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Ammonium polyphosphate is an inorganic salt used extensively as a flame retardant, fertilizer component, and dispersing agent.
Ammonium polyphosphate is known for its high phosphorus content, non-toxic nature, and thermal stability.
Ammonium polyphosphate is commonly applied in intumescent coatings, plastics, and agricultural formulations.
CAS Number: 68333-79-9
EC Number: 269-789-9
Molecular Formula: (NH₄PO₃)_n
Molecular Weight: Variable depending on polymer length
Synonyms: Ammonium Polyphosphate, Polyphosphoric acid, ammonium salt, APP, Ammonium polymetaphosphate, Fire retardant APP, Ammonium polyphosphate fertilizer, APP phase II, APP flame retardant, Ammonium polyphosphate food grade, Ammonium polyphosphate high polymer, Ammonium polyphosphate coating grade, Ammonium polyphosphate additive, Ammonium polyphosphate plastic grade
APPLICATIONS
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in flame retardant coatings for wood, textiles, and plastics.
Ammonium polyphosphate is incorporated into intumescent systems to provide fire resistance through charring and expansion.
Ammonium polyphosphate is applied in polyolefin and polyurethane foam formulations as a halogen-free flame retardant.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in epoxy resin-based systems for enhancing fire protection in construction materials.
Ammonium polyphosphate is included in paints and coatings for steel structures to delay fire spread and increase safety.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in fire-resistant cable sheathing materials for electrical and communication cables.
Ammonium polyphosphate is applied in agricultural fertilizers as a slow-release phosphorus source.
Ammonium polyphosphate supports plant growth by providing a sustained supply of phosphate nutrients.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in hydroponic nutrient solutions and liquid fertilizers for commercial agriculture.
Ammonium polyphosphate is applied in seed coating formulations to enhance germination and early plant development.
Ammonium polyphosphate is included in cleaning products as a dispersing agent and scale inhibitor.
Ammonium polyphosphate helps stabilize formulations in detergents and industrial cleaning systems.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in water treatment formulations for corrosion inhibition and scale prevention.
Ammonium polyphosphate is applied in the manufacture of fire-safe plastics for automotive and aerospace industries.
Ammonium polyphosphate is incorporated into wall panels and insulation materials to meet flame retardancy standards.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in thermoplastic elastomers to meet flammability requirements without halogens.
Ammonium polyphosphate is applied in mining and mineral processing as a flotation agent and dispersant.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in ceramic and cement formulations to improve rheology and processing properties.
Ammonium polyphosphate is employed in adhesive and sealant formulations for building and construction applications.
Ammonium polyphosphate is included in decorative laminates to improve resistance to heat and ignition.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in foamed materials for packaging to enhance fire safety.
Ammonium polyphosphate is applied in composite panels for transportation and infrastructure sectors.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in synthetic rubber to enhance fire performance in high-risk environments.
Ammonium polyphosphate is employed in 3D printing filaments that require thermal protection and low smoke emission.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in textile back-coatings for flame retardancy in upholstery and drapery applications.
Ammonium polyphosphate is included in acoustic insulation products for buildings and transport applications.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in mattress and furniture foam products to comply with flammability regulations.
Ammonium polyphosphate is incorporated into environmentally friendly flame retardant systems for green building products.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used as a flame retardant in plastics.
Ammonium polyphosphate is applied in intumescent coatings for fire protection.
Ammonium polyphosphate is incorporated in polyurethane foams to enhance fire resistance.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in epoxy resins to delay combustion.
Ammonium polyphosphate is found in fire-retardant paints for steel structures.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in cable sheathing materials to reduce flammability.
Ammonium polyphosphate is included in polyolefin formulations for thermal protection.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in wood coatings for fire-retardant treatment.
Ammonium polyphosphate is applied in textile backcoatings for flame retardancy.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in paper treatment to minimize fire spread.
Ammonium polyphosphate is found in decorative laminates to meet fire safety codes.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in thermoset plastics for fire classification improvement.
Ammonium polyphosphate is added to bitumen membranes for enhanced safety.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in automotive interiors to reduce fire risk.
Ammonium polyphosphate is incorporated in rigid PVC to pass flammability tests.
Ammonium polyphosphate is applied in construction foams for passive fire protection.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in polyamide materials to achieve V-0 ratings.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in TPU products to improve ignition resistance.
Ammonium polyphosphate is found in fire-resistant adhesives.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in electric circuit boards to enhance thermal stability.
Ammonium polyphosphate is included in fire-safe sealants and fillers.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in paints for structural steel for fireproofing.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in roofing membranes to meet fire codes.
Ammonium polyphosphate is found in aerospace composites for flame suppression.
Ammonium polyphosphate is added to rubber compounds for fire resistance.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in fire extinguishing powders as a key component.
Ammonium polyphosphate is included in thermoplastic elastomers for safety compliance.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in high-voltage electrical equipment.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in bus and train interior paneling.
Ammonium polyphosphate is found in encapsulated fertilizer blends.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in fertilizer production as a phosphorus source.
Ammonium polyphosphate is added to fire-retardant foam boards.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in camping equipment for reduced ignition hazard.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in household fire safety coatings.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in heavy machinery coatings for safety.
Ammonium polyphosphate is incorporated into polyurethane adhesives for flame retardancy.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in fiber-reinforced polymers for industrial safety.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in water-based coatings for buildings.
Ammonium polyphosphate is found in expandable graphite composites.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in surfacing films for flame suppression.
Ammonium polyphosphate is applied in marine interiors for fire regulation compliance.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in insulation panels for commercial buildings.
Ammonium polyphosphate is found in mattress foam for flame retardant properties.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in thermal barrier coatings.
Ammonium polyphosphate is incorporated into molded plastic housings.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in kitchen appliance enclosures.
Ammonium polyphosphate is added to electronic casings for fire safety.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in light diffusers and reflectors in lighting systems.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in elevator interior panels for flame retardancy.
Ammonium polyphosphate is used in cinema seat foams to meet flammability regulations.
DESCRIPTION
Ammonium polyphosphate is a white, odorless powder composed of a chain of phosphate units bonded with ammonium ions.
This compound exists in multiple phases (I and II), with Phase II being more thermally stable and less water-soluble.
Ammonium polyphosphate is an inorganic salt of polyphosphoric acid and ammonia.
Ammonium polyphosphate acts as a highly effective intumescent flame retardant.
Ammonium polyphosphate decomposes upon heating to release phosphoric acid, promoting char formation.
Ammonium polyphosphate is halogen-free, making it environmentally preferred.
Ammonium polyphosphate is available in crystalline and polymeric forms.
Ammonium polyphosphate is stable under ambient conditions and disperses well in polymers.
Ammonium polyphosphate is classified based on its degree of polymerization and thermal stability.
Ammonium polyphosphate is widely used in the plastics, coatings, and construction industries.
Ammonium polyphosphate is compatible with synergists like melamine and pentaerythritol.
Ammonium polyphosphate complies with fire resistance standards such as UL 94 and DIN 4102.
Ammonium polyphosphate functions as an intumescent flame retardant by decomposing to form polyphosphoric acid and releasing ammonia.
The generated acid promotes char formation, which insulates and protects underlying materials during fire exposure.
Ammonium polyphosphate is halogen-free and produces low smoke and toxic gas during combustion.
It is compatible with a wide range of polymers, including polyethylene, polypropylene, EVA, and epoxy.
Ammonium polyphosphate is considered environmentally safer compared to halogenated flame retardants.
It is widely accepted in eco-certification schemes and green construction material standards.
Ammonium polyphosphate also provides corrosion inhibition and scale prevention in water systems.
The compound is chemically stable under ambient conditions but hydrolyzes slowly in the presence of water.
Ammonium polyphosphate is often used in combination with carbon sources and blowing agents to enhance intumescent performance.
Its slow solubility makes it ideal for controlled-release applications in agriculture.
Ammonium polyphosphate can be surface-treated or microencapsulated to modify solubility and compatibility with various systems.
PROPERTIES
Chemical Formula: (NH₄PO₃)_n
Molecular Weight: Variable (depends on polymer chain length)
Appearance: White powder or granular solid
Odor: Odorless
Density: 1.9–2.1 g/cm³
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water (varies with polymerization degree)
Melting Point: >300°C (decomposes)
pH (1% Solution): 6.5–7.5
Decomposition: Releases ammonia and polyphosphoric acid
Thermal Stability: High, especially for Phase II
Compatibility: Good with a wide range of polymers and additives
Storage Stability: Stable under dry and ambient conditions
Hygroscopicity: Low to moderate, depending on phase
FIRST AID
Inhalation:
Move the person to fresh air.
If symptoms such as coughing or shortness of breath persist, seek medical attention.
Skin Contact:
Wash skin thoroughly with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing.
Seek medical advice if irritation develops.
Eye Contact:
Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do.
Continue rinsing and seek medical attention if irritation persists.
Ingestion:
Rinse mouth thoroughly.
Do not induce vomiting.
Seek medical attention if large amounts are ingested or symptoms occur.
Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically.
No specific antidote is known.
HANDLING AND STORAGE
Handling:
Use in well-ventilated areas.
Avoid creating dust and inhaling particles.
Wear protective gloves, clothing, and safety glasses.
Wash hands after handling.
Storage:
Store in a dry, cool, and well-ventilated area.
Keep container tightly closed and properly labeled.
Avoid exposure to moisture to prevent hydrolysis.
Keep away from incompatible materials such as strong oxidizing agents.
Handling Precautions:
Minimize dust generation and accumulation.
Use appropriate engineering controls if dust levels exceed limits.
Dispose of waste according to local regulations.
