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APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is mainly used as an oxidizing agent and the preparation of hydrogen peroxide, potassium persulfate and other persulfate.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) can be used as free initiator of polymerization reaction, particularly vinyl chloride emulsion polymerization of polymerizable compound and redox polymerization.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) can be used as bleaching agent in grease, soap industry.
CAS Number: 7727-54-0
Molecular Formula: H8N2O8S2
Molecular Weight: 228.2
EINECS Number: 231-786-5
Synonyms: Ammonium persulfate, 7727-54-0, Ammonium peroxydisulfate, Diammonium peroxydisulfate, Diammonium peroxydisulphate, Diammonium persulfate, Ammonium persulphate, Persulfate d'ammonium, DTXSID9029691, 22QF6L357F, PEROXYDISULFURIC ACID, DIAMMONIUM SALT, DTXCID209691, CHEBI:156543, Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), ammonium salt (1:2), RefChem:5551, Bis(Ammonium) Peroxodisulfate, 231-786-5, Ammonium Peroxysulfate, Ammonium peroxodisulfate, Ammonium peroxydisulphate, CCRIS 1430, Persulfate d'ammonium [French], EINECS 231-786-5, UN1444, UNII-22QF6L357F, HSDB 7985, ammonium persuiphate, ammonium per sulphate, ammonium peroxidisulfate, Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), diammonium salt, ammonium persulphate-d8, EC 231-786-5, Epitope ID:1309331, diazanium;sulfonatooxy sulfate, orb2941050, AMMONIUM PERSULFATE [VANDF], AMMONIUM PERSULFATE [MART.], Tox21_201161, AMMONIUM PEROXYDISULFATE [MI], AKOS025243328, FA40911, NCGC00258713-01, CAS-7727-54-0, DB-056201, A2098, Ammonium persulfate [UN1444] [Oxidizer], Ammonium peroxydisulfate, Electrophoresis Grade, D95341, AP;APS;AMMONIUM PEROXODISULFATE;AMMONIUM PEROXODISULPHATE;AMMONIUM PEROXYDISULFATE;AMMONIUM PEROXYDISULPHATE;AMMONIUM PERSULFATE;AMMONIUM PERSULFATE, POUCHES
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is white, odorless single crystal, the formula is (NH4) 2S2O8, it has strong oxidation and corrosion, when heated, it decomposes easily, moisture absorption is not easy, it is soluble in water, the solubility increases in warm water, it can hydrolyze into ammonium hydrogen sulfate and hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution.
The dry product has good stability, storage is easy, and it has the advantage of convenience and safety and so on.
When heated to 120 °C, it can decompose, it is easily damped and it can cake in moist air.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) can be used to prepare aniline dyes and dye oxidation and electroplating industry, photographic industry and chemical analysis.
For food-grade, it can be used as modifier of wheat, brewer's yeast mildew.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) can be used as metal etchant, circuit board cleaning and etching, copper and aluminum surface activation, modified starch, pulp and textile bleaching at low temperature and desizing, circulating water purification treatment systems, oxidative degradation of harmful gases, low formaldehyde adhesive stick bound to accelerate, disinfectants, hair dye decolorization.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8.
It is a colourless (white) salt that is highly soluble in water, much more so than the related potassium salt.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a strong oxidizing agent that is used as a catalyst in polymer chemistry, as an etchant, and as a cleaning and bleaching agent.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is an inorganic oxidizing agent widely used in polymerization, etching, and laboratory chemistry.
Its chemical formula is (NH₄)₂S₂O₈.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is commonly referred to as APS in industrial and research contexts.
Chemically, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is the ammonium salt of peroxydisulfuric acid.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) contains a peroxo bond (–O–O–) within the S₂O₈²⁻ ion, which gives it strong oxidizing properties.
This structure makes APS capable of generating free radicals.
Physically, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is a white crystalline solid.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is odorless and highly soluble in water.
Aqueous solutions are clear and colorless.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is thermally stable under dry conditions but decomposes when heated.
In solution, it can slowly break down to produce sulfate radicals.
This radical formation is the basis of many of its applications.
Functionally, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) acts primarily as a free-radical initiator.
When activated by heat or catalysts, it decomposes to form sulfate radicals.
These radicals initiate polymerization reactions.
APS is widely used in polymer chemistry, especially in emulsion and solution polymerization.
It is commonly employed to initiate polymerization of acrylates, styrene, and other vinyl monomers.
Its water solubility makes it suitable for aqueous systems.
APS is also used as a strong oxidizing agent in industrial and laboratory processes.
It can oxidize organic and inorganic compounds.
This property supports applications in etching and cleaning.
Overall, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is best described as a water-soluble inorganic oxidizer and radical initiator.
Its importance lies in its reactivity, solubility, and versatility in chemical processing and research.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is prepared by electrolysis of a cold concentrated solution of either ammonium sulfate or ammonium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density.
The method was first described by Hugh Marshall.
The ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts adopt very similar structures in the solid state, according to X-ray crystallography.
In the ammonium salt, the O-O distance is 1.497 Å, the sulfate groups are tetrahedral, with three short S-O distances near 1.44 Å and one long S-O bond at 1.64 Å.
Molecular formula: (NH4)2S2O8
Molecular weight: 228.20 g/mol
Melting point: 120 °C
Density: 1.98 g/cm3
Specific gravity: 1.982
Bulk density: 900 kg/m3
Vapor density: 7.9 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 0 Pa (25 °C)
Refractive index: 1.50
Storage temperature: +15 °C to +25 °C
Solubility: Soluble in water
Water solubility: 582 g/L (20 °C), decomposes
Form: Powder
Color: White to yellow
Odor: Odorless
pH range: 1–2
pH: 1.0–2.5 (25 °C, 1 M in H2O)
Biological source: Rabbit
Oxidising properties: Classified as oxidizing (subcategory 3)
Sensitive: Moisture sensitive
Merck index: 14,541
Exposure limits: ACGIH TWA 0.1 mg/m³
Stability: Stable; strong oxidizer; may ignite combustible material; incompatible with bases, combustible materials, hydrogen peroxide, peroxy compounds, silver compounds, zinc; may decompose in water or moist air
Cosmetics ingredients functions: Bleaching; oxidising
Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR): Ammonium persulfate (7727-54-0)
InChI: 1S/2H3N.H2O8S2/c;;1-9(2,3)7-8-10(4,5)6/h2*1H3;(H,1,2,3)(H,4,5,6)
InChIKey: ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: N.N.OS(=O)(=O)OOS(O)(=O)=O
LogP: −1 (20 °C)
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is valued for its clean decomposition behavior.
When APS (Ammonium Persulfate) decomposes, it mainly produces sulfate ions and radicals, leaving minimal organic residues.
This makes it suitable for applications requiring high purity and low contamination.
In aqueous systems, APS can be activated by heat, UV light, or transition-metal ions.
Activation accelerates the formation of sulfate radicals.
These highly reactive species drive oxidation and polymerization reactions efficiently.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) shows strong oxidizing power but is more controllable than some other oxidizers.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate)s reactivity can be tuned by concentration, temperature, and additives.
This controllability is important in industrial-scale processes.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is stable during storage when kept dry and cool.
Moisture and contamination can accelerate decomposition.
For this reason, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is usually stored in tightly sealed containers.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is compatible with many aqueous polymer systems.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is especially effective in emulsion and suspension polymerization.
Its ionic nature allows uniform distribution in water-based formulations.
In electronics and materials processing, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is known for its selective oxidation behavior.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) can oxidize metals and organic residues without introducing complex byproducts.
This property is exploited in surface treatment and cleaning steps.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is also used as a source of sulfate radicals in advanced oxidation processes.
These radicals are powerful enough to break down persistent organic compounds.
This has led to interest in environmental and wastewater treatment research.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is recognized as a high-efficiency, water-soluble oxidant.
Its balance of strength, controllability, and cleanliness supports broad industrial and laboratory use.
APS (ammonium persulfate) is frequently chosen because it provides high reactivity without introducing organic contaminants.
This is especially important in applications where residue control and purity are critical.
Its inorganic nature distinguishes it from many organic radical initiators.
In polymer systems, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) allows precise control of polymer molecular weight and reaction rate.
By adjusting temperature and concentration, formulators can tailor polymer properties.
This makes it suitable for both laboratory-scale synthesis and large-scale industrial production.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) exhibits good compatibility with co-initiators and accelerators.
It is often used together with reducing agents in redox initiation systems.
Such systems enable polymerization at lower temperatures.
In surface chemistry, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) can modify surface energy and cleanliness.
It is used to activate surfaces prior to coating or bonding.
This improves adhesion and uniformity of subsequent layers.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) solutions are typically acidic, which can influence reaction environments.
This acidity must be considered when used with pH-sensitive materials.
Buffering or neutralization may be applied depending on the system.
In electrochemical and materials research, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used to generate controlled oxidative environments.
It helps study oxidation mechanisms and material degradation.
These studies support development of corrosion-resistant and functional materials.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) are strong oxidizing agents widely used in the production of metals, textiles, photographs, cellophane, rubber, adhesive papers, foods, soaps, detergents and hair bleaches.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used as a hair bleaching agent.
It may induce irritant dermatitis, contact urticaria and allergic contact dermatitis and represents a major allergen in hairdressers.
Uses Of APS (Ammonium Persulfate):
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) can be used as analytical reagents, photographic fixing agent and reducing agent.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) can be used as food preservative, oxidizing agent and initiator of high-molecular polymer.
It can be used as raw material of producting persulfate and hydrogen peroxide in chemical industry, inhibitor of polymerization organic polymer, initiator of during the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) can be used as bleaching agent in grease, soap industry.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) can also be used as corrodent in plate metals cutting eclipse and oil extraction in oil industry.
For food-grade, it can be used as modifier of wheat, brewer's yeast mildew.
The above information is edited by the chemicalbook of Wang Xiaodong.
As a source of radicals, APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is mainly used as a radical initiator in the polymerization of certain alkenes. Commercially important polymers prepared using persulfates include styrene-butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene.
In solution, the dianion dissociates into radicals: [O3SO–OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 [SO4]•−
Regarding its mechanism of action, the sulfate radical adds to the alkene to give a sulfate ester radical.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is also used along with tetramethylethylenediamine to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide in making a polyacrylamide gel, hence being important for SDS-PAGE and western blot.
As oxidizer and bleacher; to remove hypo; reducer and retarder in photography; in dyeing, manufacture of aniline dyes; oxidizer for copper; etching zinc; decolorizing and deodorizing oils; electroplating; washing infected yeast; removing pyrogallol stains; making soluble starch; depolarizer in electric batteries; In animal chemistry chiefly for detection and determination of manganese.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used in polymerization processes as a free-radical initiator.
It initiates emulsion, suspension, and solution polymerization of vinyl monomers such as acrylates, methacrylates, styrene, and acrylonitrile.
This application is fundamental in the production of synthetic polymers and resins.
In redox polymerization systems, APS is combined with reducing agents to initiate reactions at low temperatures.
This allows controlled polymerization without external heating.
Such systems are widely used in latex and hydrogel production.
APS is used in electronics and printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing as an etchant.
It selectively etches copper surfaces during circuit fabrication.
Its clean oxidation behavior makes it suitable for fine electronic patterns.
In laboratory and analytical chemistry, APS is used as a strong oxidizing agent.
It oxidizes organic compounds, metal ions, and contaminants.
This supports sample preparation and controlled oxidation reactions.
APS is applied in surface treatment and cleaning.
It removes organic residues and activates surfaces prior to coating, bonding, or functionalization.
This improves adhesion and surface performance.
In gel electrophoresis, APS is used to initiate polymerization of polyacrylamide gels.
It works together with TEMED to form stable gel matrices.
This application is essential in biochemical and molecular biology laboratories.
APS is used in environmental and wastewater treatment research.
It serves as a source of sulfate radicals in advanced oxidation processes.
These radicals degrade persistent organic pollutants.
In textile and paper industries, APS is used for bleaching and oxidative treatments.
It helps improve whiteness and cleanliness of fibers.
These applications rely on its controlled oxidizing strength.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is also used in materials science and nanotechnology.
It assists in oxidative synthesis, template removal, and surface modification.
This supports preparation of functional and porous materials.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) is used wherever strong, water-soluble oxidation or controlled radical initiation is required.
Safety Profile Of APS (Ammonium Persulfate):
Poison by intravenous and intraperitoneal routes, moderately toxic by ingestion.
A powerful oxidizer that can react vigorously with reducing agents.
Releases oxygen when heated, Mixtures with sodium peroxide are explosives sensitive to friction, heating above 75℃, or contact with CO2 or water.
Mixtures with (powdered aluminum + water) or (zinc + ammonia) are explosive. Violent reaction with iron or solutions of ammonia + silver salts.
Solution with sulfuric acid is a strong oxidzing cleaning solution.
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of SO,, NH3, and NOx.
APS (Ammonium Persulfate) presents moderate to high hazard potential due to its strong oxidizing properties.
It must be handled with care, especially in concentrated or dry solid form.
Risks are primarily associated with oxidation, irritation, and sensitization.
Skin contact may cause irritation, redness, or chemical burns, particularly with prolonged exposure or moist skin.
Repeated exposure can lead to skin sensitization in some individuals.
Protective gloves and appropriate protective clothing are recommended.
Eye contact can cause severe irritation or damage.
Symptoms may include intense pain, redness, and potential injury to eye tissues.
Immediate and thorough rinsing with plenty of water is essential, and medical attention may be required.
Inhalation of dust or aerosols may cause respiratory tract irritation.
Symptoms can include coughing, throat irritation, and shortness of breath.
Adequate ventilation and dust control measures are necessary during handling.
