very high; reported to be around 80 g/100 mL at 25 °C

pH (aqueous solution): Acidic in character; the value depends on concentration and the freshness of the solution

Decomposition: Decomposes without melting; significant decomposition begins at around 120 °C

Moisture: Generally specified with a low upper limit

Iron (Fe) content: Limited to low ppm levels depending on grade

Heavy metals (Pb, Cu, etc.): Specified with low limits, particularly in electronic and cosmetic grades

Chloride content: Generally specified with a low upper limit

Reactivity: Strong oxidizer; may react violently with combustible and reducing substances; decomposes with moisture and heat; sulfur oxides, ammonia and nitrogen oxides may be released when heated

The physical properties of Ammonium Persulphate can vary significantly depending on the product's particle size and moisture content. Fine crystalline forms dissolve faster, while coarser granular forms generate less dust and show better flow properties. Product kept in a humid environment may cake and lose active oxygen.
Purity and active oxygen are among the most important quality parameters of Ammonium Persulfate in terms of technical performance. Active oxygen is generally determined by iodometric or permanganometric titration methods and is a practical indicator for checking whether the product has decomposed during storage.
Iron and heavy metal content is of critical importance, especially in electronic, polymer and cosmetic applications. High metal content can accelerate persulfate decomposition, alter polymerization kinetics, and lead to color formation in the polymer and surface contamination in electronic applications. For this reason, heavy metal limits are widely used to monitor batch-to-batch quality consistency.
These values are for general technical introduction only and should not be used as the binding specification of the product to be purchased. Parameters such as purity, active oxygen, moisture, pH, iron, heavy metals, chloride, insoluble matter and particle size in particular should be checked against the supplier's current TDS and COA documents.

HOW DOES AMMONIUM PERSULFATE WORK AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL?

The primary effect of Ammonium Persulfate in formulations occurs through the dissociation of the peroxydisulfate ion into sulfate radicals by thermal or redox activation, the activation of monomers and organic substrates by these radicals, and, under suitable conditions, the direct oxidation of metals.
In emulsion polymerization, Ammonium Persulfate dissolves in the aqueous phase and decomposes thermally at the reactor temperature, generally in the range of 60–90 °C, to form sulfate radicals. These radicals add to monomer molecules in the aqueous phase to form oligomeric radicals; the oligomers enter micelles or polymer particles and continue chain growth. When used together with reducing agents such as sodium metabisulfite, sodium bisulfite, iron(II) salts or TEMED, a redox initiator system is formed and polymerization can be initiated at much lower temperatures. This mechanism forms the basis for the use of Ammonium Persulfate as an initiator in the polymer industry.
In PCB and metal surface treatments, ammonium persulfate oxidizes copper to copper(II) sulfate and removes it from the surface in a controlled manner. In the micro-etching process, only a layer of a few microns is dissolved from the copper surface, yielding a surface that is free of oxides and organic residues, has increased roughness and is ready for plating or lamination.
In hair bleaching systems, Ammonium Persulfate is used together with hydrogen peroxide in an alkaline medium to accelerate the oxidative breakdown of melanin pigments, helping to go beyond the lightening level achievable with hydrogen peroxide alone.
In oilfield operations, temperature-activated persulfate cleaves the polysaccharide chains of crosslinked fracturing gels composed of guar and its derivatives, lowering viscosity and facilitating recovery of the fluid from the well.

The molecular and surface-level functions of Ammonium Persulfate may differ by application:

Initiating emulsion and solution polymerization

Acting as the oxidizing component in redox initiator systems

Reducing residual monomer at the end of polymerization (post-treatment)

Etching copper and certain metals in a controlled manner

Micro-roughening metal surfaces to prepare them for plating and lamination

Boosting melanin oxidation in hair bleaching products

Breaking polymer gels in fracturing fluids

Oxidatively depolymerizing starch to reduce its viscosity

Contributing to desizing and bleaching operations in textiles

Breaking down organic pollutants in soil and groundwater

Providing sample oxidation and digestion in analytical methods

The radical-generating power and oxidizing power of Ammonium Peroxydisulfate are interrelated. The relative weakness of the peroxide bond enables both controlled radical formation and the direct oxidation of metals and organic molecules.
The level of polymerization rate and etching efficiency is directly related to persulfate concentration, temperature, pH, activator type, presence of metal ions and other additives in the medium. Therefore, Ammonium Persulfate should not be evaluated on its own but together with the reducing agents, emulsifiers, buffers, acids, stabilizers and process parameters with which it is used.
Because persulfate initiators form acidic by-products during decomposition, pH may drop during polymerization. Since this can affect emulsion stability and the hydrolysis of certain monomers, buffering agents such as sodium bicarbonate or ammonia are used in many recipes.
However, it should not be assumed that Ammonium Persulfate will deliver the same performance in every system. The product grade used, dosage, reactor or bath chemistry, temperature, material type and other additives should be evaluated through laboratory and field trials.

IN WHICH SECTORS IS AMMONIUM PERSULFATE USED?

Thanks to its radical-generating ability, high oxidizing power and ready solubility in water, Ammonium Persulphate is a versatile raw material used in various industrial fields, primarily the polymer, electronics and cosmetics sectors. Its purpose of use may vary according to the product's grade, purity and formulation system.

Main areas of use:

Acrylic, styrene-acrylic and vinyl acetate emulsion polymerization

Styrene-butadiene (SBR) and nitrile latex production

Fluoropolymer and PVC polymerization

Polyacrylamide and superabsorbent polymer (SAP) production

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the laboratory (APS / TEMED system)

Printed circuit board (PCB) copper etching and micro-etching

Metal surface cleaning and activation processes

Hair bleaching powders and bleach boosters

Hydraulic fracturing gel breakers in oil and gas wells

Starch oxidation and paper coating starch preparation

Textile desizing and bleaching processes

Soil and groundwater remediation (in-situ chemical oxidation)

Wastewater treatment and oxidation processes

Photographic and imaging chemicals

Analytical chemistry and laboratory reagents

Cosmetic and personal care formulations (INCI: Ammonium Persulfate)

Oxidizing agent and intermediate raw material in chemical synthesis

The most common uses of Ammonium Persulfate are as an initiator in the production of emulsion polymers used as paints, adhesives, paper coatings and textile binders, and as a copper etching agent in the electronics industry. These products are preferred particularly in the construction chemicals, paint, adhesive, electronics and cosmetics sectors.
The performance each sector expects from Ammonium Persulfate is different. For example, a polymer producer may prioritize active oxygen consistency and low metal content, while a PCB manufacturer may focus on very low chloride and metallic impurity content, a cosmetics manufacturer on regulatory-compliant documentation and low dust formation, and an oilfield operator on temperature-dependent activation behavior and cost.

USE OF AMMONIUM PERSULFATE AS A POLYMERIZATION INITIATOR

In polymer formulations, Ammonium Persulfate is generally used at low levels relative to monomer weight, either alone as a thermal initiator or as part of a redox initiator system together with a reducing agent. The persulfate and bisulfite combination is commonly referred to in the industry as a "redox initiator system" or "redox initiator pair".

The possible functions of Ammonium Persulfate in polymerization applications are:

Initiating polymerization by forming radicals in the aqueous phase

Increasing monomer conversion

Keeping reaction time and temperature under control

Contributing to dispersion stability by providing sulfate end groups on the surface of polymer particles

Reducing the amount of residual monomer after polymerization

Enabling polymerization at low temperatures with redox systems

Contributing to the steering of molecular weight and particle size distribution

Ammonium persulfate-based initiator programs can be evaluated particularly in the production of acrylic and styrene-acrylic paint binders, vinyl acetate-based adhesives, paper coating latexes, carpet and textile binders, construction chemical polymers and water-soluble polymers.
In polymerization applications, Ammonium Persulfate is generally used by dissolving it in water, charging part of it to the reactor at the start and dosing the rest in parallel with the monomer feed. The concentration of the initiator solution, feed rate, reactor temperature and pH are monitored regularly.
As the amount of initiator increases, the polymerization rate generally rises and the polymer molecular weight decreases. Therefore, the initiator level should be optimized taking into account the target molecular weight, particle size, film properties and residual monomer level.
Ammonium persulfate is also used in laboratory applications as the standard initiator, together with TEMED, in the preparation of polyacrylamide gels. In this application, preparing the APS solution fresh is important for the reproducibility of gelation time and gel quality.
Whether an ammonium persulfate product will give the same result in every polymer reactor should not be inferred from the name "Ammonium Persulfate" alone. Trials and production monitoring should be carried out based on monomer composition, emulsifier system, reactor design and process conditions.

ELECTRONICS, METAL SURFACE TREATMENT, OILFIELD AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF AMMONIUM PERSULFATE

In the appropriate grade, Ammonium Persulfate can be evaluated as a functional component in PCB etching and micro-etching solutions, metal surface preparation processes, hydraulic fracturing fluids, starch and textile processing, soil and water remediation, and analytical processes.

Functions for which Ammonium Persulfate may be evaluated in these applications include:

Etching the copper layer in a controlled manner in PCB manufacturing

Micro-roughening the copper surface before plating, solder mask and lamination

Removing oxide and organic residues from metal surfaces

Reducing the viscosity of guar-based gels in fracturing fluids depending on temperature

Providing delayed gel breaking in coated (encapsulated) forms

Depolymerizing starch on site (in-situ) in paper mills

Assisting the removal of starch-based sizes in textiles

Breaking down organic pollutants through activated persulfate oxidation

When purchasing Ammonium Persulfate for electronics, metal treatment, oilfield and environmental applications, the following points should be checked:

Purity and active oxygen content

Moisture content

Iron, copper and other heavy metal content

Chloride and insoluble matter content

Particle size and flow properties

Solution clarity

Current technical specification

Certificate of analysis (COA)

Safety data sheet (SDS)

Manufacturer and batch traceability

Compliance and certification documents where required

In PCB etching solutions, ammonium persulfate is generally used together with sulfuric acid and, in some cases, catalysts or stabilizers. Since the etching rate may change as the amount of copper dissolved in the bath increases, the copper load and persulfate concentration should be monitored regularly and the bath renewed when necessary.
In environmental remediation applications, persulfate is generally activated with iron(II), alkali, heat or hydrogen peroxide. However, since using ammonium persulfate also introduces ammonium nitrogen into the environment, sodium persulfate is more often preferred in such applications; local environmental regulations should be taken into account when making a selection.
Likewise, it cannot be said that an ammonium persulfate product suitable for polymerization is automatically suitable for a sensitive electronic, cosmetic or analytical application. The relevant quality requirements and manufacturer documents should be checked for each application.

IS AMMONIUM PERSULFATE USED IN COSMETIC, FOOD AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS?

Ammonium persulfate is an ingredient used in cosmetic and personal care products under the INCI name Ammonium Persulfate, in grades with suitable purity and documentation. Ammonium Persulfate is listed with an oxidizing function in CosIng, the European Commission's cosmetic ingredient database. Therefore, ammonium persulfate may be included particularly in hair bleaching powders, bleach boosters and some hair coloring systems.
In hair bleaching products, Ammonium Persulfate is generally used as part of a powder formulation together with potassium persulfate and sodium persulfate, and is mixed at the time of use with a developer containing hydrogen peroxide. This combination accelerates the oxidation of melanin pigments in an alkaline medium, helping to achieve higher levels of lift.
Persulfates are known as substances that can cause respiratory and skin sensitization, and have been associated with allergic reactions and occupational asthma, particularly among professionals who work frequently with hair bleaching products. Therefore, if Ammonium Persulfate is to be used in cosmetic formulations, dust-reducing forms, appropriate warning statements, instructions for use and a safety assessment should be taken into account; permitted conditions of use and labeling requirements should be checked against current cosmetic regulations.
However, industrial Ammonium Persulfate produced for polymer, electronic or technical purposes should not be used directly as a raw material in cosmetic, personal care, food or pharmaceutical products. Industrial grades are not designed to meet the heavy metal limits, impurity profile and documentation required for these fields. For cosmetic applications, cosmetic grade, the relevant documents and heavy metal analyses should be requested.
In the food sector, ammonium persulfate is defined in the Codex Alimentarius INS system under number 923 as a flour treatment agent, and is also referred to as E923 in some sources. However, it is not included in the European Union's list of approved food additives; therefore, its use as a food additive is not applicable in the EU and in countries whose legislation is harmonized with the EU. In some countries, limited uses subject to specific conditions, such as food starch modification, may be permitted. Before any food-related use, the current food legislation of the target market must be checked.
In pharmaceutical applications, Ammonium Persulfate is evaluated not as an active substance or excipient but rather as a laboratory reagent and synthesis intermediate. In these fields, only grades that meet the relevant quality requirements and are documented accordingly should be used.
In applications with potential indirect food contact, such as food packaging, food-contact polymers or paper coatings, if polymers produced with ammonium persulfate are planned to be used, the compliance of the final material with the relevant food contact legislation should be evaluated separately.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF AMMONIUM PERSULFATE

Ammonium Persulfate is an important functional raw material used in numerous industrial systems due to its radical-generating power, high oxidation potential, high water solubility and ease of storage in solid form.

The following functions may stand out in industrial ammonium persulfate applications:

Radical polymerization initiation

Redox initiator systems

Copper etching and micro-etching

Metal surface preparation

Hair bleach boosting

Polymer gel breaking

Starch depolymerization

Textile desizing and bleaching

Pollutant oxidation and remediation

Analytical oxidation and sample digestion

In the polymer sector, Ammonium Persulfate is one of the key chemicals of the initiator systems that enable the production of water-based dispersions used as paints, adhesives, paper coatings, textile binders and construction chemicals. For this reason, it is among the critical raw materials for plants producing emulsion polymers.
In the electronics sector, ammonium persulfate may be preferred particularly in micro-etching and small-scale etching applications because its solution runs relatively clean and is suitable for copper recovery. Due to the copper and ammonium in spent etching solutions, disposal and recovery must be planned in compliance with regulations.
In oilfield, paper, textile, environmental and laboratory applications, Ammonium Persulphate can be evaluated for different functions such as gel breaking, viscosity control, desizing, pollutant degradation and analytical oxidation.

The following topics should be evaluated when using Ammonium Persulfate in industrial systems:

Product grade and purity

Active oxygen content

Heavy metal and iron impurities

Moisture and particle size

Solution preparation method and solution shelf life

Target persulfate concentration

Process temperature and activation method

Material compatibility (tank, pipe and pump materials)

Compatibility with reducing agents, organics and other process chemicals

Dust control and exposure measures

Wastewater, ammonium nitrogen and discharge limits

WHICH PROBLEMS CAN AMMONIUM PERSULFATE HELP SOLVE?

Ammonium Persulfate can help solve various problems associated with low conversion, residual monomer, surface contamination, insufficient lifting power, unbroken gels and high viscosity in polymer, electronic, cosmetic, oilfield and chemical process systems. However, its effect depends on the product grade used, dosage and system conditions.

Low conversion and high residual monomer in emulsion polymerization

Insufficient or unstable initiator systems can lead to slowed polymerization, low conversion and residual monomer and odor problems in the final product. Used at the right level and with the right feed profile, Ammonium Persulfate can help polymerization proceed in a controlled and complete manner.
However, simply increasing the amount of initiator does not solve the problem under all conditions. The emulsifier system, monomer feed rate, reactor temperature and oxygen control should be evaluated together.

Uneven etching and poor surface preparation in PCB manufacturing

Oxides, fingerprints and organic residues on the copper surface can lead to adhesion problems in plating and lamination. Ammonium persulfate-based micro-etching solutions can help obtain a clean and active surface by removing the thin surface layer in a controlled manner.

Insufficient lifting power in hair bleaching products

Bleaching performed with hydrogen peroxide alone may be insufficient to reach the desired level of lift on dark hair. Bleaching powders containing an appropriate proportion of persulfate can help increase lifting power.
However, it is not sufficient on its own; the alkaline agent, developer concentration, application time, hair structure and user safety should be evaluated together.

Unbroken gel residues in hydraulic fracturing

Unbroken gel residues after fracturing can reduce fracture conductivity and thereby decrease well productivity. Temperature-activated ammonium persulfate can contribute to the timely reduction of gel viscosity by cleaving polymer chains.
However, reservoir temperature, pH and the desired break time should be taken into account, and coated forms or activators should be used where necessary.

High viscosity in starch processing

Native starch may have too high a viscosity for paper coating and surface sizing applications. Oxidative depolymerization with ammonium persulfate can help reduce starch viscosity to the desired level.

Organic pollutants in soil and water resources

Chlorinated solvents, petroleum derivatives and some persistent organic pollutants can be broken down by activated persulfate oxidation. In such applications, the choice of persulfate type and activation method should be determined taking into account site conditions and regulations.
It should not be assumed that every Ammonium Persulfate product will show the same process and performance behavior; the usage level should be verified through laboratory and field trials.

POINTS TO CONSIDER WHEN USING AMMONIUM PERSULFATE

One of the most common mistakes in the use of Ammonium Persulfate is substituting different persulfate salts for one another at the same weight. However, the molecular weights of ammonium, sodium and potassium persulfate — and therefore their active oxygen contents per unit weight — differ; dosage should be calculated on a molar or active oxygen equivalent basis.

The following points should be kept in mind when using Ammonium Persulfate:

An ammonium persulfate grade appropriate to the intended use should be selected.

Active oxygen or molar equivalent should be the basis for dosage calculation.

Purity, moisture and impurity values should be checked.

Persulfate solutions should be prepared as fresh as possible and should not be kept for long periods.

Solution preparation should be carried out with clean and compatible equipment, by adding the product to water.

The product should not be mixed with reducing agents, organic substances or combustible materials.

The compatibility of tank, pipe, pump and gasket materials should be evaluated.

The process temperature and activation method should be defined and kept under control.

The pH drop during polymerization should be monitored and buffering applied if necessary.

Copper load and persulfate concentration should be monitored in etching baths.

Dust formation and respiratory exposure should be minimized.

Dosage and formulation should be determined through laboratory and field trials.

Wastewater, ammonium nitrogen and discharge requirements should be evaluated.

The manufacturer's TDS and SDS documents should be reviewed.

Batch-specific analysis results should be verified via the COA.

Ammonium Persulfate is an oxidizing solid that may intensify fire and may cause respiratory and skin sensitization. To prevent dust formation during weighing, transfer, dissolution and dosing, appropriate respiratory protection, chemical-resistant gloves, tight-fitting goggles, suitable work clothing and adequate ventilation or local exhaust should be used. Safe working procedures should be determined according to the product's current SDS.
The exposure associated with auxiliary raw materials used in the processes, such as sodium metabisulfite, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, alkaline agents and monomers, as well as heat and gas emissions that may arise during the reaction, should also be evaluated separately.

STARTING FORMULATION APPROACHES FOR AMMONIUM PERSULFATE

The following examples are starting approaches prepared to show how Ammonium Persulfate can be evaluated during formulation and process development. They are not validated commercial recipes, production instructions or regulatory-compliant final formulas.
The levels given are example starting points for preliminary laboratory trials. The purity and active oxygen content of the ammonium persulfate used, as well as the other raw materials, can significantly change performance. In every application, laboratory trials, performance tests, occupational safety and relevant regulatory checks should be carried out.

EXAMPLE 1: AMMONIUM PERSULFATE INITIATOR LEVEL SCREENING IN ACRYLIC EMULSION POLYMERIZATION

Objective: To determine the effect of the amount of ammonium persulfate on monomer conversion, residual monomer, particle size and viscosity in acrylic or styrene-acrylic emulsion polymerization.

Starting components:

Ammonium Persulfate: approximately 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.35% and 0.50% based on total monomer weight

Monomer mixture (e.g. butyl acrylate / methyl methacrylate / acrylic acid): kept constant

Emulsifier system: kept constant

Buffering agent (e.g. sodium bicarbonate): kept constant

Reactor temperature: approximately 80–85 °C, kept constant

Feed time and stirring speed: kept constant

The amount of ammonium persulfate is increased stepwise and the changes in polymer properties are compared.

Application approach:

Demineralized water, part of the emulsifier and the buffering agent are charged to the reactor and heated to the target temperature under nitrogen.
Ammonium persulfate is freshly dissolved in demineralized water.
Part of the initiator solution is added to the reactor, and shortly afterwards the feed of the monomer pre-emulsion is started.
The remaining initiator solution is dosed in parallel with the monomer feed.
After the feed is complete, the reaction is maintained at the same temperature for a certain period and then cooled.
Solids content, conversion, residual monomer, particle size, viscosity, pH and amount of coagulum are measured.
The initiator level giving the most balanced result is determined.
Uncontrolled contact of ammonium persulfate with reducing agents and organic materials should be avoided, and appropriate respiratory, eye and hand protection should be used during work.

EXAMPLE 2: PRELIMINARY TRIAL OF AN AMMONIUM PERSULFATE MICRO-ETCHING SOLUTION FOR PCB COPPER SURFACES

Objective: To examine the effect of ammonium persulfate concentration on etching rate, surface roughness and appearance on a copper surface.

Starting approach:

Ammonium Persulfate: approximately 80, 100, 120 and 150 g/L

Sulfuric acid: approximately 1–2% (by volume), kept constant

Demineralized water: balance

Operating temperature: approximately 25–35 °C, kept constant

Immersion time: kept constant

These concentrations provide a starting point within the range commonly evaluated for micro-etching applications. Concentration, temperature and time should be adjusted according to the target etch depth and line conditions.

Application approach:

Demineralized water is placed in a vessel made of a suitable material.
Sulfuric acid is added to the water in a controlled manner while stirring.
Ammonium persulfate is added while stirring and dissolved completely.
The solution is brought to the target temperature.
Degreased and weighed copper-clad samples are immersed in the solution for the specified time.
The samples are rinsed, dried and reweighed to calculate the etching rate.
Surface appearance and roughness are evaluated; results at different concentrations are compared.
The effect of copper build-up in the solution on the etching rate is monitored separately.
Appropriate eye, face and hand protection should be used when working with acid and persulfate, and spent solutions should be disposed of in compliance with regulations.

EXAMPLE 3: EVALUATION OF AMMONIUM PERSULFATE LEVEL IN A HAIR BLEACHING POWDER FORMULATION

Objective: To examine the effect of the ammonium persulfate level in a hair bleaching powder formulation on lifting power, mixture consistency and application time.

Starting approach:

Potassium persulfate: approximately 35–40%

Ammonium Persulfate: approximately 10%, 15% and 20% (keeping the total persulfate level constant together with potassium persulfate)

Sodium metasilicate or a similar alkaline agent: approximately 10%

Thickener (e.g. cellulose derivative): approximately 2–3%

Dust binder (e.g. mineral oil or suitable oils): approximately 3–5%

Filler (e.g. silica or magnesium carbonate): balance

Cosmetic grade raw materials should be used, and the powder should be evaluated by mixing it at the time of use with a developer containing hydrogen peroxide at a ratio in line with the supplier's recommendation.

Application approach:

The powder components are homogenized in a dry, clean mixer.
The dust-binding oil is added slowly while mixing to reduce dust formation.
The homogeneity, flowability and dust formation of the mixture are evaluated.
The powder is mixed with the developer and the mixture consistency and temperature rise are checked.
Application is carried out on standard hair tresses for specified times and the level of lift is measured.
Results with different ammonium persulfate levels are compared.
The regulatory compliance, safety assessment, labeling and warning statements of the final product are checked separately.
Since persulfates can cause respiratory and skin sensitization, dust control, appropriate respiratory and hand protection and ventilation must be provided in such evaluations.

PRODUCTS SIMILAR TO AMMONIUM PERSULFATE AND ALTERNATIVES

An alternative to Ammonium Persulfate is not simply a matter of choosing another persulfate salt. When determining an alternative, the target process, active oxygen content, solubility, decomposition temperature, cation type, occupational safety requirements, regulations and end-product performance should be evaluated together.

AMMONIUM PERSULFATE AND SODIUM PERSULFATE

Sodium persulfate (CAS No 7775-27-1) is the other common persulfate salt, containing the same peroxydisulfate anion and used in similar applications. Therefore, the comparison between ammonium persulfate and sodium persulfate is an evaluation between salts formed by the same active anion with two different cations.
Since sodium persulfate contains no ammonium, it may be preferred in applications where ammonia odor or ammonium nitrogen in wastewater is undesirable, particularly in environmental remediation and some polymer systems. Ammonium persulfate, on the other hand, offers a slightly higher active oxygen content per unit weight and is used as an established choice in certain polymerization and etching processes.
When switching between the two products, dosage should be calculated on a molar or active oxygen equivalent basis.

AMMONIUM PERSULFATE AND POTASSIUM PERSULFATE

Potassium persulfate (CAS No 7727-21-1) is a persulfate salt with markedly lower water solubility than the ammonium and sodium salts.
Its low solubility and relatively low hygroscopic character can make potassium persulfate advantageous, particularly in solid formulations such as hair bleaching powders and in certain specialty polymerization processes.
Ammonium persulfate, on the other hand, thanks to its high solubility, allows the preparation of concentrated initiator and etching solutions.

AMMONIUM PERSULFATE AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

Hydrogen peroxide is another common oxidizer used in bleaching, etching, environmental and polymerization applications.
Because hydrogen peroxide leaves only water and oxygen when it decomposes, it can offer advantages in terms of waste; however, transporting and storing it in liquid form requires different safety measures, and in some reactions it may not be as selective or effective as persulfate.
Therefore, the use of hydrogen peroxide instead of ammonium persulfate should be evaluated taking into account the process chemistry and target performance.

AMMONIUM PERSULFATE AND ORGANIC PEROXIDE AND AZO INITIATORS

Organic peroxides and azo initiators such as AIBN are radical initiators that can be used as alternatives to ammonium persulfate, particularly in solution, suspension and bulk polymerization.
While a significant proportion of these initiators dissolve in the monomer or in organic solvents, ammonium persulfate is water-soluble and is therefore preferred particularly in emulsion and aqueous solution polymerization. Water-soluble azo initiators, meanwhile, can be evaluated in certain specialty applications because they do not form sulfate end groups.
Therefore, initiator selection should be based on polymerization type, reaction temperature, the need for polymer end groups and product purity.

AMMONIUM PERSULFATE AND OTHER ETCHING AGENTS

Iron(III) chloride, copper(II) chloride, alkaline ammoniacal etchants and sulfuric acid / hydrogen peroxide systems are systems that can be used as alternatives to ammonium persulfate in PCB and copper etching.
Some of these systems offer higher etching rate and capacity but bring different waste management and regeneration requirements. Ammonium persulfate, on the other hand, is preferred particularly in applications requiring micro-etching and clean surface preparation.
Therefore, the choice of etching agent should be made taking into account line type, target etch depth, copper recovery and environmental requirements.

AMMONIUM PERSULFATE AND OTHER OXIDIZERS USED IN COSMETICS

In hair bleaching and coloring products, different oxidizing ingredients such as Potassium Persulfate, Sodium Persulfate, Hydrogen Peroxide and Sodium Percarbonate are also used in addition to Ammonium Persulfate.
These compounds may differ in lifting power, solubility, dust formation, skin compatibility and stability. For example, potassium persulfate may offer a stability advantage in powder formulations thanks to its low solubility, while ammonium persulfate may act faster.
In selecting an alternative, the target performance, formulation compatibility, regulatory limits and cost should be determined through comparative laboratory and field tests.

QUALITY CONTROL AND PURCHASING CRITERIA FOR AMMONIUM PERSULFATE

When purchasing Ammonium Persulfate, it is not sufficient to decide based solely on product name and price. In particular, different quality classes such as technical, polymer, electronic, cosmetic and analytical, as well as products from different manufacturers, may have different technical properties.

Information recommended for review before purchase:

Product name and manufacturer

Product form (crystalline powder, granules or specific particle size)

Whether it is pure ammonium persulfate or a blend

CAS number

EC / EINECS number

Purity (assay)

Active oxygen content

Moisture content

pH (in a solution of specified concentration)

Iron (Fe) content

Copper, lead and other heavy metals

Chloride content

Insoluble matter and solution clarity

Particle size distribution

Quality class (technical, polymer, electronic, cosmetic, analytical)

INCI name and relevant documents for cosmetic applications

Technical data sheet (TDS)

Safety data sheet (SDS)

Certificate of analysis (COA)

Production and batch information

Origin information

Packaging type and net quantity

Storage conditions

Shelf life or retest information

REACH and related regulatory compliance information

The COA shows the analysis results of a specific batch of Ammonium Persulfate. The TDS describes the general technical properties of the product and its recommended areas of use. The SDS contains information on safe use, transport, storage and emergencies.
These documents are not substitutes for one another; they should be evaluated together.
In particular, when purchasing Ammonium Persulfate, the supplier should be asked about the product's purity, active oxygen content, moisture, iron and heavy metal content, and quality class. This is because products with different purities and particle sizes may be found under the same Ammonium Persulfate name.

STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF AMMONIUM PERSULFATE

Ammonium Persulfate should be stored under the conditions recommended by the manufacturer, in a cool, dry and well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight and heat sources, in its tightly closed original packaging.
When the product absorbs moisture, it may cake and lose active oxygen through decomposition over time; since heat and gas may be released during decomposition, it is important to protect packages from moisture and high temperatures. Packaging with polyethylene inner liners and suitable plastic containers should be preferred.
Ammonium persulfate should be stored separately from reducing agents, organic substances, combustible materials, metal powders, strong bases, cyanides and sulfur compounds. Ammonia may be released on contact with strong bases. The product should not be allowed to come into contact, as spillage, with combustible materials such as wooden pallets, paper and textiles.
After the package has been opened, it is important to protect the product from contamination. Clean, dry and compatible equipment should be used during handling, unused product should not be returned to the package, and the package should be properly resealed.
In international transport, ammonium persulfate is generally classified under UN 1444, Class 5.1 (oxidizing substance). The current transport classification and packing group should be checked in the supplier's SDS.
In the event of a spill, the product should be collected without generating dust using non-combustible material, placed in clean and dry containers, prevented from reaching drains and surface waters, and the cleanup procedures specified in the SDS should be followed. Spills should not be collected with sawdust, paper or other combustible absorbents.
Products that have been stored for a long time, have caked or have changed in odor should be evaluated against the manufacturer's specifications by carrying out an active oxygen analysis before use.

AMMONIUM PERSULFATE SAFETY INFORMATION

The safe use of Ammonium Persulfate depends on the current SDS of the supplied product and on the implementation of appropriate occupational safety measures.
Ammonium persulfate is an oxidizing solid that may intensify fire; it may be harmful if swallowed, may cause skin and eye irritation, may cause respiratory irritation, and may cause both skin and respiratory sensitization. Supplier SDSs may include classifications such as oxidizing solid, acute oral toxicity, skin irritation, eye irritation, respiratory sensitizer, skin sensitizer and specific target organ toxicity (respiratory tract irritation). Current hazard and precautionary statements should be checked in the supplier's SDS.
Ammonium persulfate is a substance registered under the European Union REACH Regulation. Wastewater containing persulfate and discharges containing ammonium nitrogen are subject to regulation in many countries. Companies using the product and placing it on the market should follow the applicable obligations and current regulatory status from the relevant official sources.
In particular, inhalation of dust and contact with skin and eyes should be prevented. Appropriate respiratory protection, chemical-resistant protective gloves, tight-fitting eye protection, suitable work clothing and adequate ventilation should be used during weighing, transfer, dissolution and dosing operations. Local exhaust should be provided in areas where dust is generated. It is recommended that persons who have developed sensitivity to persulfates should not work with this substance.
Contaminated clothing should be removed immediately and washed before reuse; in case of skin or eye contact, the affected area should be rinsed with plenty of water; medical attention should be sought if respiratory symptoms, asthma-like complaints or skin reactions occur. It is recommended to have an eyewash station and emergency shower in the work area.
In the event of a fire, since the product may intensify combustion by releasing oxygen, extinguishing with plenty of water is generally preferred; the effectiveness of smothering-type extinguishers may be limited. Hazardous gases such as sulfur oxides, ammonia and nitrogen oxides may be formed during a fire. The appropriate extinguishing method should be checked in the SDS.
Uncontrolled release of the product and of wastewater containing ammonium persulfate into drains, soil or surface waters should be prevented. Waste disposal should be carried out in accordance with local regulations and the methods specified in the SDS.
It should not be assumed that the safety information for different manufacturers or different grades is the same. The current SDS and the manufacturer's technical documentation should be taken as the basis.

WHAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN PURCHASING AMMONIUM PERSULFATE?

The first step in sourcing Ammonium Persulfate is to clarify for what purpose and in which system the product will be used. The quality criteria sought for emulsion polymerization, PCB etching, hair bleaching products, oilfield operations, starch processing or analytical applications may not be the same.
Therefore, rather than simply writing "Ammonium Persulfate" or "Amonyum Persülfat" in a purchase request, specifying the field of use, the required purity, the quality class and the target technical performance allows a more accurate product evaluation.

The following information should be clarified before purchase:

Sector of use and final application

Required product form and particle size

Required minimum purity

Required minimum active oxygen content

Moisture limit

Iron and heavy metal limits

Chloride and insoluble matter requirements

Required quality class and standard

INCI and regulatory documents for cosmetic applications

Manufacturer and origin information requirements

Required packaging type and quantity (bag, big bag, drum)

TDS, SDS and COA requirements

REACH and other regulatory compliance documents

If substituting an existing product, the technical properties of the existing product

The price of Ammonium Persulfate may vary depending on purity, quality class, particle size, origin, ammonium sulfate, sulfuric acid and energy costs, order quantity, packaging, dangerous goods logistics and current market conditions. Therefore, the current price of Ammonium Persulfate should be evaluated through a quotation together with the product specification and delivery terms.

SUPPLY OF AMMONIUM PERSULFATE FROM ATAMAN KIMYA

Ammonium Persulfate is an important persulfate chemical evaluated for different technical functions such as polymerization initiation, metal etching, hair bleach boosting, gel breaking and oxidation in polymer, electronics, metal surface treatment, cosmetic, oilfield, paper, textile and environmental applications. It is important for manufacturers planning to purchase the product to clarify the grade appropriate to their field of use, the technical properties and the required documents before ordering.
Companies wishing to obtain information about the supply of Ammonium Persulfate from Ataman Kimya can request information on product suitability, current supply status, packaging options and price quotation by sharing their fields of use and technical requirements.
The current stock status, origin, quality class, technical properties, packaging and specifications of the product should be confirmed with Ataman Kimya before ordering.

Sharing the following information in a quotation request makes it easier to evaluate the right Ammonium Persulfate product:

Sector of use and final application

Requested product form and particle size

Requested minimum purity and active oxygen content

Iron and heavy metal limits

Formulation or process information used

Requested quality standard

Estimated order quantity

Required packaging type

Requested technical documents

TDS or COA information of the existing product, if any

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT AMMONIUM PERSULFATE

What is Ammonium Persulfate?
Ammonium Persulfate is a strong oxidizing salt with the formula (NH₄)₂S₂O₈, a white crystalline structure and very high water solubility. Also called Amonyum Persülfat, Ammonium Peroxydisulfate or APS, it is used particularly as a polymerization initiator, copper etching agent and oxidizer in hair bleaching products.

What does ammonium persulfate mean?
Ammonium persulfate is the diammonium salt of peroxydisulfuric acid. In English, it is referred to as Ammonium Persulfate, Ammonium Peroxydisulfate or Ammonium Peroxodisulfate; in Turkish, it is known as Amonyum Persülfat.

What is the CAS number of Ammonium Persulfate?
The CAS number for ammonium persulfate is 7727-54-0.

What is the EC / EINECS number of Ammonium Persulfate?
The EC / EINECS number for ammonium persulfate is listed as 231-786-5.

What is the chemical formula of ammonium persulfate?
The chemical formula of ammonium persulfate is (NH₄)₂S₂O₈, and its molecular weight is approximately 228.2 g/mol.

How much active oxygen does Ammonium Persulfate contain?
The theoretical active oxygen content of ammonium persulfate is approximately 7.0% by weight. In commercial products, this value is generally in the range of 6.8–7.0% depending on purity. The exact value should be checked in the supplier's COA.

What is the INCI name of Ammonium Persulfate?
The INCI name of ammonium persulfate used in cosmetic products is Ammonium Persulfate.

Is Ammonium Persulfate used in cosmetics?
Yes. Cosmetic grades of suitable purity can be used under the INCI name Ammonium Persulfate, particularly in hair bleaching powders and bleach boosters. Due to the sensitization potential of persulfates, conditions of use, warning statements and labeling requirements should be checked against current cosmetic regulations. Industrial grade products should not be used in cosmetics.

Does Ammonium Persulfate have an E number?
Ammonium persulfate is defined in the Codex Alimentarius INS system under number 923 as a flour treatment agent and is referred to as E923 in some sources. However, it is not included in the European Union's list of approved food additives. For food-related uses, the current legislation of the target market should be checked.

What is the difference between ammonium persulfate and sodium persulfate?
Both products contain the same peroxydisulfate anion; the difference lies in the type of cation. Ammonium persulfate contains slightly more active oxygen per unit weight, while sodium persulfate, since it contains no ammonium, may be preferred in applications where ammonia odor or ammonium nitrogen in wastewater is undesirable.

What is Ammonium Persulfate used for?
Ammonium Persulfate is used as an initiator in emulsion polymerization, as a copper etching and micro-etching agent in PCB manufacturing, as an oxidizer in hair bleaching products, as a gel breaker in hydraulic fracturing, and as an oxidizer in starch, textile, environmental and laboratory applications.

In which sectors is Ammonium Persulfate used?
Ammonium persulfate can be used in the polymer, paint, adhesive, electronics, metal surface treatment, cosmetics, oil and gas, paper, textile, environmental technology and laboratory sectors.

How does ammonium persulfate initiate polymerization?
When heated or when it encounters a reducing agent, ammonium persulfate dissociates into sulfate radical anions. These radicals add to the double bonds of monomers to initiate the polymer chain.

What do APS and TEMED do?
When preparing polyacrylamide gels in the laboratory, ammonium persulfate (APS) is used as the radical source and TEMED as the activator that accelerates radical formation. This redox system allows acrylamide to polymerize at room temperature to form a gel.

How does ammonium persulfate etch copper?
Ammonium persulfate oxidizes copper to copper(II) sulfate, removing it from the surface in a controlled manner. This property is used in etching and micro-etching processes in PCB manufacturing.

Is Ammonium Persulfate soluble in water?
Yes. Ammonium persulfate is very soluble in water. However, its aqueous solution decomposes over time, losing active oxygen and decreasing in pH; therefore, it is recommended that solutions be prepared fresh.

How much Ammonium Persulfate is used in polymerization?
The amount used varies according to monomer type, process and target polymer properties. In emulsion polymerization, it is generally evaluated at low levels relative to total monomer weight, usually in the range of 0.1–0.5%. The correct dosage should be determined through laboratory and production trials.

Is Ammonium Persulfate a hazardous substance?
Ammonium persulfate is an oxidizing solid that may intensify fire; it may be harmful if swallowed, may irritate the skin, eyes and respiratory tract, and may cause respiratory and skin sensitization. Therefore, appropriate protective equipment should be used and the current SDS should be taken as the basis.

Why can ammonium persulfate cause allergies?
Persulfates are sensitizing substances that can cause the immune system to become hypersensitive with repeated exposure. Inhalation of products in powder form in particular has been associated with occupational asthma and skin reactions; therefore, dust control and personal protection are important.

Is Ammonium Persulfate registered under REACH?
Ammonium persulfate is a substance registered under REACH. The current regulatory status and related obligations should be followed through official sources.

What is the physical appearance of Ammonium Persulfate?
Ammonium Persulfate is generally a white, odorless solid in crystalline powder or granular form.

What is the UN number of Ammonium Persulfate?
In transport, ammonium persulfate is generally classified under UN 1444, Class 5.1 (oxidizing substance). The current classification should be checked in the supplier's SDS.

Why is iron and heavy metal content important in ammonium persulfate?
Iron and heavy metal impurities can accelerate persulfate decomposition, affect polymerization kinetics and polymer color, and lead to surface contamination in electronic applications. Current values should be checked in the supplier's TDS and COA documents.

What does the price of Ammonium Persulfate depend on?
The price of ammonium persulfate may vary depending on purity, quality class, particle size, origin, raw material and energy costs, packaging, order quantity, dangerous goods logistics and market conditions.

Are there alternatives to Ammonium Persulfate?
Sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxide and azo initiators, and etching agents such as iron(III) chloride and copper(II) chloride can be evaluated as alternatives in certain applications. However, the choice of alternative should be made according to the target performance and system.

How should Ammonium Persulfate be stored?
Ammonium persulfate should be stored in a cool, dry and well-ventilated area, in its tightly closed original packaging, away from heat sources, moisture, reducing agents, organic and combustible materials, metal powders and strong bases.

Which documents should be requested when purchasing Ammonium Persulfate?
TDS, SDS and COA are the basic documents. In addition, origin information, REACH and related regulatory compliance information, and, for cosmetic applications, the relevant quality and regulatory documents may be requested.

Which technical properties are important when purchasing Ammonium Persulfate?
Purity, active oxygen content, moisture, pH, iron and heavy metal content, chloride, insoluble matter, particle size and quality class may be important depending on the intended use.

AMMONIUM PERSULFATE – TECHNICAL SUMMARY

Ammonium Persulfate, known in Turkish as Amonyum Persülfat, is an inorganic peroxide salt with the formula (NH₄)₂S₂O₈, a white crystalline structure, very high water solubility and strong oxidizing character. It may be searched for under different names such as Ammonium Peroxydisulfate, Ammonium Peroxodisulfate, Diammonium Peroxydisulfate, Ammonium Persulphate and APS; its INCI name in cosmetic products is Ammonium Persulfate, and it is identified in the Codex Alimentarius system by the number INS 923 (E923 in some sources).
Ammonium Persulfate is not a single commercial product type. Technical, polymer, electronic, cosmetic and analytical grades are based on the same chemical structure but differ in impurity limits, documentation and fields of use. Purity, active oxygen content, moisture, iron and heavy metal content are also important parameters affecting performance.
CAS No 7727-54-0 and EC No 231-786-5 are used for ammonium persulfate. Since the term "persulfate" may evoke different products such as sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate and ready-made persulfate-containing blends, the full product definition and quality class should be checked at the time of purchase.
Ammonium Persulfate is mainly used in emulsion and solution polymerization, PCB copper etching and micro-etching, hair bleaching products, hydraulic fracturing gel breakers, starch and textile processing, environmental remediation and laboratory applications. Through functions such as radical generation, polymerization initiation, metal etching, oxidative degradation and bleaching, it contributes to process efficiency and product quality. Performance depends on product grade, dosage, process chemistry, activation method, other additives and system conditions.
Since Ammonium Persulfate may intensify fire, may be harmful if swallowed, may irritate the skin, eyes and respiratory tract and may cause sensitization, appropriate occupational safety measures must be taken during handling and the current SDS must be taken as the basis. Selecting the right grade of Ammonium Persulfate, which can be evaluated in polymer, electronics, metal treatment, cosmetic, oilfield and environmental applications, is important for final product performance.
Companies planning to source Ammonium Persulfate from Ataman Kimya are advised to confirm current product, stock, origin, packaging and quotation information by sharing their field of use, requested product form and quality class, minimum purity and active oxygen content, impurity limits, quality standard, quantity and technical document requirements.