PRODUCTS

AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is commonly used in the manufacture of plastics, textiles, and wood products, where it provides excellent flame retardant properties without affecting the performance or appearance of the material.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is also used in coatings, adhesives, and sealants, where it helps to prevent the spread of fire by forming a barrier between the surface and the flame.

CAS Number: 68333-79-9
EC Number: 269-789-9
E number: E452(v) (thickeners, ...)
Classification: Classified by degree of polymerization
Formula: (HN₄PO₃)ₙOH or (NH₄PO₃)ₙ with water of termination
Structure: a polymer with variable chain length, can be linear (Phase I, n < 100) or branched/cross‑linked (Phase II, n > 1000)
Molecular Formula: (NH₄PO₃)ₙ
Molecular Weight: 97.01 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts, APP, Exolit AP 422, FR CROS 484, CS FR APP 231, Phosphoric acid, ammonium salt (1:3), Triammonium orthophosphate, triazanium;phosphate, Ammonium phosphate, tribasic, Exolit AP 422, FR CROS 484, CS FR APP 231, Phosphoric acid, ammonium salt (1:3), Triammonium orthophosphate, triazanium;phosphate, Ammonium phosphate, tribasic, APP, PNP, CF-2, APP-0, APP-3, APP-1, XAP-01, ammonium polyphosphate, Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP), Water-SolubleAmmoniumPolyphosphate, polyphosphoric acids ammonium salts, Polyphosphoric acids, ammonium salts, ammonium polyphosphate flame retardant, CrystallinePhaseIiAmmoniumPolyphosphate, Ammonium polyphosphate, APP, polyphosphoric acid ammonium salt, Exolit AP 422, FR‑CROS 484, Antiblaze MC, Hostaflam AP 422, Amgard MC, Exolit AP 422, FR CROS 484, CS FR APP 231,

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant (APP) is a type of flame retardant and intumescent agent.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is used to improve the fire resistance of various materials, particularly in industries like plastics, textiles, and construction.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is a long-chain polymeric compound made up of ammonium and phosphate groups.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is typically a white, non-toxic, and non-halogenated powder.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant (APP) can also refer to a type of fertilizer.

In this context, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is a compound containing both ammonium (NH4+) and polyphosphate (PO3-) ions.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is commonly used as a source of nitrogen and phosphorus for plant nutrition.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant fertilizers are water-soluble and provide plants with these essential nutrients, which are vital for their growth and development.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is a white, odorless powder that is made by combining ammonia and phosphoric acid.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is a type of phosphorus-based flame retardant that works by releasing phosphoric acid when exposed to heat or flame.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant reacts with the surface of the material being protected, forming a protective layer that prevents the spread of fire.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is a non-toxic and non-halogenated flame retardant, which means it does not contain any harmful chemicals such as chlorine, bromine, or antimony.

This makes Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant a safer option for use in homes, offices, and other indoor environments where people may be exposed to the chemicals.
In addition, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is also environmentally friendly, as it does not release any harmful pollutants or greenhouse gases when burned.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant (APP), Cas No 68333-79-9, is an environment-friendly and halogen-free flame retardant.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is the main constituent of many intumescent flame retardant systems: coatings, paints and engineering plastics.

For the chemical point of view, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.
Depending on the polymerization degree, there are two main families of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant: Crystal phase I APP (or APP I), and Crystal phase II APP (or APP II).

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant phase I has a short and linear chain (n < 100), it is more water sensitive (hydrolysis) and less thermally stable; actually it begins to decompose at temperatures above 150 °C.
The second family of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is the APP Phase II; which has an high polymerization degree, with n>1000, its structure is cross linked (branched), and it is an high-quality non-halogenated flame retardant.

APP phase II, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant, has an higher thermal stability (the decomposition starts at approximately 300°C) and lower water solubility than APP I.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant, phase II APP, Cas No 68333-79-9: APP phase II is a fine-particle Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant which has been developed in accordance with requirements of all main European end-users.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is suitable for water and solvent based intumescent coatings.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant has low water solubility which makes it useful in application where the product is exposed to high humidity conditions or water.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant contains 72.5% of phosphorus (as P2O5) which makes it a very effective fire retardant.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant phase II is probably one of the most effective non-halogen fire retardants in the market.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is a flame retardant compound composed of ammonium cations (NH4+) and polyphosphate anions (PO3-).

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant (APP) is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.
Because Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant contains phosphorus and nitrogen in its molecule, it has a good synergistic effect and has a good flame retardant effect.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia containing both chains and possibly branching.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant's chemical formula is H(NH4PO3)nOH showing that each monomer consists of an orthophosphate radical of a phosphorus atom with three oxygens and one negative charge neutralized by an ammonium cation leaving two bonds free to polymerize.

In the branched cases some monomers are missing the ammonium anion and instead link to three other monomers.
The properties of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant depend on the number of monomers in each molecule and to a degree on how often it branches.

Shorter chains (n < 100) are more water sensitive and less thermally stable than longer chains (n > 1000), but short polymer chains (e.g. pyro-, tripoly-, and tetrapoly-) are more soluble and show increasing solubility with increasing chain length.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant can be prepared by reacting concentrated phosphoric acid with ammonia.

However, iron and aluminum impurities, soluble in concentrated phosphoric acid, form gelatinous precipitates or "sludges" in Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant at pH between 5 and 7.
Other metal impurities such as copper, chromium, magnesium, and zinc form granular precipitates.

However, depending on the degree of polymerization, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant can act as a chelating agent to keep certain metal ions dissolved in solution.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is used as a food additive, emulsifier, (E number: E545) and as a fertilizer.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant (APP) is also used as a flame retardant in many applications such as paints and coatings, and in a variety of polymers: the most important ones are polyolefins, and particularly polypropylene, where APP is part of intumescent systems.
Compounding with Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant-based flame retardants in polypropylene is described in.

USES and APPLICATIONS of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
When phosphorus flame retardant (PFR) burns, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant generates phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, polymetaphosphoric acid, etc., which are covered on the surface of the resin to promote the carbonization of the plastic surface to form a carbon film.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is covered in a viscous liquid state on the surface of the plastic.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant membrane prevents the escape of free radicals and keeps out oxygen.
In addition, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is also a free radical scavenger.

Using mass spectrometry technology, it was found that any phosphorus-containing compounds have PO• formed when the polymer is burned.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant can combine with the hydrogen atoms in the flame area to suppress the flame.
Intumescent coatings for steel, structural wood.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is used flame‑retardant additive in polyolefins (polypropylene, polyethylene), PVC, epoxy, polyurethane foams, and coatings.
The ammonium component in Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant provides a source of nitrogen, while the polyphosphate component supplies phosphorus.

The combination of these nutrients can be particularly beneficial for various crops and plants, promoting healthy root development, flowering, and fruit production.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant fertilizers are available in different formulations, including liquid and granular forms, to suit the specific needs of different crops and soil types.

They are widely used in agriculture to improve crop yields and ensure adequate nutrient supply for plants.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is available in various forms, including crystalline and fine powder, and is a key ingredient in many fire-resistant materials.

The exceptional fire-retardant properties of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant are attributed to its ability to release ammonia gas and form a thermally stable phosphate layer when exposed to heat or flames.
This process is known as intumescence, and Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant plays a pivotal role in preventing or slowing down the combustion process.

The intumescent coating expands when heated, creating a protective barrier that insulates the underlying material and reduces the spread of flames.
Considering factors such as price and cost, oligomeric water-soluble Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is mainly used for flame retardancy of cellulose materials such as paper and wood.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant has high thermal stability and can be formulated into solution or dry powder fire extinguishing agent, and can also be used in intumescent fire retardant coatings, intumescent flame retardant systems, etc.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant can be used as a flame retardant for polymer materials such as polyolefin, PVC, polyurethane, phenolic resin, and coatings.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant i used flame retardants, Fertilizers, Food Additives, Polymer Additives, Coatings, Adhesives, and Pharmaceuticals.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is used in intumescent coatings, adhesive and sealants.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is used polyurethane foam, PU rigid, PU rigid integral skin foam, PU flexible.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant can be used in cellulose-containing material (paper, wood).
Meanwhile, this grade can also be used in casting resin based on epoxy resin, unsaturated PE resin, thermoplastics Plastic etc.

Application Example of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant: Curing agent ratio: depend on EEW of epoxy resin
Suggested Ratio of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant:when the resin and the FR agent are matched by proper ratio, it can get the best clarity result of the FR coating.

Suggested Resin uses of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant: Epoxy Resin is highly recommended, followed by amino, alkyd, polyurethane, and acrylic resin has the poorest performance.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is a versatile flame retardant that can be used in a wide range of applications.

In the construction industry, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is used as a fire retardant in insulation materials, such as foam and fiberglass, as well as in building materials, such as wood and drywall.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is also used in electrical cables, where it helps to prevent fires caused by electrical faults.

Main Applications of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant: Solvent based and Water based intumescent coatings, Flame retardant for polyurethanes, Flame retardant for unsaturated polyesters, Flame retardant for epoxies, and Flame retardant for acrylics.
Further applications are thermosets, where Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardantis used in unsaturated polyesters and gel coats (APP blends with synergists), epoxies and polyurethane castings (intumescent systems).

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is also applied to flame retard polyurethane foams.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardants used as flame retardants in polymers have long chains and a specific crystallinity (Form II).
They start to decompose at 240 °C to form ammonia and phosphoric acid.

The phosphoric acid acts as an acid catalyst in the dehydration of carbon-based poly-alcohols, such as cellulose in wood.
The phosphoric acid reacts with alcohol groups to form heat-unstable phosphate esters.
The esters decompose to release carbon dioxide and regenerate the phosphoric acid catalyst [citation needed].

In the gas phase, the release of non-flammable carbon dioxide helps to dilute the oxygen of the air and flammable decomposition products of the material that is burning.
In the condensed phase, the resultant carbonaceous char helps to shield the underlying polymer from attack by oxygen and radiant heat.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is used as an intumescent is achieved when combined with starch-based materials such as pentaerythritol and melamine as expanding agents.
The mechanisms of intumescence and the mode of action of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant are described in a series of publications.

-Applications of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant:
Widely used in water soluble fire-retardant coating
Can be applied by spray, dip, or pressure treatment
Aqueous solution used in the fire-retardant treatment for wood (i.e. corrugated board, kraft paper), paper, textile, and fibers

Solution mix
250 kg APP : 1,000 kg H20 for wood products (1 to 4 ratio)
200 kg APP : 1,000 kg H20 for paper products (1 to 5 ratio)
Benefits
water soluble and formaldehyde free

-Building Materials uses of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant:
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is commonly used in building materials such as paints, coatings, and sealants.
When incorporated into these products, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant enhances fire resistance, reducing the risk of flames spreading and providing crucial extra minutes for occupants to evacuate safely in case of a fire.

-Plastics and Polymers uses of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant:
The plastics industry relies on Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant´to produce fire-resistant materials for applications ranging from electrical wiring insulation to automotive components.
By adding Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant, manufacturers can improve the fire safety of these products.

-Textiles uses of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant:
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant-treated textiles are widely used in protective clothing, curtains, and upholstery to reduce the flammability of fabrics.
This is especially important in industries where workers are exposed to potential fire hazards.

-Electronics uses of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant:
Electronic devices can generate heat and pose a fire risk.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is used in the production of fire-resistant enclosures, coatings, and adhesives to protect against electrical fires.

-Main Application of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant can be used in top-grade fire-retardant coating, fiberglass and engineering plastic, such as PE, PP, PU, polyester and nylon.

(1) With 15-20% Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant in the adhesive and sealing agent, the good firing resistance is shown.
(2) For PU, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is a very suitable preventing form buring dope without halogen.
(3) Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is also applicated in hot solidifying resin of epoxy resin or unsaturated resin, etc.

RESEARCH INFORMATION of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
Multifunctional Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant.
In addition to being a flame retardant, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is a novel multifunctional adhesive.
Guangming Zhou et al. designed a new inorganic binder Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant and applied it in lithium-sulfur batteries.

The results show that Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant can reduce the flammability of the sulfur cathode as shown in the figure below.
During the combustion process, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant decomposes to release ammonia/water vapor, and crosslinks to form an insulating polymer layer, which effectively protects the sulfur electrode.

BENEFITS of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
One of the main benefits of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is its effectiveness as a flame retardant.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is one of the most effective flame retardants available, providing excellent fire protection without compromising the performance or appearance of the material being protected.

In addition, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is also very affordable, making it a cost-effective option for manufacturers and businesses.
Another benefit of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is its safety.
Unlike other flame retardants, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant does not contain any harmful chemicals that can be harmful to people or the environment.

This makes Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant a safer option for use in homes, offices, and other indoor environments, where people may be exposed to the chemicals.
Finally, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is also environmentally friendly.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant does not release any harmful pollutants or greenhouse gases when burned, making it a greener option for manufacturers and businesses.
In addition, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is also biodegradable, which means it breaks down naturally over time, reducing its impact on the environment.

Conclusion
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is a safe, effective, and versatile flame retardant that has been used for decades in a variety of applications.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is a non-toxic and non-halogenated flame retardant, making it a safer option for use in homes, offices, and other indoor environments.
In addition, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is also environmentally friendly, as it does not release any harmful pollutants or greenhouse gases when burned.

With its excellent fire protection properties, affordability, and safety, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is an ideal choice for anyone looking for a reliable and effective flame retardant for their home or business.

BENEFITS of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant (APP) offers several benefits depending on its application:

*Flame Retardancy:
In flame retardant applications, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is highly effective at reducing the flammability of materials.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant releases ammonia when exposed to high temperatures, which dilutes flammable gases and hinders combustion.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant also creates a protective char layer that acts as a barrier to further combustion.
This is crucial for improving fire safety in various industries, including construction, textiles, and electronics.

*Smoke Suppression:
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant not only reduces the likelihood of a material catching fire but also helps minimize smoke production during a fire.
This can be critical in enhancing safety by improving visibility during an emergency and reducing the inhalation of toxic smoke.

*Nutrient Supply:
In the context of fertilizers, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant provides essential nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) to plants.
This can lead to increased crop yields, healthier plant growth, improved flowering, and enhanced fruit production.

*Water Solubility:
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant fertilizers are water-soluble, making it easier to apply and deliver nutrients to plants efficiently.

*Versatility:
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant can be used in various forms, such as liquids or granules, depending on the specific needs of different crops and soils.
Its versatility allows Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant to be used in a wide range of agricultural applications.

*Non-Halogenated:
As a flame retardant, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is often preferred over halogenated flame retardants, which can release toxic byproducts when burned.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant does not contain halogens, making it a more environmentally friendly option.

Low Toxicity:
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is generally considered to have low toxicity, which is advantageous when used in applications where human or environmental exposure is a concern.

Stability:
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is stable under normal storage conditions, which ensures that it remains effective and safe for handling until it is used.

ADVANTAGE of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
(1)High degree of polymerization up to 1300, excellent performance of fire protection in intumescent systems, has more wide range of application than low polymerization Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant.

(2)Initial decomposition temperature 280 degree Celsius, action time earlier than other common Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant

(3)Low water solubility, high polymerizaiton and intial decompostion temperature make our Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant good compatibility.

APPLICATION METHOD of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
Before apply the paint, stir well and evenly.
The total wet coting amount should be 600 g/sq2.

Paint twice (2 coats); each coat is 300g/sq2.
After drying, each coat should be 0.2mm thick.
The total thickness should be 0.4mm.

WHAT IS AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT USED FOR?
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant (APP) is utilized as a flame retardant (FR) in a variety of applications.
Due to its halogen-free nature, efficiency, and versatile properties, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is commonly employed in industries such as construction, public transportation, aerospace, automotive, as well as electrical and electronics.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant serves as an effective means to protect materials from fire and heat, particularly in the form of intumescent coatings for steel, thermoplastic polymers, and other composite materials.

The use of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant contributes to enhancing the safety and fire-resistant properties of materials and products across various application areas.
Furthermore, the mechanism of intumescence of flame retardants is investigated, with Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant offering an advantage as it does not release toxic or corrosive gases.

The application of intumescent coatings for steel fire protection and the use of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant in thermoplastic polymers to reduce flammability are thoroughly examined.
Additionally, various applications of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant in polymers and composite materials, including PUR foams, epoxy resins, and textiles, as well as their effects on fire-resistant properties, are explored.

ADVANTAGE of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
Good consistency with Styrene acrylic resin, epoxy resin, polyester, alkyd, amino resin and other resin in producing transparent fire retardant coating, for wood and plastic sheet (PP, PVC) which requires for transparent appearance after coating on.

BENEFITS of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
*Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is used flame‑resistant treatment for textiles, papers, wood products, cables.
*Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is environmentally favourable, biodegradable and low bioaccumulation potential.
*Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is effective in building rigid carbon char without additional smoke.
*Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant has good compatibility with diverse resins and additives; improves processability and mechanical retention.
*Available in grades optimized for water‑based or solvent‑based systems, coatings, thermoplastics or thermosets.

MECHANISM of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
When phosphorus flame retardant (PFR) burns, it generates phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, polymetaphosphoric acid, etc., which are covered on the surface of the resin to promote the carbonization of the plastic surface to form a carbon film.
The polymetaphosphoric acid is covered in a viscous liquid state on the surface of the plastic.

The solid or liquid membrane prevents the escape of free radicals and keeps out oxygen.
In addition, PFRs are also a free radical scavenger.

Using mass spectrometry technology, it was found that any phosphorus-containing compounds have PO• formed when the polymer is burned.
It can combine with the hydrogen atoms in the flame area to suppress the flame.

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
In addition to its impressive fire-retardant properties, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant offers some notable environmental benefits.

*Low Toxicity:
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is considered relatively safe for humans and the environment.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant releases ammonia gas during combustion, which, while not entirely harmless, is less toxic compared to other combustion byproducts.

*Reduced Smoke and Toxic Emissions uses of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant:
The use of Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant in fire retardants can lead to reduced smoke production and the release of toxic gases during a fire.

This helps improve the overall safety of firefighting efforts.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant (APP) may not be a household name, but its significance in fire safety cannot be overstated.
Its ability to create a protective barrier that slows down the combustion process makes Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant an invaluable tool in safeguarding lives and property.

Whether in building materials, plastics, textiles, or electronics, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant continues to play a crucial role in enhancing fire safety across various industries.
As we strive to make our world safer and more resilient to fire-related risks, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant remains a silent guardian, working diligently to protect us when it matters most.

MECHANISM AND FUNCTION of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant (APP) is one of the most widely used flame retardants due to its excellent flame retardant properties.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is extensively used in various applications, such as wood, plastics, textiles, and coatings.
The flame retardant properties of APP are primarily attributed to its ability to release non-flammable gases when exposed to heat or fire.

When APP is heated, it undergoes a complex decomposition process.
Initially, the Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant dehydrates to form polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.

Further decomposition of polyphosphoric acid leads to the formation of phosphoric acid, which is the ultimate flame retardant product.
Phosphoric acid acts as a strong acid catalyst, causing the degradation of combustible materials and inhibiting the combustion process.

It can react with combustible materials, such as hydrocarbons, to produce char residue.
This char residue acts as a protective layer that hinders the release of flammable gases and prevents the spread of fire.

Furthermore, the presence of phosphoric acid leads to the formation of a condensed phase mechanism.
This mechanism involves the formation of a protective layer, consisting of ammonium phosphates, on the surface of the material.

This layer acts as a physical barrier, shielding the material from the heat and flame.
It hinders the movement of heat and prevents oxygen from reaching the material, effectively suppressing the combustion process.

In addition to its flame retardant properties, APP also acts as a smoke suppressant.
The release of non-flammable gases, such as ammonia and water vapor, dilutes the concentration of flammable gases in the surrounding atmosphere.

This reduction in flammable gas concentration minimizes the risk of ignition and slows down the spread of fire.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant exhibits excellent flame retardant properties across a wide range of applications.

Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant's mechanism involves the release of non-flammable gases, formation of char residue, and the creation of a protective layer.
These mechanisms collectively work to delay the ignition time, suppress the combustion process, reduce smoke generation, and prevent the spread of fire.

In summary, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant (APP) acts as an effective flame retardant due to its ability to release non-flammable gases, form a protective layer on the material's surface, and inhibit the combustion process.
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant's mechanism ensures the safety and protection of various materials from the hazards of fire.

CLASSIFICATION of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
*Classified by degree of polymerization
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant can be divided into three types classified by the degree of polymerization: low poly, medium poly and high poly.

The higher the degree of polymerization, the lower the water solubility.
The degree of polymerization of oligomeric Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is less than 20, which is water-soluble.
The polymerization degree of high-polymer Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is greater than 50, which can be used as a flame retardant.

*Classified by structure
Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant can be divided into crystalline form and amorphous form classified by its structure.
Crystalline Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant is a long-chain water-insoluble polyphosphate.
There are five variants of crystalline APP from I to V.

Among them, crystal phase II Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant (APP II) has a significant advantage in the field of polymer materials due to its good water insolubility, high decomposition temperature, and good compatibility with polymer materials.

Crystalline Phase I Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant (APP I) is characterized by a variable linear chain length.
In Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant I, n (the number of phosphate units) is usually below 100.

Compared to Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant II, Ammonium Polyphosphate Flame Retardant I has a lower decomposition temperature (about 150°C) and higher water solubility.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
CAS Number: 68333-79-9
EC Number: 269-789-9
Molecular Formula: (NH₄PO₃)ₙ
Appearance: White powder
Density: 1.9 g/cm³; bulk density = 0.7 g/cm³
Melting Point: >360°C
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water;
solubility decreases with increasing polymerization degree
Chemical formula: [NH4PO3]n(OH)2
Molar mass: 97.01 g/mol
Appearance: white powder

Density: 1.9 g/cm3; bulk density = 0.7 g/cm3
Whiteness: 92.0 Min
pH (10% slurry - 25°C): 5.5-7.5
Acid Value (KOH mg/1g): 1.0 Max
Solubility in water (25°C, g/100ml H2O): 0.50 Max
Nitrogen (w/w%): 14.0-15.0
Phosphorus (P, w/w%): 31.0-32.0
Thermal decomposition onset (°C): 285 Min
Form: Liquid
Colour: Colourless or white Liquid

CAS No.: 68333-79-9
HS Code: 28353900
Appearance: Solid Extra Fine Powder
Composition: Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)
Bulk density (25°C, kg/L): 0.7
Density (25°C, kg/L): 1.9
Phosphorus content (% w/w): 68
Nitrogen content (% w/w): 14.0-15.0
pH (10% suspension): 5.5-7.0
Decomposed temp. on heat (°C): ≥280
Mean polymerization Ñ: ≤1500
Mean particle diameter (µm): ≤10.0
Molecular Formula: (NH4PO3)n

Density: 1.74 g/cm³
Solubility: <2 g/100ml H₂O @ 25℃
Appearance: White powder
Molecular Formula: H12N3O4P
Molar Mass: 149.086741
Density: 1.74 [at 20℃]
Vapor Pressure: 0.076 Pa at 20℃
Appearance: White powder
Storage Condition: −20°C
CAS: 68333-79-9
EINECS: 269-789-9

Appearance & Density
Appearance: white powder
Density: ~ 1.9 g/cm³; bulk density: ~ 0.7 g/cm³
Solubility & Hygroscopicity
Short chain APP (Phase I): highly water‑soluble and hygroscopic
Long chain APP (Phase II): low solubility, better thermal stability

Thermal Behavior
Decomposes at ~ 240 °C to release ammonia and polyphosphoric acid
Reaction Mechanism (Intumescent Action)
On heating, releases NH₃ (which dilutes combustible gases)
Generates phosphoric/polyphosphoric acid catalysts that promote dehydration of polymers to char
Forms a carbonaceous foam protective layer that insulates substrate from heat/oxygen

Other Properties
Halogen‑free (environmentally friendly)
Rich in phosphorus and nitrogen (~72.5% as P₂O₅ in some grades)
Chemical formula: H(NH₄PO₃)ₙOH
Molar mass: 97.01 g/mol
Appearance: white powder
Density: 1.9 g/cm³; bulk density: 0.7 g/cm³
Compound Canonicalized: Yes

FIRST AID MEASURES of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of AMMONIUM POLYPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available