ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE PAM

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is a high-molecular-weight, water-soluble polymer containing negatively charged functional groups along its polymer chains.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM functions primarily as a flocculant, sedimentation aid, filtration aid, thickener, rheology modifier, retention aid, and friction-reducing polymer.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is widely used in water treatment, mining, mineral processing, oilfield operations, papermaking, agriculture, construction, and industrial solid-liquid separation.

CAS Number: 9003-05-8; certain acrylamide-acrylate copolymer grades may use additional or alternative regulatory identifiers
EC Number: No single universal EC number applies to every commercial anionic polyacrylamide grade
Molecular Formula: [(C3H5NO)m(C3H3O2M)n]x, where M may represent sodium, ammonium, hydrogen, or another counterion depending on the grade
Molecular Weight: Typically several million to more than 20 million g/mol, depending on molecular-weight distribution and product grade

Synonyms: Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM, Anionic Polyacrylamide, APAM, Anionic PAM, PAM Anionic Polymer, Anionic Polyelectrolyte, Anionic Polyacrylamide Flocculant, Anionic Polymer Flocculant, Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide, PHPA, Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide, Acrylamide-Acrylate Copolymer, Acrylamide-Sodium Acrylate Copolymer, Sodium Acrylate-Acrylamide Copolymer, Anionic Acrylamide Copolymer, Polyacrylamide Anionic Grade, High-Molecular-Weight Anionic Polymer, Water-Soluble Anionic Polymer, Anionic Water-Treatment Polymer, Wastewater-Treatment Flocculant, Industrial-Water Flocculant, Anionic Coagulant Aid, Sedimentation Polymer, Clarification Polymer, Sludge-Settling Polymer, Sludge-Dewatering Polymer, Mineral-Processing Flocculant, Mining-Grade Polyacrylamide, Tailings Flocculant, Paper-Making Anionic Polymer, Anionic Retention Aid, Anionic Drainage Aid, Oilfield Polyacrylamide, Drilling-Mud Polymer, Enhanced-Oil-Recovery Polymer, Polymer-Flooding Agent, Friction-Reducing Polyacrylamide, Soil-Stabilization Polymer, Erosion-Control Polyacrylamide, Construction-Water Flocculant, Granular Anionic Polyacrylamide, Powder Anionic Polyacrylamide, High-Charge APAM, Medium-Charge APAM, Low-Charge APAM

APPLICATIONS

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used as a flocculant in municipal raw-water clarification.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to enlarge flocs formed by aluminum- and iron-based coagulants.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to accelerate the sedimentation of suspended mineral particles.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve treated-water clarity in sedimentation basins.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used as a coagulant aid with aluminum sulfate.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used as a coagulant aid with ferric chloride and ferric sulfate.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used with polyaluminum chloride in optimized treatment programs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce inorganic-coagulant consumption when testing confirms suitable performance.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in approved drinking-water-treatment applications.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to strengthen weak flocs before sedimentation or filtration.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve turbidity removal from surface-water sources.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used only in certified grades meeting applicable residual-monomer limits.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in municipal primary-wastewater clarification.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to increase suspended-solids capture in primary settling tanks.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce particulate loading on biological-treatment units.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve the concentration and consistency of primary sludge.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in secondary-wastewater clarification when the sludge chemistry is compatible.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve the settling of biological and coagulated solids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce fine-particle carryover from secondary clarifiers.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve final-effluent clarity before tertiary treatment.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in tertiary wastewater-treatment systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used before sand, multimedia, or cloth filtration.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to convert fine suspended particles into more filterable flocs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce particulate loading on polishing equipment.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in municipal sludge-thickening operations.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to increase the solids content of gravity-thickened sludge.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to accelerate water release from compatible sludge suspensions.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce the volume of sludge requiring further treatment.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in mineral-rich sludge-dewatering systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used with belt filter presses after grade-specific testing.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used with centrifuges to improve solids capture.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used with screw presses and chamber filter presses.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve gravity drainage before mechanical dewatering.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to increase filter-cake solids where the sludge charge is suitable.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce suspended solids in dewatering filtrate.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve the operating capacity of sludge-processing equipment.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in industrial wastewater-treatment plants.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to remove suspended mineral and inorganic particles.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used after pH adjustment, precipitation, or coagulation.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve industrial-water reuse and recycling.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in dissolved-air-flotation systems when the particle chemistry is compatible.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to increase floc size before flotation.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve capture of coagulated solids in flotation units.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce fine-particle carryover from flotation effluent.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in lamella clarifiers.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in inclined-plate settlers.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve particle settling at elevated hydraulic loading.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve overflow clarity in compact clarification systems.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in process-water-recovery systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to clarify water before reuse in industrial production.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce the solids load on pumps and heat exchangers.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to support closed-loop water-management programs.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in mining as a high-molecular-weight flocculant.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to separate fine mineral solids from process water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to increase settling rates in mineral thickeners.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve water recovery from mineral-processing circuits.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in mine-tailings thickeners.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to increase tailings-underflow solids concentration.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to produce clearer overflow water for recycling.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in high-density and paste-thickening systems.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in tailings-dewatering processes.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve water release from deposited tailings.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to accelerate consolidation of fine mineral particles.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to support reduced-water tailings-management strategies.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in flotation-tailings treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to flocculate fine gangue particles after flotation.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve the sedimentation of clay-containing tailings.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce suspended solids in recycled flotation water.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in iron-ore processing.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in copper, lead, zinc, and precious-metal processing.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in phosphate and potash processing.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used after ore-specific settling and filtration trials.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in coal-washing plants.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to accelerate the settling of coal fines and mineral matter.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to clarify coal-preparation wash water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve solids recovery from coal-processing wastewater.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in sand- and gravel-washing operations.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to settle clay, silt, and fine mineral particles.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve recycled-water clarity in aggregate plants.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce the required capacity of settling ponds.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in quarry-water clarification.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in crushed-stone washing systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve dewatering of aggregate-processing sludge.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce suspended solids in discharged quarry water.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in marble- and granite-processing wastewater.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to settle stone-cutting and polishing fines.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to clarify cooling water for reuse.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve filter-press dewatering of stone sludge.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in ceramic-manufacturing wastewater.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to flocculate clay, glaze, and mineral particles.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve water recovery from ceramic slurries.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce disposal volumes through sludge dewatering.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in brick- and tile-manufacturing wastewater.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to separate clay and silica particles.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to clarify cutting and equipment-washing water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve solids capture in settling systems.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in dredging-slurry treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to accelerate sediment separation from dredged water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in geotextile-tube dewatering systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve water release from mineral-rich dredged material.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in tunneling wastewater treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to clarify water containing rock flour, clay, and silt.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in slurry-shield tunneling-water systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve solids separation before water discharge or reuse.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in foundation- and excavation-water treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to remove fine mineral solids from pumped groundwater.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in clarification systems for construction dewatering.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve water quality before controlled discharge.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in construction-site runoff treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to settle clay and silt in temporary treatment basins.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve sediment retention in runoff-control systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used only after soil- and water-specific compatibility testing.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in ready-mixed-concrete wash-water treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to settle cementitious particles.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve clarification of alkaline equipment-washing water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to support process-water recycling in concrete plants.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in cement-plant wastewater treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to settle cement fines and mineral dust.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to clarify kiln-, quarry-, and equipment-washing water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce suspended-solids discharge from cement production.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in water-based drilling fluids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used as a shale-encapsulation polymer in selected drilling systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce the dispersion of reactive formations.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to support borehole stability under suitable geological conditions.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to modify drilling-fluid viscosity.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve transport of drilled cuttings.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to modify fluid-loss and filtration behavior.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used after testing for temperature, salinity, hardness, and shear stability.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in water-well drilling.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in mineral-exploration drilling.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in oil- and gas-well drilling-fluid programs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in partially hydrolyzed grades selected for the drilling environment.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in enhanced-oil-recovery operations.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to increase the viscosity of injected water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve mobility control during polymer flooding.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve reservoir sweep efficiency under suitable conditions.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in tertiary oil-recovery formulations.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce unfavorable water-to-oil mobility ratios.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to redirect injected water through less-swept reservoir zones.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is selected according to reservoir temperature, salinity, and hardness.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used as a friction reducer in water-based oilfield fluids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce turbulent pressure losses during pumping.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in hydraulic-fracturing fluids after compatibility testing.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in pipeline and well-service fluids requiring drag reduction.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in produced-water clarification.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to assist removal of suspended mineral solids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used following oil-water separation.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve water quality before reuse or reinjection.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in oil-sands tailings management.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to accelerate settling and dewatering of fine tailings.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve recovery of process water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to support tailings consolidation and reclamation.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in the pulp and paper industry as a retention aid.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve retention of fiber fines and mineral fillers.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce loss of fine material into white water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in compatible microparticle-retention programs.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used as a drainage aid in paper production.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve water removal on the forming section.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to support improved paper-machine productivity.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to balance retention, drainage, and sheet formation.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in fine-paper manufacturing.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in paperboard and packaging-paper production.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in tissue and recycled-paper systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used after machine-specific wet-end trials.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used with bentonite or colloidal silica in microparticle programs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used with compatible cationic coagulants.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used with polyaluminum chloride in selected papermaking systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used at addition points selected to preserve polymer performance.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in pulp- and paper-mill wastewater treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to remove fibers, fillers, pigments, and suspended solids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve clarifier and flotation performance.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to recover reusable fiber and process water.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in textile-industry wastewater treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used after coagulation to remove fibers and pigment particles.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve clarification of dyeing and finishing effluent.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce the particulate load on downstream treatment.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in tannery wastewater treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve separation of coagulated solids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in suitable sludge-thickening and dewatering systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used after pH and precipitation conditions have been optimized.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in steel-industry wastewater treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to settle mill scale and iron oxide particles.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in rolling-mill-water clarification.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve recycling of cooling and process water.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in metallurgical wastewater treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to flocculate precipitated metal hydroxides.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used after chemical precipitation of dissolved metals.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve sedimentation and filtration of metal-bearing solids.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in electroplating wastewater treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to increase the size of precipitated metal-containing flocs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve sludge consolidation in clarifiers.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce solids carryover into downstream treatment.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in chemical-industry wastewater treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to clarify water containing inorganic and polymeric solids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in precipitation-flocculation systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used before filtration, biological treatment, or water reuse.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in pharmaceutical-manufacturing wastewater after treatability testing.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve removal of suspended and coagulated solids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in clarification stages preceding advanced treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used only after compatibility with the wastewater has been confirmed.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in food-processing wastewater treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to separate suspended organic and mineral particles.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used after coagulation or pH adjustment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce solids loading on biological-treatment units.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in beverage-processing wastewater.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve clarification of equipment-washing water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to increase removal of suspended process residues.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used after laboratory testing establishes a suitable dosage.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in sugar-processing clarification with approved grades.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to accelerate settling of suspended impurities.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve clarification rates in suitable processing stages.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used within applicable food-contact and residual-monomer requirements.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in starch-processing wastewater.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to separate suspended biomass and process solids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve water recovery and sludge dewatering.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used after process-specific compatibility testing.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in agricultural erosion-control programs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to stabilize fine soil particles in irrigation furrows.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce sediment transport in agricultural runoff.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve runoff-water quality under suitable conditions.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in irrigation-water management.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce soil-particle detachment caused by flowing water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve soil infiltration in compatible soil systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in agricultural grades with controlled residual acrylamide.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in disturbed-soil stabilization.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to bind fine particles at construction sites.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce erosion from exposed soil surfaces.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used as part of integrated sediment-control programs.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in power-plant ash-water clarification.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to settle fly-ash and bottom-ash particles.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve water recovery from ash-handling systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce turbidity in recycled plant water.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in flue-gas-desulfurization wastewater treatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to settle gypsum and precipitated metal solids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve clarification after chemical precipitation.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to increase sludge density and reduce solids carryover.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in landfill-leachate pretreatment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used after coagulation to remove suspended solids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce particulate loading on membrane or biological systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used after site-specific treatability testing.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in industrial lagoons and settling ponds.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to accelerate settling of fine suspended solids.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to improve clarity of decanted water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to shorten settling time in appropriately designed systems.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used before membrane-treatment systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to reduce suspended-solids loading on downstream membranes.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used as part of pretreatment programs designed to limit fouling.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used only after membrane compatibility has been established.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used as a rheology modifier in compatible aqueous formulations.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to increase apparent viscosity in water-based systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used to modify suspension stability and flow behavior.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used where anionic charge and high molecular weight provide the required performance.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in automated dry-polymer preparation systems.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used in dilute stock solutions before process dosing.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used through metering pumps and controlled injection equipment.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used after adequate hydration and maturation.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used at dosages determined through jar testing.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is used at dosages determined through settling and dewatering trials.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is selected according to suspended-particle charge and composition.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is selected according to pH, temperature, salinity, hardness, and shear conditions.

DESCRIPTION

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is a water-soluble synthetic polymer with negatively charged functional groups.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is commonly produced by copolymerizing acrylamide with an anionic comonomer.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM may also be produced by controlled partial hydrolysis of polyacrylamide.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM commonly contains carboxylate groups distributed along its polymer backbone.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is available in low-, medium-, and high-charge grades.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is available over a broad range of molecular weights.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is supplied as powder, granules, beads, emulsion, dispersion, or solution.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM requires grade selection according to the intended process.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM dry grades usually appear as white to off-white granules or powder.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM dry particles are generally free-flowing when properly stored.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM dry grades are strongly hygroscopic.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM usually has little or no characteristic odor.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM forms a clear to slightly hazy viscous solution after complete hydration.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is soluble in water when correctly dispersed.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is generally insoluble in most common organic solvents.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM may hydrate more slowly in cold, saline, or hard water.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM functions primarily through adsorption and polymer bridging.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM attaches to suitable particle surfaces at multiple locations.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM connects fine particles into larger floc structures.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM improves settling, flotation, drainage, filtration, and dewatering.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM performance depends on molecular weight.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM performance depends on anionic charge density.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM performance depends on particle chemistry and water composition.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM performance may change with pH, conductivity, hardness, and temperature.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM should be added slowly to well-agitated water.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM should not be dumped rapidly into a preparation tank.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM may form fish-eyes or undissolved lumps when improperly wetted.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM normally requires a maturation period before full activity develops.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM can be degraded by excessive mechanical shear.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM may lose efficiency when long polymer chains are broken.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM should be mixed sufficiently for dispersion without severe agitation.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM solutions should be transferred through suitable low-shear equipment.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is a polymer family rather than a discrete low-molecular-weight substance.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM does not have one fixed molecular weight.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM does not have one universal molecular formula.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM composition varies with comonomer, hydrolysis level, and counterion.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM may have molecular weights ranging from several million to more than 20 million g/mol.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM may contain sodium, ammonium, hydrogen, or another ionic counterion.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM may contain a low residual concentration of acrylamide monomer.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM technical values must be confirmed from the grade-specific data sheet.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM is generally stable when kept dry.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM absorbs atmospheric moisture after packaging is opened.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM may form lumps when exposed to humidity.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM should be stored in tightly closed moisture-resistant packaging.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM powder may generate airborne dust during transfer.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM powder and solution make surfaces extremely slippery when wet.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM spills require immediate containment and careful cleanup.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM should not be washed uncontrolled into drains.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM normally performs at relatively low optimized dosages.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM overdosing may reduce separation efficiency.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM underdosing may produce small and weak flocs.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM should be evaluated through laboratory and full-scale testing.

Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM should be added at a point providing controlled mixing.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM should receive sufficient contact time for polymer bridging.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM flocs should be protected from unnecessary high shear.
Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM dosage should be adjusted as process conditions change.

PROPERTIES

Product Name: Anionic Polyacrylamide PAM
Chemical Name: Anionic Polyacrylamide
Abbreviation: APAM or Anionic PAM
Product Type: Water-soluble anionic polymer
Chemical Family: Polyacrylamides and acrylamide-acrylate copolymers
Primary Functions: Flocculant, sedimentation aid, filtration aid, drainage aid, retention aid, thickener, rheology modifier, and friction reducer
Ionic Character: Anionic
Chemical Form: Polymeric material with variable composition
Physical Forms: Powder, granules, beads, emulsion, dispersion, or aqueous solution
Typical Dry-Grade Appearance: White to off-white powder or granules
Odor: Generally odorless or nearly odorless
CAS Number: 9003-05-8 commonly used
EC Number: No single universal number for every commercial APAM grade
Representative Formula: [(C3H5NO)m(C3H3O2M)n]x
Polyacrylamide Repeating Unit: (C3H5NO)x
Molecular Weight: Typically several million to more than 20 million g/mol
Charge Density: Low, medium, high, or very high depending on grade
Degree of Hydrolysis: Grade dependent
Typical Dry-Grade Solids: Commonly approximately 88–92% or higher
Residual Acrylamide: Grade and regulatory-approval dependent
Water Solubility: Soluble after correct dispersion and hydration
Organic-Solvent Solubility: Generally insoluble in common organic solvents
Solution Appearance: Clear to slightly hazy viscous liquid
Solution pH: Grade and concentration dependent
Typical Dissolution Time: Commonly approximately 30–60 minutes
Hydration Requirement: Complete wetting, dispersion, and maturation before use
Shear Stability: Sensitive to excessive mechanical shear
Moisture Sensitivity: Hygroscopic
Bulk Density: Grade dependent
Flash Point: Not applicable to dry polymer
Primary Markets: Water treatment, mining, mineral processing, oil and gas, paper, agriculture, construction, and industrial processing
Typical Storage Temperature: Approximately 5–30°C, subject to grade-specific instructions
Typical Shelf Life: Up to approximately 24 months in unopened packaging, depending on grade
Regulatory Suitability: Grade and application dependent

FIRST AID

Inhalation:
Move the affected person to fresh air.
Seek medical advice if dust causes persistent irritation.

Skin Contact:
Wash thoroughly with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing and seek advice if irritation persists.

Eye Contact:
Rinse cautiously with water for at least 15 minutes.
Obtain medical attention if irritation continues.

Ingestion:
Rinse the mouth and do not induce vomiting.
Obtain medical advice after significant ingestion.

Note to Physicians:
Treat symptomatically and provide supportive care.
Review the grade-specific residual-acrylamide information.

HANDLING AND STORAGE

Handling:
Avoid generating dust and wear gloves and eye protection.
Add dry polymer slowly to agitated water and avoid excessive shear after hydration.

Ventilation:
Provide general ventilation and local extraction at powder-transfer points.
Use particulate respiratory protection when dust cannot be controlled.

Storage:
Store in sealed original packaging in a cool and dry location.
Protect the product from moisture, heat, direct sunlight, and contamination.

Spill and Leak Procedures:
Collect dry material without generating dust.
Contain wet polymer immediately because surfaces become extremely slippery.

Handling Precautions:
Keep preparation equipment clean and dry before use.
Follow the grade-specific technical data sheet and safety data sheet.