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ARADUR 22 is a curing agent (hardener) used in epoxy resin systems, belonging to the family of amine-based epoxy curing agents.
ARADUR 22 is designed to react with epoxy resins to form highly crosslinked thermoset polymer networks.
ARADUR 22 and epoxy compounds improves mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and dimensional stability.
CAS Number: 1477-55-0
Molecular Formula: C8H12N2
Molecular Weight: 136.19
EINECS Number: 216-032-5
Synonyms: m-Xylylenediamine, 1477-55-0, 1,3-BENZENEDIMETHANAMINE, 1,3-Bis(aminomethyl)benzene, 1,3-Xylylenediamine, m-Xylylendiamin, m-Phenylenebis(methylamine), Methylamine, m-phenylenebis-, alpha,alpha'-Diamino-m-xylene, m-Xylene-alpha,alpha'-diamine, 1,3-Bis-aminomethylbenzen, 3-(Aminomethyl)benzylamine, Epilink MX, m-Xylylendiamin [Czech], DTXSID9029649, m-Xylene-alpha,alpha'-diamine, NSC 61568, CCRIS 6681, HSDB 6257, 1,3-Bis-aminomethylbenzen [Czech], EINECS 216-032-5, 1E84B9YLJD, 1,3-Benzenebis(methylamine), BRN 1099911, AI3-25033, alpha,alpha'-m-Xylenediamine, alpha,alpha'-Diamino-m-xylene, NSC-61568, XYLENEDIAMINE, M-, DTXCID909649, EC 216-032-5, 1,3-BENZENEDIMETHANAMINE [HSDB], M-XYLYLENDIAMIN (CZECH), Euredur 22, 1,3-BIS-AMINOMETHYLBENZEN (CZECH), mXylylendiamin, mXylylenediamine, m-Xylene alpha,alpha'-diamine, 1,3Xylylenediamine, 1,3benzenedimethanamine, 1,3Bisaminomethylbenzen, RefChem:413720, alpha,alpha'Diaminomxylene, Methylamine, mphenylenebis, mPhenylenebis(methylamine), mXylenealpha,alpha'diamine, 1,3-bis-aminomethylbenzene, 1,3bis(aminomethyl)benzene, mXylene alpha,alpha'diamine, alpha,alpha'-m-Xylenediamine, ALPHA-ALPHA'-DIAMINO-3-XYLENE, m-Xylene-alpha,alpha'-diamine (8CI), M-(ALPHA,ALPHA'-DIAMINO)XYLENE, m-Xylene alpha,alpha'-diamine (ACGIH), M-(.ALPHA.,.ALPHA.'-DIAMINO)XYLENE, 216-032-5, 1,3-phenylenedimethanamine, [3-(aminomethyl)phenyl]methanamine, MXDA, m-Xylene Diamine, MFCD00008119, 1,3-Xylenediamine, [3-(aminomethyl)phenyl]methylamine, CAS-1477-55-0, UNII-1E84B9YLJD, m-Diaminoxylene, m-Xylylene amine, meta-xylenediamine, metaxylylenediamine, m-xylylene diamine, metaxylylene diamine, m-Xylylenediamine 99%, m-(aminomethyl)benzylamine, m-Xylylenediamine (MXDA), SCHEMBL36008, (1,3-Phenylene)dimethanamine, 3-(Aminomethyl)benzylamine, aminomethyl-3-aminomethylbenzene, CHEMBL384146, SCHEMBL2096248, SCHEMBL4987538, SCHEMBL27718091, SCHEMBL27972897, SCHEMBL28087459, FDLQZKYLHJJBHD-UHFFFAOYSA, NSC61568, Tox21_200766, Tox21_303362, SBB056801, AKOS000119451, MSK001219-1000A, NCGC00248826-01, NCGC00257445-01, NCGC00258320-01, AC-11133, LS-13448, NS00001643, ST50981605, EN300-20441, F71376, F228080, doi:10.14272/FDLQZKYLHJJBHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N.1, m-Xylylenediamine Solution in Acetonitrile 1000ug/mL, Q15726051, 1,3-Benzenebis(methylamine) 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, InChI=1/C8H12N2/c9-5-7-2-1-3-8(4-7)6-10/h1-4H,5-6,9-10H2, LABOTEST-BB LT00053687;1,3-BIS(AMINOMETHYL)BENZENE;ALPHA,ALPHA'-DIAMINO-M-XYLENE;RARECHEM AL BW 0017;OMEGA,OMEGA'-DIAMINO-M-XYLENE;M-XYLENE-ALPHA,ALPHA'-DIAMINE;M-XYLENE-A,A'-DIAMINE;M-XYLYLENE-ALPHA,ALPHA'-DIAMINE
ARADUR 22 is an amine-based hardener developed for use with epoxy resin formulations requiring controlled curing behavior and good final material performance.
The active amine groups react with epoxy functional groups through ring-opening reactions.
ARADUR 22 reaction creates a three-dimensional polymer network responsible for the hardness and durability of cured epoxy materials.
ARADUR 22 belongs to the ARADUR® product family developed by Huntsman Advanced Materials for epoxy resin curing applications.
These products are formulated to provide specific curing characteristics depending on the epoxy system and processing requirements.
ARADUR 22 is designed to provide balanced curing performance and reliable mechanical properties.
ARADUR 22 contains reactive nitrogen-based functional groups that enable chemical crosslinking with epoxy resins.
The amine functionality acts as a nucleophile that attacks epoxy rings during the curing process.
ARADUR 22 reaction converts low-molecular-weight resin components into a solid, crosslinked thermoset structure.
ARADUR 22 is typically supplied as a liquid curing component that can be mixed with epoxy resin before processing.
The mixing ratio and curing conditions depend on the specific epoxy resin system being used.
Proper formulation control is important to achieve complete curing and consistent material properties.
ARADUR 22 provides controlled curing characteristics compared with highly reactive amine hardeners.
Its formulation allows manufacturers to balance processing time, handling properties, and final mechanical performance.
ARADUR 22 makes it suitable for epoxy systems where controlled reaction behavior is required.
ARADUR 22 contributes to the formation of rigid epoxy networks with improved mechanical stability.
The crosslinked structure provides resistance against deformation under mechanical loading.
The final properties depend on the epoxy resin type, curing temperature, and formulation composition.
ARADUR 22 reacts with epoxy groups through an exothermic curing reaction.
Heat is released during the formation of chemical bonds between the resin and hardener components.
Large-volume curing processes require temperature control to avoid excessive heat accumulation.
ARADUR 22 is compatible with many standard epoxy resin systems used for thermoset material production.
Its chemical structure allows integration into different epoxy formulations depending on desired performance requirements.
The final cured material properties depend strongly on resin selection and curing conditions.
ARADUR 22 contributes to epoxy materials with good adhesion, toughness, and resistance to environmental conditions.
The crosslinked polymer network improves the stability of cured materials compared with uncured resin systems.
ARADUR 22 an important component in high-performance epoxy formulations.
ARADUR 22 curing behavior is influenced by factors such as temperature, humidity, mixing ratio, and resin chemistry.
Incorrect formulation conditions may result in incomplete curing or reduced material performance.
Controlled processing is therefore important for achieving reliable results.
ARADUR 22 requires proper storage because reactive amine compounds can be affected by contamination and environmental exposure.
The material should generally be kept in sealed containers under suitable storage conditions.
Protection from moisture and incompatible chemicals helps maintain product quality.
ARADUR 22 is an important epoxy curing component because it transforms liquid epoxy formulations into durable thermoset materials.
Its amine-based chemistry provides the crosslinking reactions necessary for epoxy network formation.
ARADUR 22 a significant material in epoxy resin technology.**
ARADUR 22 is a reactive epoxy curing component that determines the structure and performance of the final cured epoxy material.
The curing agent participates directly in the formation of chemical bonds between epoxy molecules, creating a permanent crosslinked network.
The density and arrangement of this network strongly influence the mechanical and thermal properties of the cured system.
ARADUR 22 contains active amine functionalities that react with epoxy groups through nucleophilic ring-opening reactions.
During this reaction, the strained three-membered epoxy rings are opened and converted into stable covalent bonds.
This process continues until a highly interconnected polymer structure is formed.
ARADUR 22 contributes to the dimensional stability of epoxy systems by reducing molecular movement after curing.
The crosslinked structure restricts chain mobility and decreases deformation under external stress.
This characteristic is important for materials requiring long-term shape retention.
ARADUR 22 influences the curing kinetics of epoxy systems by controlling the rate at which epoxy groups are consumed.
The reaction speed affects processing time, gelation behavior, and final network formation.
Careful selection of curing conditions allows optimization of both processing and material properties.
ARADUR 22 can affect the toughness of epoxy materials by controlling the balance between rigidity and energy absorption.
The chemical structure of the curing agent influences how cracks initiate and propagate within the polymer network.
ARADUR 22 the choice of hardener important for achieving the desired mechanical behavior.
Flash point: >230 °F
storage temp.: 2-8°C, protect from light
solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
form: Liquid
pka: 9.37±0.10(Predicted)
color: Clear slightly yellow
Viscosity: 6.78mm2/s
Water Solubility: Miscible
BRN: 1099911
InChI: 1S/C8H12N2/c9-5-7-2-1-3-8(4-7)6-10/h1-4H,5-6,9-10H2
InChIKey: FDLQZKYLHJJBHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: NCc1cccc(CN)c1
LogP: 0.18 at 25℃
ARADUR 22 acts as a curing agent.
ARADUR 22 is a BzOH-free grade.
ARADUR 22 is an aliphatic polyamine grade.
ARADUR 22 exhibits low-viscosity, predominantly good adhesion to concrete and sand-blasted steel.
ARADUR 22 offers very good mechanical properties and generally good resistance to chemical.
ARADUR 22 is applicable in adhesives.
ARADUR 22 is a multifunctional epoxy curing agent designed to provide efficient crosslinking of epoxy resins through amine–epoxy reactions.
The active hydrogen atoms on the amine groups react with epoxy rings, creating strong covalent bonds within the polymer structure.
ARADUR 22 crosslinking process converts the initially liquid resin system into a rigid and durable thermoset material.
ARADUR 22 is based on amine chemistry, which is one of the most widely used curing technologies for epoxy resin systems.
Amine-based hardeners are known for their ability to cure epoxy resins at relatively moderate temperatures.
The specific amine structure determines curing speed, final hardness, toughness, and resistance properties.
ARADUR 22 provides a balance between processing characteristics and final cured material properties.
Its formulation is designed to provide sufficient working time while still achieving effective network formation during curing.
ARADUR 22 is important in applications where both processing flexibility and mechanical performance are required.
ARADUR 22 participates in step-growth polymerization reactions during epoxy curing.
Unlike chain-growth polymerization, the network forms through repeated reactions between epoxy groups and amine functionalities.
The resulting three-dimensional structure determines the strength and stability of the final epoxy material.
ARADUR 22 influences the glass transition temperature (Tg) of cured epoxy systems depending on the resin formulation and curing conditions.
Higher crosslink density generally increases thermal resistance and dimensional stability.
The final Tg depends on the ratio between epoxy resin and curing agent as well as post-curing conditions.
ARADUR 22 contributes to improved mechanical properties in cured epoxy systems by forming a dense polymer network.
The crosslinked structure can provide improved hardness, strength, and resistance to mechanical deformation.
The exact performance depends on the selected epoxy resin and formulation design.
ARADUR 22 has reactive amine groups that can interact with epoxy molecules until the curing reaction is completed.
During curing, these reactive sites become part of the polymer network and are no longer freely available.
This transformation is responsible for the change from a liquid formulation to a solid thermoset material.
ARADUR 22 curing performance depends strongly on temperature because reaction rates increase as temperature rises.
Higher curing temperatures can accelerate network formation and improve final material properties through additional crosslinking.
However, excessive temperature may cause uncontrolled exothermic reactions or processing difficulties.
ARADUR 22 can influence the flexibility and toughness of epoxy materials depending on the crosslink density achieved.
Highly crosslinked systems generally provide higher rigidity, while lower crosslink density can increase flexibility.
The final balance between hardness and toughness is controlled through formulation adjustments.
ARADUR 22 is designed to provide reliable curing behavior in epoxy formulations where consistent material quality is required.
The chemical structure of the curing agent affects reaction uniformity and long-term stability of the cured polymer.
ARADUR 22 formulation accuracy important during industrial processing.
ARADUR 22 can interact with environmental factors such as moisture during storage and curing.
Amine-based curing agents may absorb moisture from the atmosphere, which can influence appearance and curing performance.
Proper storage conditions help maintain consistent chemical properties.
ARADUR 22 requires accurate mixing with epoxy resin because incorrect stoichiometric ratios can affect the final polymer network.
Too much or too little curing agent may leave unreacted functional groups or reduce mechanical performance.
Controlled formulation is therefore necessary to achieve optimum curing results.
ARADUR 22 is chemically different from an epoxy resin because it does not form the polymer network alone.
ARADUR 22 acts as the reactive component that enables epoxy resin molecules to connect with each other.
The combination of resin and curing agent determines the final characteristics of the cured material.
ARADUR 22 can contribute to improved chemical resistance in cured epoxy systems because the crosslinked network reduces molecular mobility.
A highly connected polymer structure limits penetration of many chemicals and solvents.
The final resistance depends on the complete epoxy formulation and curing conditions.
ARADUR 22 is an important material in epoxy technology because curing agents determine the performance of the final thermoset polymer.
The choice of hardener affects processing behavior, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and durability.
ARADUR 22 plays a key role in controlling the characteristics of epoxy-based materials.**
ARADUR 22 contributes to adhesion properties in cured epoxy materials because the formed network can strongly interact with many substrates.
The polar groups within epoxy systems allow interaction with surfaces through chemical and physical bonding mechanisms.
This improves the reliability of bonded structures.
ARADUR 22 participates in the formation of thermosetting polymers that cannot be remelted after complete curing.
The permanent crosslinked structure prevents the material from flowing when reheated.
This distinguishes epoxy thermosets from many thermoplastic materials.
ARADUR 22 affects the viscosity and processing behavior of uncured epoxy formulations.
The physical properties of the resin–hardener mixture influence mixing, application, and manufacturing processes.
Proper formulation is necessary to achieve uniform curing throughout the material.
ARADUR 22 can be used in combination with epoxy resins containing different functionalities to adjust final polymer properties.
Different resin structures produce variations in hardness, flexibility, thermal resistance, and chemical stability.
The interaction between resin and curing agent determines the overall performance of the cured material.
ARADUR 22 contributes to the long-term stability of epoxy networks by forming chemically stable crosslinks.
These bonds reduce the ability of polymer chains to move or degrade under normal service conditions.
This improves the durability of the final material.
ARADUR 22 curing reactions are affected by stoichiometric balance between epoxy groups and amine groups.
The correct ratio ensures that reactive sites are effectively consumed during network formation.
An imbalance may lead to incomplete curing or changes in mechanical performance.
ARADUR 22 can influence the surface characteristics of cured epoxy materials because crosslink density affects hardness and chemical interactions.
A highly developed network generally provides a more resistant and stable surface.
The final surface properties depend on formulation composition and curing conditions.
ARADUR 22 has chemical characteristics typical of amine-based epoxy hardeners, including reactivity toward epoxide groups and sensitivity to formulation conditions.
These characteristics allow controlled transformation from a liquid resin mixture into a solid polymer structure.
This makes it an important component in epoxy material design.
ARADUR 22 requires controlled environmental conditions during processing because temperature and humidity can influence curing behavior.
External conditions may affect reaction speed, surface quality, and final polymer properties.
Uses Of ARADUR 22:
ARADUR 22 is used as a curing agent for epoxy resin systems where a strong and durable thermoset structure is required.
It reacts with epoxy resins to form crosslinked polymer networks with improved mechanical and chemical stability.
This makes it an important component in two-component epoxy formulations.
ARADUR 22 is used in the formulation of structural epoxy materials because it provides efficient crosslinking of epoxy resins.
The cured systems can achieve high strength, dimensional stability, and resistance to environmental conditions.
This makes it suitable for applications requiring reliable long-term performance.
ARADUR 22 is used in epoxy adhesives to improve bonding performance between different materials.
The cured epoxy network provides strong adhesion and resistance against mechanical stress.
ARADUR 22 useful in high-performance bonding formulations.
ARADUR 22 is used in epoxy coatings where chemical resistance and surface durability are required.
The curing reaction creates a dense polymer network that improves hardness and protective performance.
ARADUR 22 suitable for protective coating formulations.
ARADUR 22 is used in composite material production as a hardener component for epoxy matrices.
It enables the formation of rigid polymer networks that bind reinforcement materials within the composite structure.
This makes it important in fiber-reinforced epoxy composite systems.
ARADUR 22 is used in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) systems to cure epoxy resin matrices.
The cured epoxy provides mechanical support and effective load transfer between reinforcing fibers.
ARADUR 22 makes it valuable in lightweight high-strength composite materials.
ARADUR 22 is used in glass fiber reinforced composites to improve matrix performance.
The epoxy network formed during curing provides adhesion between the resin phase and reinforcement fibers.
This improves the mechanical integrity of composite structures.
ARADUR 22 is used in industrial repair materials based on epoxy technology.
Its curing ability allows the production of strong repair compounds with good mechanical stability.
This makes it useful for maintenance and restoration applications.
ARADUR 22 is used in casting and encapsulation epoxy systems where a solid protective polymer structure is required.
The cured epoxy can provide mechanical protection and resistance against environmental exposure.
This makes it suitable for protective encapsulation formulations.
ARADUR 22 is used in electrical and electronic epoxy systems where insulation and mechanical protection are needed.
The cured epoxy network provides dimensional stability and resistance to environmental stress.
This makes it useful in electronic protection materials.
ARADUR 22 is used in tooling and mold-making epoxy systems because it provides a rigid and stable cured structure.
The resulting materials can maintain their shape under repeated mechanical loading.
This makes it suitable for producing durable tools and models.
ARADUR 22 is used in industrial flooring systems based on epoxy resins.
The cured coating provides hardness, wear resistance, and chemical durability.
ARADUR 22 useful in protective floor formulations.
ARADUR 22 is used in marine and industrial epoxy systems where resistance to moisture and harsh environments is required.
The crosslinked epoxy structure helps improve durability under demanding conditions.
ARADUR 22 makes it suitable for specialized protective materials.
ARADUR 22 is used in epoxy-based laminates where controlled curing and mechanical performance are important.
The hardener contributes to the formation of stable layered composite structures.
This makes it useful in laminate production.
ARADUR 22 is used in research and development of advanced epoxy formulations.
It is evaluated in combination with different epoxy resins, fillers, and modifiers to optimize material properties.
This makes it relevant in polymer and composite material development.
ARADUR 22 is used in applications requiring a balance between processing behavior and final cured performance.
ARADUR 22s curing characteristics allow formulation designers to adjust working time and material properties.
This makes it a versatile component in epoxy resin technologies.
ARADUR 22 is used in epoxy-based composite manufacturing where high-performance polymer matrices are required.
ARADUR 22 enables the conversion of liquid epoxy formulations into rigid crosslinked networks that provide mechanical support.
This makes it suitable for composite structures requiring controlled strength and durability.
ARADUR 22 is used in fiber-reinforced polymer systems to improve the mechanical connection between resin and reinforcement materials.
The cured epoxy matrix transfers applied loads effectively between reinforcing fibers.
ARADUR 22 improves the structural performance of composite components.
ARADUR 22 is used in epoxy resin formulations for protective barrier materials.
The cured network provides resistance against moisture penetration, chemical exposure, and mechanical wear.
ARADUR 22 useful in materials designed for long-term protection.
ARADUR 22 is used in adhesive formulations where strong structural bonding is required.
The epoxy–hardener reaction produces a rigid adhesive layer with good load-bearing capability.
This makes it suitable for bonding applications involving metals, composites, ceramics, and other substrates.
ARADUR 22 is used in epoxy repair compounds because it provides reliable curing and mechanical stability.
The resulting polymer network helps restore damaged surfaces and components.
ARADUR 22 suitable for repair formulations requiring strong adhesion and durability.
ARADUR 22 is used in epoxy resin systems containing fillers and modifiers to create tailored material properties.
The curing reaction allows fillers such as minerals, particles, and reinforcing additives to be incorporated into a stable polymer matrix.
ARADUR 22 enables the development of customized epoxy materials.
ARADUR 22 is used in epoxy laminating systems for producing layered composite structures.
The hardener promotes complete resin conversion and improves the stability of laminated materials.
ARADUR 22 makes it suitable for producing mechanically reinforced epoxy laminates.
ARADUR 22 is used in electrical encapsulation materials where protection of sensitive components is required.
The cured epoxy provides mechanical support and resistance against environmental effects.
This makes it suitable for protective polymer systems in electronic materials.
ARADUR 22 is used in epoxy-based casting systems for producing solid polymer components.
The curing reaction allows liquid resin formulations to transform into dimensionally stable parts.
ARADUR 22 useful in applications requiring precise shape retention.
ARADUR 22 is used in epoxy tooling systems because it contributes to hardness and dimensional stability.
The resulting cured materials can maintain their geometry during repeated use.
ARADUR 22 makes it suitable for producing molds, patterns, and prototype structures.
ARADUR 22 is used in high-performance epoxy formulations where controlled crosslink density is important.
The amount and structure of crosslinking influence hardness, toughness, and thermal behavior.
ARADUR 22 allows formulation engineers to adjust final material characteristics.
ARADUR 22 is used in epoxy systems requiring good mechanical stability after curing.
The amine-based curing reaction creates a three-dimensional polymer network with reduced molecular mobility.
This improves resistance against deformation under applied stress.
ARADUR 22 is used in industrial epoxy formulations where consistent curing behavior is required.
Its compatibility with epoxy resins allows reproducible material preparation when correct formulation conditions are maintained.
This makes it valuable in controlled manufacturing processes.
ARADUR 22 is used in polymer modification studies to evaluate the influence of curing chemistry on epoxy performance.
Different resin structures and additives can be combined with the hardener to adjust final properties.
This makes it relevant in epoxy formulation development.
ARADUR 22 is used in epoxy systems designed for mechanical protection of surfaces and components.
The cured polymer layer can provide resistance against abrasion and environmental stress.
This makes it useful in durable protective material formulations.
ARADUR 22 is used in advanced thermoset polymer development because curing agents strongly influence final epoxy network characteristics.
The hardener selection affects reaction behavior, crosslink structure, and material performance.
This makes ARADUR 22 an important component in designing epoxy-based materials.
ARADUR 22 is used in combination with different epoxy resins to create materials with varying levels of hardness, flexibility, and resistance.
The final properties depend on the chemical structure of both the resin and curing agent.
This allows epoxy systems to be customized for specific performance requirements.
ARADUR 22 is used in laboratory and industrial formulation studies involving epoxy chemistry and thermoset materials.
ARADUR 22 serves as a representative amine curing agent for investigating resin–hardener interactions.
Safety Profile Of ARADUR 22:
ARADUR 22 is a reactive epoxy curing agent that may cause health hazards through skin contact, eye contact, inhalation, or accidental ingestion.
ARADUR 22s hazards are mainly associated with its amine-based chemical structure, which can cause irritation, sensitization, and corrosive effects.
This makes proper handling procedures and personal protective equipment important during use.
ARADUR 22 is hazardous to the skin because contact with the curing agent may cause irritation or allergic skin reactions.
Repeated exposure to amine-based hardeners can lead to skin sensitization, where future exposure may produce stronger reactions.
ARADUR 22-resistant gloves and protective clothing important during handling.
ARADUR 22 is hazardous to the eyes because direct contact may cause severe irritation.
Exposure can result in redness, burning sensation, tearing, and possible eye injury depending on the exposure level.
This makes safety goggles or face protection necessary during mixing and transfer operations.
ARADUR 22 is hazardous by inhalation because vapors, aerosols, or mist may irritate the respiratory system.
Exposure may cause coughing, throat irritation, breathing discomfort, or respiratory sensitization in sensitive individuals.
ARADUR 22 makes adequate ventilation important during processing and application.
ARADUR 22 is hazardous if swallowed because ingestion may cause irritation of the mouth, throat, and digestive system.
Accidental ingestion may result in discomfort, nausea, or other harmful effects associated with amine compounds.
ARADUR 22 proper labeling, storage, and prevention of accidental consumption important.
ARADUR 22 is hazardous because amine-based curing agents can cause skin sensitization after repeated exposure.
Sensitized individuals may develop allergic-type reactions even at low exposure levels.
This makes minimizing direct contact and maintaining good industrial hygiene important.
ARADUR 22 is hazardous during mixing with epoxy resins because the curing reaction is exothermic.
The reaction between epoxy groups and amine functionalities releases heat during crosslinking.
This makes temperature control important, especially when preparing large quantities.
