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Ammonium persulfate Chemical Properties,Uses,Production
Outline: Ammonium persulfate is white, odorless single crystal, the formula is (NH4) 2S2O8, it has strong oxidation and corrosion, when heated, it decomposes easily, moisture absorption is not easy, it is soluble in water, the solubility increases in warm water, it can hydrolyze into ammonium hydrogen sulfate and hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution. The dry product has good stability, storage is easy, and it has the advantage of convenience and safety and so on. When heated to 120 °C, it can decompose, it is easily damped and it can cake in moist air. It is mainly used as an oxidizing agent and the preparation of hydrogen peroxide, potassium persulfate and other persulfate. It can be used as free initiator of polymerization reaction, particularly vinyl chloride emulsion polymerization of polymerizable compound and redox polymerization. It can be used as bleaching agent in grease, soap industry. It can be used to prepare aniline dyes and dye oxidation and electroplating industry, photographic industry and chemical analysis. For food-grade, it can be used as modifier of wheat, brewer's yeast mildew. It can be used as metal etchant, circuit board cleaning and etching, copper and aluminum surface activation, modified starch, pulp and textile bleaching at low temperature and desizing, circulating water purification treatment systems, oxidative degradation of harmful gases, low formaldehyde adhesive stick bound to accelerate, disinfectants, hair dye decolorization.

Ammonium persulfate

Structural formulas of two ammonium cations and one peroxydisulfate anion

Ammonium peroxydisulfate
Identifiers
CAS Number    
7727-54-0 

EC Number    
231-786-5
E number    E923 (glazing agents, ...)

Chemical formula    (NH4)2S2O8
Molar mass    228.18 g/mol
Appearance    white to yellowish crystals
Density    1.98 g/cm3
Melting point    120 °C (248 °F; 393 K) decomposes
Solubility in water    80 g/100 mL (25 °C)
Solubility    Moderately soluble in MeOH
Hazards
Safety data sheet    7727-54-0

Threshold limit value (TLV)    Airborne: 0.1 mg/m³ (TWA)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)    689 mg/kg (rat, oral);
2,000 mg/kg (rat, dermal);
2.95 mg/L for 4 hours (rat, inhalation)
Related compounds
Other anions    Ammonium thiosulfate
Ammonium sulfite
Ammonium sulfate
Other cations    Sodium persulfate
Potassium persulfate


Ammonium peroxydisulfate
Ammonium persulfate
AMMONIUM PERSULPHATE
Diammonium peroxodisulphate
diammonium peroxodisulphate; ammonium persulphate
Diammonium peroxydisulfate
Diammonium peroxydisulphate
Diammonium persulfate
Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), ammonium salt (1:2)
Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), diammonium salt
Peroxydisulfuric acid, diammonium salt
Persulfate d'ammonium
ammoniumpersulfaatti (fi)
Ammoniumpersulfat (de)
Ammooniumpersulfaat (et)
ammónium-perszulfát (hu)
amonija persulfāts (lv)
amonijev peroksodisulfat (sl)
amonio persulfatas (lt)
amoniu persulfat (ro)
amónium-persulfát (sk)
diammoniumperoksodisulfaatti (fi)
diammoniumperoksodisulfat (no)
diammoniumperoxodisulfaat (nl)
diammoniumperoxodisulfat (da)
Diammooniumperoksodisulfaat (et)
diammónium-peroxodiszulfát (hu)
diamonija peroksidisulfāts (lv)
diamonijev peroksodisulfat (hr)
diamonio peroksodisulfatas (lt)
diamoniu peroxodisulfat (ro)
diamonium-peroxodisulfát (cs)
nadtlenodisiarczan(VI) diamonu (pl)
peroksodisiarczan(VI) diamonu (pl)
perossodisolfato di diammonio (it)
peroxodissulfato de diamónio (pt)
peroxodisulfate de diammonium; persulfate d'ammonium (fr)
peroxodisulfato de diamonio (es)
peroxodisíran amonný (cs)
peroxodisíran amónny (sk)
Υπερθειικο αμμώνιο (el)
υπεροξοδιθειικό διαμμώνιο (el)
амониев персулфат (bg)
диамониев пероксoдисулфат (bg)
Diammonium persulfate
Diammonium peroxydisulfate
Diammonium salt

CAS names
Peroxydisulfuric acid ([(HO)S(O)2]2O2), ammonium salt (1:2)

IUPAC names: (NH4)2-peroxodisulfat
Ammonium Peroxodisulfate [for Electrophoresis]
ammoniumpersulphate
Diammonium [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl-]oxidanide
Diammonium [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide
diammonium {[(oxidooxy)sulfonyl]oxy}sulfonate
diammonium-peroxodisulphate-
diazanium sufonatooxy sulfate
diazanium sulfonatooxy sulfate
diazanium;sulfonatooxy sulfate

Trade names
ammonium peroxodisulfate
APS
diammonium peroxodisulfate
Index Number
398469-95-9
Other
CAS number
7727-54-0

Infobox references
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8. It is a colourless (white) salt that is highly soluble in water, much more so than the related 
potassium salt. It is a strong oxidizing agent that is used in polymer chemistry, as an etchant, and as a cleaning and bleaching agent.

The dissolution of the salt in water is an endothermic process.
Preparation
Ammonium persulfate is prepared by electrolysis of a cold concentrated solution of either ammonium sulfate or ammonium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density.
The method was first described by Hugh Marshall.

Uses
As an oxidizing agent and a source of radicals, APS finds many commercial applications.

Salts of sulfate are mainly used as radical initiators in the polymerization of certain alkenes. Commercially important polymers prepared using persulfates include styrene-butadiene 
rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene. In solution, the dianion dissociates to give radicals:[4]

[O3SO–OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 [SO4]•−
The sulfate radical adds to the alkene to give a sulfate ester radical. It is also used along with tetramethylethylenediamine to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide in making
 a polyacrylamide gel, hence being important for SDS-PAGE and western blot.

Illustrative of its powerful oxidizing properties, it is used to etch copper on printed circuit boards as an alternative to ferric chloride solution.[5] This property was discovered
 many years ago. In 1908, John William Turrentine used a dilute ammonium persulfate solution to etch copper. Turrentine weighed copper spirals before placing the copper spirals into
 the ammonium persulfate solution for an hour. After an hour, the spirals were weighed again and the amount of copper dissolved by ammonium persulfate was recorded. This experiment 
was extended to other metals such as nickel, cadmium, and iron, all of which yielded similar results.The oxidation equation is thus: S2O2−8 (aq) +  e− → 2 SO2−4 (aq).

Ammonium persulfate is a standard ingredient in hair bleach.

Persulfates are used as oxidants in organic chemistry.For example, in the Minisci reaction.

Safety
Airborne dust containing ammonium persulfate may be irritating to eye, nose, throat, lung and skin upon contact. Exposure to high levels of dust may cause difficulty in breathing.

It has been noted that persulfate salts are a major cause of asthmatic effects in women.Furthermore, it has been suggested that exposure to ammonium persulfate can cause asthmatic effects 
in hair dressers and receptionists working in the hairdressing industry. These asthmatic effects are proposed to be caused by the oxidation of cysteine residues, as well as methionine 
residues.

Ammonium persulfate 
Diammonium peroxodisulphate
[(Sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxydanide de diammonium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
231-786-5 [EINECS]
7727-54-0 [RN]
ammonium peroxodisulfate
Ammonium peroxydisulfate
ammonium peroxydisulphate
ammonium persulphate
APS
Diammonium [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Diammonium peroxodisulfate
Diammonium peroxydisulfate
Diammonium peroxydisulphate
DIAMMONIUM PERSULFATE
Diammonium persulphate
Diammonium-[(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanid [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
MFCD00003390 [MDL number]
Persulfate d'ammonium [French]
SE0350000
[7727-54-0]
398469-95-9 [RN]
ACS, 98.0%
ammonium per sulfate
Ammonium persulfate [UN1444] [oxidizer]
Ammonium persulfate [UN1444] [Oxidizer]
Ammonium persulfate, ACS reagent
Ammonium persulphate [UN1444] [Oxidizer]
ammoniumpersulfate
azane; sulfooxy hydrogen sulfate
diammonium O-(sulfonatoperoxysulfonyl)oxidanidolate
diammonium O-[(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanidolate
diammonium sulfato sulfate
diammonium sulfonatooxy sulfate
diammonium[(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide
diazanium and sulfonatooxy sulfate
diazanium sulfonatooxy sulfate
diazanium;sulfonatooxy sulfate
EINECS 231-786-5
O-[(sulfoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanol diamine
Peroxydisulfuric acid
Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), ammonium salt (1:2)
Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), diammonium salt
peroxydisulfuric acid diamine
Peroxydisulfuric acid, diammonium salt
过硫酸铵 [Chinese]
Ammonium persulfate
7727-54-0
Ammonium peroxydisulfate
Diammonium peroxydisulfate
Diammonium peroxodisulphate
Diammonium persulfate
Ammonium peroxodisulfate
Ammoniumpersulfate
Diammonium peroxydisulphate
Persulfate d'ammonium [French]
PEROXYDISULFURIC ACID, DIAMMONIUM SALT
EINECS 231-786-5
Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), diammonium salt
Ammonium persulfate, 98%, extra pure
Ammonium persulfate, 98+%, ACS reagent
Persulfate d'ammonium
HSDB 7985
Ammonium persulfate, 99+%, for molecular biology, DNAse, RNAse and Protease free
ammonium persuiphate
ammonium per sulphate
ammonium peroxidisulfate
ammonium persulphate-d8
ACMC-209shx
Ammonium peroxydisulphate
Ammonium persulfate [UN1444] [Oxidizer]
CAS-7727-54-0
DB-056201
Ammonium persulfate [UN1444] [Oxidizer]
diammonium [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide
Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), ammonium salt (1:2)

Ammonium persulfate Chemical Properties,Uses,Production
Outline: Ammonium persulfate is white, odorless single crystal, the formula is (NH4) 2S2O8, it has strong oxidation and corrosion, when heated, it decomposes easily, moisture absorption is not easy, it is soluble in water, the solubility increases in warm water, it can hydrolyze into ammonium hydrogen sulfate and hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution. The dry product has good stability, storage is easy, and it has the advantage of convenience and safety and so on. When heated to 120 °C, it can decompose, it is easily damped and it can cake in moist air. It is mainly used as an oxidizing agent and the preparation of hydrogen peroxide, potassium persulfate and other persulfate. It can be used as free initiator of polymerization reaction, particularly vinyl chloride emulsion polymerization of polymerizable compound and redox polymerization. It can be used as bleaching agent in grease, soap industry. It can be used to prepare aniline dyes and dye oxidation and electroplating industry, photographic industry and chemical analysis. For food-grade, it can be used as modifier of wheat, brewer's yeast mildew. It can be used as metal etchant, circuit board cleaning and etching, copper and aluminum surface activation, modified starch, pulp and textile bleaching at low temperature and desizing, circulating water purification treatment systems, oxidative degradation of harmful gases, low formaldehyde adhesive stick bound to accelerate, disinfectants, hair dye decolorization.
Ammonium persulfate is non-flammable, but it can release of oxygen, so it has the role of combustion-supporting, storage environment must be dry and clean, and well-ventilated. People should pay attention to moisture and rain, it should not be transported in rain. Keep away from fire, heat and direct sunlight. It should keep sealed packaging, clear and intact labels. It should be stored separately with flammable or combustible materials, organic compounds, as well as rust, a small amount of metal, and other reducing substances, it should avoid be mixed to prevent the decomposition of ammonium persulfate and cause explosion.
Chemical properties: It is colorless monoclinic crystal or white crystalline powder. It is soluble in water, the solubility is 58.2g/100ml water at 0℃.
Uses
It can be used as analytical reagents, photographic fixing agent and reducing agent.
It can be used as food preservative, oxidizing agent and initiator of high-molecular polymer.
It can be used as raw material of producting persulfate and hydrogen peroxide in chemical industry, inhibitor of polymerization organic polymer, initiator of during the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer. It can be used as bleaching agent in grease, soap industry. It can also be used as corrodent in plate metals cutting eclipse and oil extraction in oil industry. For food-grade, it can be used as modifier of wheat, brewer's yeast mildew.
It can be used for flour modifier (Limited ≤0.3g/kg, the Japanese standard, 1999); Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungicide (limit 0.1%, FAO/WHO, 1984).
The above information is edited by the chemicalbook of Wang Xiaodong.
Production methods: It can be derived by the electrolysis of ammonium sulfate and dilute sulfuric acid and then crystallized.
Electrolytic process Ammonium sulfate and sulfuric acid formulates to form liquid electrolyte, it is decontaminated by electrolysis, HSO4-can discharge and generate peroxydisulfate acidat in the anode, and then reacts with ammonium sulfate to generate ammonium persulfate, ammonium persulfate goes through filtration, crystallization, centrifugal separation, drying to get ammonium persulfate product when the content reaches a certain concentration in the anode.
Anode reaction: 2HSO4--2e → H2S2O8
Cathodic reaction: 2H ++ 2e → H2 ↑
(NH4) 2S2O4 + H2S2O8 → (NH4) 2S2O8 + H2SO4
Category
Oxidant
Toxicity grading
Mid toxicity.
Acute oral toxicity
Rat LD50: 689 mg/kg; intraperitoneal-rat LD50: 226 mg/kg.
Explosive hazardous characteristics
It is strong oxidant, it can explode when mixed with reducing agent, sulfur, phosphorus etc; it can explode when be heated, impacted, and meet fire.
Flammability hazard characteristics
It can decompose of oxygen when high heat; it can generate toxic nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and ammonia fumes when heated.
Storage characteristics
Treasury should have ventilation and low-temperature drying; loading and unloading should be light; it should be stored separately with organic matter, reducing agents, sulfur, phosphorus combustibles.
Extinguishing agent
Mist of water, sand.
Professional standards
TWA 2 mg/m3.
Description
Persulfates are strong oxidizing agents widely used in the production of metals, textiles, photographs, cellophane, rubber, adhesive papers, foods, soaps, detergents and hair bleaches. Ammonium persulfate is used as a hair bleaching agent. It may induce irritant dermatitis, contact urticaria and allergic contact dermatitis and represents a major allergen in hairdressers.
Chemical Properties: Ammonium persulfate is a colorless or white crystalline solid.
Chemical Properties: Off-white crystalline powder
Uses
Used for detection and determination of manganese and iron.
Uses: As oxidizer and bleacher; to remove hypo; reducer and retarder in photography; in dyeing, manufacture of aniline dyes; oxidizer for copper; etching zinc; decolorizing and deodorizing oils; electroplating; washing infected yeast; removing pyrogallol stains; making soluble starch; depolarizer in electric batteries; In animal chemistry chiefly for detection and determination of manganese.
Uses: Ammonium Persulfate is a bleaching agent for food starch that is used up to 0.075% and with sulfur dioxide up to 0.05%.
General Description
A white crystalline solid. A strong oxidizing agent. Does not burn readily, but may cause spontaneous ignition of organic materials. Used as a bleaching agent and as a food preservative.
Air & Water Reactions
Soluble in water.
Reactivity Profile: Ammonium persulfate is a potent oxidizing agent. A powdered mixture with aluminum and water can explode [NFPA 491M 1991]. A mixture with sodium peroxide will explode if subjected to friction (crushing in a mortar), heating, or if a stream of carbon dioxide is passed over Ammonium persulfate [Mellor 10:464 1946-47]. Acidic solutions dissolve iron violently, [Mellor, 1947, Vol. 10, 470].
Hazard: Fire risk in contact with reducers.
Health Hazard: Inhalation produces slight toxic effects. Contact with dust irritates eyes and causes skin rash.
Contact allergens: Persulfates are strong oxidizing agents widely used in the production of metals, textiles, photographs, cellophane, rubber, adhesive papers, foods, soaps, detergents, and hair bleaches. Ammonium persulfate is used as a hair bleaching agent. It may induce irritant dermatitis, (mainly) nonimmunologic contact urticaria, and allergic contact dermatitis and represents a major allergen in hairdressers. People reacting to ammonium persulfate also react to other persulfates such as potassium persulfate.
Safety Profile: Poison by intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. A powerful oxidizer that can react vigorously with reducing agents. Releases oxygen when heated. Mxtures with sodium peroxide are explosives sensitive to friction, heating above 75℃, or contact with CO2 or water. Mixtures with (powdered aluminum + water) or (zinc + ammonia) are explosive. Violent reaction with iron or solutions of ammonia + silver salts. Solution with sulfuric acid is a strong oxidzing cleaning solution. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of SO,, NH3, and NOx.
Potential Exposure: It is used as a bleaching agent, in photographic chemicals, and to make dyes. It is also used as an ingredient of polymerization catalysts.
Shipping
UN1444 Ammonium persulfate, Hazard Class: 5.1; Labels: 5.1-Oxidizer
Purification Methods
Recrystallise it at room temperature from EtOH/water. It gradually loses NH3 on exposure to air. Its solubility is 0.5g/mL at 20o, and 2g/mL at 100o.
Incompatibilities
Decomposes in water and moist air, forming oxygen gas. A strong oxidizer; reacts with reducing agents; organic and combustible materials. Incompatible with heat, sodium peroxide (produces a friction-, heat-, and water-sensitive explosive); aluminum powder.
Waste Disposal
May be treated with large volumes of water, neutralized and flushed to sewer. This applies to small quantities only.
APAPSAMMONIUM PEROXODISULFATEAMMONIUM PEROXODISULPHATEAMMONIUM PEROXYDISULFATEAMMONIUM PEROXYDISULPHATEAMMONIUM PERSULFATEAMMONIUM PERSULFATE, POUCHESAMMONIUM PERSULPHATEPEROXIDISULFURIC ACIDPERdiammoniumperoxydisulfatediammoniumperoxydisulphatediammoniumpersulfateAmmonium persulfate Ammonium peroxodisulfateAmmonium persulfate, Molecular Biology Grade Ammonium peroxodisulfate, Molecular Biology Gradediammonium peroxodisulphateAmmonium persuifateAmmonium Persulfate Ammonium peroxydisulfate Diammonium peroxydisulphateAMMONIUM PERSULFATE REAGENT GRADE 98%AMMONIUM PERSULFATE MOLECULAR BIOLOGYREA GENTAMMONIUM PEROXODISULFATE, ACSAMMONIUM PEROXODISULFATE, FOR MOLECULAR BIOLOGYAMMONIUM PERSULFATE, REAGENTPLUS, 99.99+ %AMMONIUM PERSULFATE SIGMAULTRAAMMONIUM PERSULFATE 98+% A.C.S. REAGE&AMMONIUM PEROXODISULFATE EXTRA PUREAMMONIUM PERSULFATE 150 MG CAPSULESMOLEC ULAR BIOLOAMMONIUM PERSULFATE ELECTROPHORESISREAGE NTAMMONIUM PERSULFATE ACS REAGENTAMMONIUM PERSULFATE, 98+%, A.C.S. REAGEN TAMMONIUM PEROXODISULFATE R. G., REAG. AC S, REAG. PH. EUR.persulphuric acidAmmoniumPersulphateGrAmmoniumPersulphate,MolBiologyGradeAmmoniumPersulphateExtraPureAmmoniumPersulphateArAmmoniumPersulphateAcsAmmoniumPersulphate99%MinAmmoniumPersuflateAcsReagentAmmonium persulfate, 98%, extra pureAmmonium persulfate, 99+%, dnase, rnase and protease free, for molecular biologyAmmonium persulfate, 98+%, for analysis ACSAmmonium persulfate, DNAse, RNAse and Protease free, for molecular biologyAmmonium persulfate, for analysis ACSPeroxodisulfuric acid diammonium saltPersulfuric acid ammonium saltAmmonium Peroxydisulfate, CrystalAMMONIUM PERSULFATEANALYTICAL GRADEAmmonium persulfate,AP, APS, Ammonium peroxodisulfate, Ammonium peroxydisulfate, PERAmmonium peroxodisulfate, molecular biology gradeAmmonium peroxodisulfate/ 98+%AMMONIUM PERSULFATE, REAGENT (ACS) (Ammonium Peroxydisulfate)Ammonium Peroxydisulfate,APAMMoniuM Peroxydisulfate, Crystal, Electrophoresis GradeAMMoniuM Persulfate, GR ACSAMMoniuM Persulfate, OMniPur(R)OMniPur(R) AMMoniuM Persulfate, Pouches

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