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Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a high-molecular-weight water-soluble anionic polymer used primarily as a flocculant and process aid.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) promotes solid-liquid separation through polymer bridging, particle aggregation, and modification of suspension behavior.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is available in different molecular weights, charge densities, physical forms, and residual-monomer specifications.
CAS Number: Variable by composition; 9003-05-8 is commonly associated with the polyacrylamide backbone, while anionic copolymer grades may use other composition-specific identifiers
EC Number: Not assigned as one universal number to all Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) compositions
Molecular Formula: [C₃H₅NO]x[C₃H₃O₂A]y, where A represents a positive counterion and x and y vary by grade
Molecular Weight: Grade dependent; commonly within approximately 1–20 million Da for water-treatment grades
SYNONYMS
Anionic Polyacrylamide, APAM, Anionic PAM, Anionic Polyacrylamide Flocculant, Anionic Polyacrylamide Polymer, Anionic Polyacrylamide Copolymer, Acrylamide-Acrylate Copolymer, Acrylamide-Acrylic Acid Copolymer, Poly(Acrylamide-co-Acrylic Acid), Poly(Acrylamide-co-Sodium Acrylate), Sodium Acrylate-Acrylamide Copolymer, Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide, Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide, HPAM, Anionic Polyelectrolyte, Anionic Polymer Flocculant, Anionic Water-Soluble Polymer, High-Molecular-Weight Anionic Polymer, Water-Treatment Polyacrylamide, Wastewater-Treatment Polyacrylamide, Industrial Flocculant Polymer, Mineral Flocculant Polymer, Mining Flocculant, Tailings Flocculant, Sludge-Settling Polymer, Solid-Liquid Separation Polymer, Sedimentation Aid, Clarification Aid, Coagulant Aid, Polymer Bridging Flocculant, Water Clarification Polymer, Effluent-Treatment Polymer, Suspended-Solids Flocculant, Turbidity-Reduction Polymer, Paper Retention Aid, Paper Drainage Aid, Pulp-and-Paper Flocculant, Soil-Stabilizing Polyacrylamide, Erosion-Control Polyacrylamide, Irrigation PAM, Agricultural Anionic PAM, Construction-Site PAM, Partially Anionic Polyacrylamide, Linear Anionic Polyacrylamide, Dry Anionic Polyacrylamide, Granular Anionic Polyacrylamide, Powder Anionic Polyacrylamide, Emulsion Anionic Polyacrylamide, Liquid Anionic Polyacrylamide, Anionic Acrylamide Polymer, Acrylic Acid Salt-Acrylamide Copolymer, Polyacrylamide Sodium Acrylate Copolymer, High-Charge Anionic Polyacrylamide, Medium-Charge Anionic Polyacrylamide, Low-Charge Anionic Polyacrylamide
APPLICATIONS
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) serves as a flocculation aid in raw-water clarification systems containing suspended clay, silt, and mineral particles.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) increases effective floc size and settling velocity when molecular weight, charge density, dosage, and mixing conditions are correctly selected.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) supports drinking-water clarification only when a specifically certified low-residual-monomer grade is legally authorized.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) dosage and residual acrylamide content must comply with the applicable drinking-water treatment standard and local regulation.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) functions in municipal wastewater clarification processes requiring improved removal of suspended solids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can assist sedimentation after biological or physicochemical treatment when jar testing confirms compatibility with the wastewater.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) contributes to industrial wastewater treatment by bridging fine particles into larger and more readily separable flocs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve clarification efficiency when combined with a compatible inorganic coagulant or primary destabilization stage.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) supports sludge thickening and dewatering for mineral-rich or appropriately conditioned sludge streams.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) must be screened against cationic and nonionic alternatives because sludge surface charge varies significantly between processes.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) serves as a tailings flocculant in mining operations requiring faster settling and improved water recovery.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) promotes polymer bridging between fine mineral particles during thickening and clarification.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) functions in iron-ore and hematite wastewater treatment containing high concentrations of fine suspended solids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve floc size, settling behavior, supernatant clarity, and solid-liquid separation after grade-specific testing.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) contributes to coal-washing wastewater clarification and fine-coal settling systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) assists separation of mineral fines from process water when dosage, pH, and water chemistry are optimized.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) supports sand, gravel, and aggregate washing operations that recycle process water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) accelerates settling of suspended mineral fines before clarified water is returned to the washing circuit.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) functions in pulp-and-paper wastewater treatment for removal of suspended fibers, fillers, and process solids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can produce larger and denser flocs with improved settling characteristics in compatible wastewater systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) contributes to papermaking retention programs involving fibers, mineral fillers, fines, and compatible cationic components.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve retention and drainage when used in a properly designed single-component or dual-component program.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) supports clarification of textile wastewater containing suspended solids and process residues.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is frequently evaluated as a coagulant aid after aluminum- or iron-based coagulants have destabilized the particles.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) functions in dyeing-effluent treatment where suspended or coagulated color-bearing particles require aggregation.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) does not independently guarantee dissolved-dye removal and should be combined with appropriate chemical or biological treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) contributes to slaughterhouse and food-processing wastewater clarification after compatible coagulation.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can improve floc settling while dosage must be optimized to prevent excessive polymer use or weak floc formation.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) supports clarification processes in authorized food and beverage manufacturing applications.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) must satisfy food-processing, residual-monomer, purity, and indirect-contact requirements before such use.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) functions in sugar-processing clarification where a specifically compliant grade is authorized.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can assist separation of coagulated impurities from process liquor under validated operating conditions.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) contributes to polymer flooding and mobility-control systems used in enhanced oil recovery.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) increases aqueous-phase viscosity and can improve sweep efficiency in reservoirs compatible with the polymer grade.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) supports oilfield injection-water systems requiring rheology modification or particulate control.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) must be evaluated for salinity, hardness, temperature, shear degradation, oxygen exposure, and reservoir-rock compatibility.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) functions in drilling and excavation slurry treatment as a selective flocculant for suspended mineral solids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can assist solids removal before water recycling or disposal when the complete treatment program is validated.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) contributes to produced-water treatment where coagulated oil-associated solids require enhanced separation.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) should be evaluated with demulsifiers, coagulants, dissolved-air flotation, and downstream filtration processes.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) serves as a temporary soil-binding agent for agricultural erosion control.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) stabilizes soil aggregates and flocculates suspended sediment when the correct water-soluble anionic grade is applied.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) supports furrow-irrigation management by reducing soil loss and sediment transport in runoff.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) application rate must reflect soil texture, slope, irrigation method, water chemistry, and applicable conservation guidance.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) functions on disturbed construction soil to reduce erosion before permanent vegetation becomes established.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) should not be applied indiscriminately to surface water and must meet environmental and residual-monomer specifications.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) contributes to dredging, sediment-handling, and dewatering operations involving fine mineral suspensions.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) helps create flocs suitable for gravity settling, geotextile dewatering, filtration, or mechanical separation.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) supports stormwater and runoff treatment systems designed to remove suspended soil particles.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) requires controlled dosing, adequate mixing, sufficient settling time, and prevention of untreated polymer discharge.
DESCRIPTION
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is a family of water-soluble polymers containing acrylamide units and negatively charged acrylate groups.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can be produced by copolymerizing acrylamide with an acrylic acid salt or by partially hydrolyzing polyacrylamide.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is not one chemically uniform substance with a single molecular weight or charge density.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) composition varies according to monomer ratio, hydrolysis level, counterion, branching, chain length, and physical form.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) has a repeating empirical structure commonly represented as [C₃H₅NO]x[C₃H₃O₂A]y.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) uses a positive counterion represented by A, commonly an alkali-metal ion in commercial water-soluble grades.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) typically has a molecular weight within the million-Dalton range.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) grades for water treatment are commonly described within an approximate range of 1–20 million Da.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) carries carboxylate groups that provide negative charge along the polymer chain.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) charge density influences chain expansion, particle interaction, salt sensitivity, and flocculation performance.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) flocculates primarily through adsorption and polymer bridging between suspended particles.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can form large flocs even when complete particle-charge neutralization does not occur.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) generally performs effectively after positively charged mineral sites or inorganic coagulants provide suitable adsorption points.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) performance can decline when particle surfaces strongly repel the polymer or when competing substances occupy adsorption sites.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is supplied as dry granules, powders, aqueous solutions, water-in-oil emulsions, dispersions, or other formulated forms.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) physical form affects storage, dissolution procedure, activation time, dosing equipment, and environmental classification.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) dry powder normally appears as an off-white granular or powdered solid.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) produces highly viscous solutions even at relatively low polymer concentrations.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) must be dispersed gradually into agitated water to prevent surface hydration and formation of undissolved lumps.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) requires sufficient aging time for complete chain hydration before accurate dosing and performance evaluation.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can undergo molecular-chain degradation under excessive mechanical shear.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) should therefore be mixed strongly enough for dispersion but gently enough to preserve hydrated polymer-chain length.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) performance is influenced by pH, dissolved salts, water hardness, temperature, suspended-solids concentration, and mixing energy.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) can coil or lose effective hydrodynamic size in high-salinity systems, especially in the presence of multivalent ions.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) quality must be controlled for molecular weight, charge density, moisture, dissolution behavior, viscosity, and residual acrylamide.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) intended for drinking-water or agricultural erosion control requires particularly strict residual-monomer control.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) polymer itself must be distinguished from unreacted acrylamide monomer remaining as a manufacturing impurity.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) selection should therefore consider certified residual acrylamide limits rather than polymer performance alone.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) agricultural grades should be water-soluble, non-crosslinked, and specifically designed for soil and irrigation applications.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) should not be replaced with a cationic grade because cationic polyacrylamides can present substantially greater aquatic toxicity.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is generally stable as a dry polymer when protected from moisture, heat, oxidation, and ultraviolet exposure.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) prepared solution gradually loses performance through aging, contamination, biological growth, hydrolysis, or mechanical degradation.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) creates extremely slippery surfaces when powder or solution becomes wet.
Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) spills require immediate containment and thorough cleanup to prevent falls and uncontrolled environmental release.
PROPERTIES
Chemical Class: Anionic Water-Soluble Polyacrylamide Copolymer
Polymer Type: Acrylamide and Acrylic Acid Salt Copolymer or Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide
Physical Form: Powder, Granule, Emulsion, Dispersion, or Aqueous Solution
Appearance: Commonly White to Off-White Solid; Liquid Appearance Is Formulation Dependent
Molecular Formula: [C₃H₅NO]x[C₃H₃O₂A]y
Molecular Weight: Grade Dependent; Commonly within the Million-Dalton Range
Charge Type: Anionic
Charge Density: Grade and Application Dependent
Water Solubility: Water Soluble after Proper Dispersion and Hydration
Solution Behavior: High Viscosity at Low Concentration
Primary Function: Flocculant and Solid-Liquid Separation Aid
Flocculation Mechanism: Polymer Bridging and Particle Aggregation
Main Uses: Water Treatment, Wastewater Treatment, Mining, Papermaking, Oilfields, and Erosion Control
Residual Acrylamide: Grade and Regulatory Application Dependent
Storage: Cool, Dry, Tightly Closed, and Protected from Moisture and Heat
FIRST AID
Inhalation
Move the person exposed to Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) dust, mist, or aerosol into fresh air.
Obtain medical attention if Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) exposure causes persistent coughing, throat irritation, breathing difficulty, or other symptoms.
Skin Contact
Remove clothing contaminated with Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) and wash the affected skin thoroughly with soap and water.
Obtain medical attention if Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) causes persistent irritation, redness, dryness, or an allergic response.
Eye Contact
Immediately rinse eyes exposed to Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) with clean running water for at least 15 minutes while holding the eyelids open.
Remove contact lenses when easy to do and obtain medical attention if Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) irritation, pain, or visual disturbance persists.
Ingestion
Rinse the mouth after accidental ingestion of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) and do not induce vomiting unless instructed by medical personnel.
Contact a physician or poison information center after significant Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) ingestion or whenever symptoms develop.
Note to Physicians
Treat Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) exposure symptomatically and provide appropriate supportive care.
Assess Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) exposure according to physical form, residual monomer content, quantity, route, symptoms, and the current Safety Data Sheet.
HANDLING AND STORAGE
Handling
Handle Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) using methods that minimize dust generation, splashing, and unnecessary mechanical shear.
Clean Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) contamination immediately because wet polymer creates an extremely slippery walking surface.
Ventilation
Provide effective general ventilation and local dust extraction wherever powdered Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) is opened, transferred, or mixed.
Use suitable respiratory protection when engineering controls cannot adequately control airborne Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) dust or aerosol.
Storage
Store Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) in tightly closed and moisture-resistant containers within a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Protect Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) from water, humidity, excessive heat, direct sunlight, oxidizing agents, and contamination.
Spill and Leak Procedures
Prevent dry Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) from becoming wet and collect the spilled material using suitable vacuum or dry-cleaning methods.
Prevent Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM) from entering drains or surface water and wash residual traces only after bulk material has been removed.
Handling Precautions
Wear suitable gloves, protective clothing, and safety goggles while handling Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM).
Review the grade-specific Safety Data Sheet and residual-acrylamide specification before transporting, dissolving, dosing, or disposing of Anionic Polyacrylamide (APAM).
