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ARGININE

CAS NUMBER: 74-79-3

EC NUMBER: 200-811-1

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 174.20

Arginine has been used to study non-enzymatic gluconeogenesis. 
Arginine has also been used to study the effects of Arginine supplementation on kidney and liver injury in rats with myocardial infarction.
Arginine is a dibasic, semi-essential amino acid. 
Arginine acts as a precursor for creatinine and is a natural constituent of most of the dietary proteins.
Substrate of nitric oxide synthase, which is converted to citrulline and nitric oxide (NO). 
Induces insulin release by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism.
Arginine is an amino acid that is one of the semi-essential amino acids and a certain part of it is produced by our body. 
While almost 65% of it is produced, we procure the rest from food. 
Arginine is especially abundant in foods with high protein content and meat products. 
Since the amount produced in our body is not enough, it is essential to take a certain amount of Arginine from the outside.

Arginine is a very useful amino acid indeed. 
Many studies have been done on it and it has been suggested to be used in many different diseases. 
The most important benefits of using arginine are that it increases blood circulation and flow. 
Arginine fulfills this function by expanding a vessel by turning into nitric oxide. 
This situation has many advantages. Your immune system is strengthened, fertility increases, your detox ability increases. 
Another benefit of arginine is that it causes an increase in hormone production. 
Growth hormone and insulin are the most important of these. 
These hormones increase physical performance, endurance and strength.
Studies prove that Arginine is good for suppressing inflammation and cardiovascular diseases, which is why oral arginine supplementation is the most recommended product by cardiologists. 

Oral arginine is used to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke in people at high risk of heart disease.
In addition, arginine reduces the high cholesterol value in patients, reduces the risk of congestive heart disease, and causes a decrease in endurance and heart-related chest pain(1). 
Arginine relieves chest pain by increasing the Nitric Oxide value. 
Finally, arginine causes an increase in exercise performance. 
This is especially evident in people with circulatory problems and a history of heart disease.
In addition to its heart health effects, arginine is very successful in fighting diseases caused by inflammation. 
In particular, arginine, which has the ability to reduce free radicals, has an anti-aging effect. 
Arginine achieves this effect through the mechanism of the Superoxide Dismutase enzyme. 
Generally, Arginine is used in combination with Omega 3 and Vitamin C to suppress chronic diseases and remove free radicals (2).

Arginine also regulates central nervous system and immune system functions. 
Arginine does this thanks to Nitric Oxide, which acts as a neurotransmitter and protects the brain from external influences. 
Arginine also provides benefits in some metabolic diseases and in the increase of ammonia in the blood as a result of urethral trauma, by reducing the amount of ammonia in the blood. 
Ammonia is a substance that occurs with protein breakdown in the body, causes necrosis and causes cellular destruction and inflammation.
Arginine is one of the essential amino acids. Nitric oxide, found in the body in the form of molten gas, is made from Arginine. 
Arginine helps maintain protein balance and muscle growth by converting to or working with other amino acids.
Arginine, also known as Arginine (symbol Arg or R), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. 

Arginine contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side chain consisting of a 3-carbon aliphatic straight chain ending in a guanidino group. 
At physiological pH, the carboxylic acid is deprotonated (−COO−), the amino group is protonated (−NH3+), and the guanidino group is also protonated to give the guanidinium form (-C-(NH2)2+), making arginine a charged, aliphatic amino acid. 
Arginine is the precursor for the biosynthesis of nitric oxide. 
Arginine is encoded by the codons CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG.
Arginine is classified as a semiessential or conditionally essential amino acid, depending on the developmental stage and health status of the individual. 
Preterm infants are unable to synthesize or create arginine internally, making the amino acid nutritionally essential for them. 
Most healthy people do not need to supplement with arginine because it is a component of all protein-containing foods and can be synthesized in the body from glutamine via citrulline.

Arginine is an amino acid that is the precursor of Nitric Oxide gas (NO). 
Arginine is responsible for carrying more oxygen to the cells. In this way, it contributes to increasing protein synthesis and muscle repair.
Arginine, which is one of the natural building blocks of protein, is an amino acid that cannot be produced by the body and therefore must be obtained through food.
Arginine is an amino acid that helps the body build protein.
Arginine is a chemical building block called "an amino acid."
In addition to building protein, Arginine releases nitric oxide in the blood.

Arginine is an amino acid. As is known, amino acids are the building blocks of protein. 
Since arginine is an amino acid; We can meet our needs from places such as eggs, fish, poultry, beef. 
Since the human body does not produce arginine on its own, it must be obtained from outside. 
Arginine, which is semi-essential, plays an important role in the fulfillment of the physical functions of the body.
Nitric oxide acts to widen blood vessels in the blood stream, which may help aid certain circulatory conditions.
A person’s body naturally produces Arginine under normal circumstances. 
People also get additional Arginine as part of their regular diet.
Red meats, fish, dairy, and eggs all contain low amounts of Arginine that help the body to replenish its necessary resources.

Arginine (2-amino-5-guanidino-pentanoic acid) is a conditionally essential, proteinogenic amino acid that is a natural constituent of dietary proteins (1). Besides its role in protein metabolism, Arginine is involved in various metabolic pathways, such as synthesis of creatine, L-ornithine, L-glutamate, and polyamines (2). Decarboxylation of Arginine can produce agmatine, a biogenic amine metabolite. Arginine is also involved in protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Arginine is an amino acid that helps the body make proteins. 
Arginine can be obtained naturally in the diet and is also found in dietary supplement form. 
Foods rich in Arginine include plant and animal proteins, such as dairy products, meat, poultry, fish, and nuts.
Arginine also helps rid the body of ammonia (a waste product) and stimulates the release of insulin. 
In addition, your body uses arginine to make nitric oxide (a compound that relaxes the blood vessels). 
Although some studies suggest that Arginine may benefit certain health conditions, other research shows that Arginine may have harmful effects on some individuals.

Arginine (abbreviated as Arg or R) is an α-amino acid. 
Arginine was first isolated in 1886 . The L - form is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids. 
At the level of molecular genetics, in the structure of the messenger ribonucleic acid mRNA, CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, and AGG, are the triplets of nucleotide bases or codons that code for arginine during protein synthesis. 
In mammals, arginine is classified as a semiessential or conditionally essential amino acid, depending on the developmental stage and health status of the individual. 
Preterm infants are unable to synthesize or create arginine internally, making the amino acid nutritionally essential for them. 
There are some conditions that put an increased demand on the body for the synthesis of Arginine, including surgical or other trauma, sepsis and burns. 
Arginine was first isolated from a lupin seedling extract in 1886 by the Swiss chemist Ernst Schultze.
In general, most people do not need to take arginine supplements because the body usually produces enough.

Occasionally, a person’s need for Arginine may exceed the body’s ability to produce or consume it naturally. 
This is often true for older adults or people with certain medical conditions.
In these cases, people may be prescribed artificial Arginine in the form of oral medication, injections, or creams. 
Several potential health conditions may benefit from an increased intake of Arginine.
Some people take Arginine as a supplement. 
As with any supplement, a person should use it with caution.
Although Arginine is considered safe in moderate doses, too much Arginine can have severe side effects, including death. 

Arginine is important to understand how the supplement may interact with the body and with additional medications before taking it.
Arginine (also known as arginine or arginine) is a type of amino acid and, as we know, amino acids are the "building blocks" of proteins. 
We obtain this amino acid from animal protein sources, especially beef and other types of red meat, poultry, fish, eggs and dairy products. 
In addition to naturally occurring "whole proteins" that provide all the essential amino acids we need, arginine is also created in vitro. 
Thus, it can be produced as a supplement that will benefit heart health, exercise performance, mental abilities and much more.
Arginine is obtained from the diet and is necessary for the body to make proteins. 

Arginine is found in red meat, poultry, fish, and dairy products.
Arginine can also be made in a laboratory and used as medicine.
Arginine is converted in the body into a chemical called nitric oxide.
Nitric oxide causes blood vessels to open wider for improved blood flow.
Arginine also stimulates the release of growth hormone, insulin, and other substances in the body.

Arginine is used for treatment of heart and blood vessel conditions including congestive heart failure (CHF), chest pain, high blood pressure, and coronary artery disease.
Arginine is also used for recurrent pain in the legs due to blocked arteries (intermittent claudication), decreased mental capacity in the elderly (senile dementia), erectile dysfunction (ED), and male infertility.
Some people use arginine for preventing the common cold, improving kidney function after a kidney transplant, high blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia), improving athletic performance, boosting the immune system, and preventing inflammation of the digestive tract in premature infants.
Arginine is used in combination with a number of over-the-counter and prescription medications for various conditions. 

For example, arginine is used along with ibuprofen for migraine headaches; with conventional chemotherapy drugs for treating breast cancer; with other amino acids for treating weight loss in people with AIDS; and with fish oil and other supplements for reducing infections, improving wound healing, and shortening recovery time after surgery.
Some people apply arginine to the skin to speed wound healing and for increasing blood flow to cold hands and feet, especially in people with diabetes. 
Arginine is also used as a cream for sexual problems in both men and women.
Arginine is available under the following different brand names: Arginine, and RGene-10.

Your body usually makes all the Arginine it needs. Arginine is also found in most protein-rich foods, including fish, red meat, poultry, soy, whole grains, beans and dairy products.
As a supplement, Arginine can be used orally and topically. 
Arginine can also be administered intravenously (IV).
Because Arginine acts as a vasodilator, opening (dilating) blood vessels, many people take oral Arginine to treat heart conditions and erectile dysfunction.
Arginine is considered to be generally safe. 

Arginine might be effective at lowering blood pressure, reducing the symptoms of angina and PAD, and treating erectile dysfunction due to a physical cause.
Arginine is an amino acid naturally found in red meat, poultry, fish, and dairy. 
Arginine is necessary for making proteins and is commonly used for circulation.
Arginine is an amino acid that provides better transfer of nutrients in the organism. When used regularly, it improves the production of natural growth hormone in the body. 
Arginine is the ideal product to support muscle growth. 

Arginine positively supports protein synthesis. 
By supporting the production of growth hormone, the reduction of fatty tissue in the body is also supported.
Arginine is converted in the body into a chemical called nitric oxide. 
Nitric oxide causes blood vessels to open wider for improved blood flow. 
Arginine also stimulates the release of growth hormone, insulin, and other substances in the body. 
Arginine can be made in a lab and used in supplements.
People use Arginine for chest pain and various blow flow issues, erectile dysfunction, high blood pressure during pregnancy, and a serious disease in premature infants called necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). It's also used for many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these other uses.
However, if you take a blood pressure drug, talk to your doctor before using Arginine.


USES:

Arginine provides benefits in the form of development of growth hormones, release of hormones, removal of toxic wastes, as well as protection of the immune system. 
At the same time, it has many functions such as destroying bad cholesterol and producing nitric acid. 
Arginine contributes to balancing the amount of salt in the human body.
Arginine amino acid has many benefits. 
Arginine, which is constantly being researched on, is of vital importance for the body. 
So, what are the benefits of aragin?

- Prevents arteriosclerosis. 

- Arginine helps prevent heart attack.

- Arginine has the task of fighting inflammation.

- Arginine is important in cleaning and repairing blood vessels.

- Arginine can help in lowering blood pressure.

- Arginine can fight coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure.

- Arginine makes extra contributions to the strengthening of the immune function.

- Arginine contributes to the development of one's athletic performance.

- Arginine helps in the healing of pain in the muscles. 

- Arginine can help open clogged veins.

- Arginine is important for the development of mental activity.

- Contributes to the development of kidney functions.

- Since it strengthens the immune system, it has the capacity to fight microbial diseases such as colds and flu.

- Arginine can struggle with some problems in men. 

- Arginine is especially useful in solving erection problems and impotence problems.

- The benefits of arginine are not limited to these. 

- Arginine has many benefits. Scientific research on him reveals different findings every day. 

-In short, it is an amino acid that is necessary for the human body but cannot be produced by the body.


USES:

Arginine is a nonessential amino acid that exists as white crystals or powder. 
Arginine is soluble in water. 
Arginine is used to improve the biological quality of the total protein in a food which contains naturally occur- ring primarily intact proteins and as a nutrient and dietary supplement.


-Lung inflammation and asthma:

Inhalation of Arginine can increase lung inflammation and worsen asthma.

-Growth hormone:

Intravenously-administered arginine stimulates the secretion of growth hormone , and is used in growth hormone stimulation tests. 
Two studies have found that oral Arginine supplementation is also effective at increasing resting GH levels. 
The first study found that oral preparations of Arginine are effective at increasing growth hormone levels. 
In fact, the 9g dose resulted in mean peak GH levels of 6.4 (+/- 1.3) microg / L versus placebo levels of 2.9 (+/- 0.7).

-MELAS syndrome:

Several trials delved into effects of Arginine in MELAS syndrome, a mitochondrial disease.

-Sepsis:

Cellular arginine biosynthetic capacity determined by activity of argininosuccinate synthetase (AS) is induced by the same mediators of septic response — endotoxin and cytokines — that induce nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme responsible for nitric oxide synthesis.

-Malate salt:

The malate salt of arginine can also be used during the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis and advanced cirrhosis.

-Pre-eclampsia:

A preliminary study of supplementation with Arginine and antioxidant vitamins showed that this combination may help to combat abnormally high blood pressure during high risk pregnancies.

-Hypertension:

Intravenous infusion of arginine reduces blood pressure in patients with hypertension as well as normal subjects.
A recent meta-analysis showed that Arginine reduces blood pressure with pooled estimates of 5.4 / 2.7 mmHg for SBP / DBP.

-Erectile dysfunction:

Arginine taken in combination with proanthocyanidins or yohimbine, has also been used as a treatment for erectile dysfunction.

-Anxiety:

Dietary supplementation of Arginine taken in combination with L-lysine has been shown potentially useful in treating people subjected to high levels of mental stress and anxiety, in a doubleblind, placebo controlled and randomized study, involving 108 Japanese adults. 
Trait anxiety and state anxiety induced by cognitive stress battery was significantly reduced, and basal levels of the stress hormone cortisol were decreased. 
The study was funded by Ajinomoto, Co. Inc., an industrial manufacturer of lysine and arginine


BENEFITS:

-Fights inflammation
-Reduces the risk of arteriosclerosis and vascular disease
-Useful in congestive and coronary heart diseases
-Useful in lowering high blood pressure
-Increases athletic performance
-Strengthens immunity
-Relieves muscle pain
-Regulates kidney functions
-Regulates mental activity
-fights dementia
-Useful in erectile dysfunction and male infertility
-It is useful against the common cold

When Arginine comes to arginine, it is necessary to know the most important metabolite, Nitric Oxide. 
Nitric oxide is a reactive gas produced by animals and plants. 
Arginine is formed as a result of nitric oxide arginine and nitric oxide synthase enzyme and a series of processes in the body. 
Arginine is converted to nitric oxide for use by the endothelial cells in the vessel wall, and it performs many benefits through this system. 
When arginine is not enough in the body, the risk of halp disease increases.
We mentioned that arginine increases blood circulation and that it carries oxygen and nutrients to the muscles and joints. 
This effect is the reason why arginine enhances exercise performance with minimal pain. 
In addition, it increases healing by increasing blood flow and healing in patients with cold hands and feet, circulatory disorders, arthritis or diabetes. 
In addition, arginine increases human growth hormone, prolactin and amino acids such as Proline, Creatine, Glutamate. 
These substances allow glucose to enter the cell by balancing insulin levels. It also provides rapid recovery in muscle injuries.
There are studies showing that growth hormone is significantly increased in patients who take 5 to 9 grams of arginine supplements. 
Even at rest, arginine increases growth hormone by 100%. 
This can cause an increase in muscle structure even without exercise. 

If arginine is used in addition to exercise, this value increases between 300% and 500%. 
In addition, arginine also helps increase muscle building in another way by increasing the value of insulin in the blood. 
These hormonal changes provide improvement and continuity in the musculoskeletal system.
Thanks to omega 3 and vitamin supplements used in addition to arginine, the risk of infection is significantly reduced. 
This is particularly evident in respiratory diseases. 
In addition, arginine is very useful in cancer patients and postoperative wound healing. 
Proline produced by arginine increases collagen synthesis in the skin and reduces antioxidant activity.

Arginine is also used in burn healing and reduces tooth decay. 
However, studies on these issues are not sufficient.
In many studies, we talked about the benefits of arginine in cell renewal and blood circulation. 
As a result of these benefits, Arginine causes an increase in sperm production and in addition, sperm movements. 
Erectile dysfunction is more common especially in men with heart disease. The amount of nitric oxide in these patients is also markedly low.
In some studies, Arginine is mentioned that arginine treats erectile dysfunction treatment with up to 92% success. 
Some studies have shown that stress suppresses the formation of sperm from arginine. 
Therefore, arginine is more effective in people with less stress. 
In addition, Arginine has been shown that when Glutamate and Arginine are used together, it is more successful than the use of arginine alone. 
In addition, many drugs are used to treat erectile dysfunction by increasing nitric oxide, such as arginine. 
In addition, Arginine increases the genital blood flow in women and provides benefits in sexual problems and infertility. 
In addition, when arginine is used with antioxidants such as green tea and forest fruits, it increases fertility in women.

Arginine has two effects: it turns into nitric oxide and helps the body build protein.
These effects give Arginine an array of potential benefits that range from heart health and chest pain to helping to build muscles, repair wounds, and improve male fertility.
Although there are many claims about the benefits of Arginine, not all of them are supported by scientific research studies.
The following are some examples of researched benefits and uses of Arginine:

-growth hormone reserve test
-reducing high blood pressure
-correcting inborn errors of urea synthesis
-treating heart disease
-treating erectile dysfunction (ED)
-easing inflammation of the digestive tract in premature infants
-controlling blood sugar in people with diabetes

Additionally, Arginine may have the potential to help with many other issues. 
However, more research needs to be done to evaluate further Arginine’s potential to do the following:

-improve blood flow
-heal wounds faster
-alleviate anxiety
-treat burns
-improve kidney function for people with congestive heart failure
-enhance exercise performance

There are several additional areas that researchers are interested in exploring regarding Arginine and its effects on the human body.
Arginine is essential for anyone interested in taking Arginine as a supplement to talk to their doctor about the potential benefits and risks before starting to use it.
Also, people should fully understand and examine the claims a manufacturer is making about their product before using it.


PROPERTIES:

-grade: reagent grade

-assay: ≥98%

-form: powder

-application(s): cell analysis: suitable, peptide synthesis: suitable

-color: white

-mp: 222 °C (dec.) (lit.)

-solubility: H2O: 50 mg/mL

-SMILES string: N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(O)=O

-InChI: 1S/C6H14N4O2/c7-4(5(11)12)2-1-3-10-6(8)9/h4H,1-3,7H2,(H,11,12)(H4,8,9,10)/t4-/m0/s1


CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:

Prisms from water containing two molecules of H2O, anhydrous plates from alcohol solution. 
Dehydrates at 105C, decomposes at 244C. Sparingly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether.


PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

The amino acid side-chain of arginine consists of a 3-carbon aliphatic straight chain, the distal end of which is capped by a complex guanidinium group.
With a pKa of 12.48, the guanidinium group is positively charged in neutral, acidic and even most basic environments, and thus imparts basic chemical properties to arginine. 
Because of the conjugation between the double bond and the nitrogen lone pairs, the positive charge is delocalized, enabling the formation of multiple H-bonds.
 


FUNCTION:

Arginine plays an important role in cell division, wound healing, removing ammonia from the body, immune function, and the release of hormones. 
Arginine is a precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), making it important in the regulation of blood pressure.
Arginine's side chain is amphipathic, because at physiological pH it contains a positively charged guanidinium group, which is highly polar, at the end of a hydrophobic aliphatic hydrocarbon chain. 
Because globular proteins have hydrophobic interiors and hydrophilic surfaces, arginine is typically found on the outside of the protein, where the hydrophilic head group can interact with the polar environment, for example taking part in hydrogen bonding and salt bridges. 
For this reason, it is frequently found at the interface between two proteins.
The aliphatic part of the side chain sometimes remains below the surface of the protein.

Arginine residues in proteins can be deiminated by PAD enzymes to form citrulline, in a post-translational modification process called citrullination.
This is important in fetal development, is part of the normal immune process, as well as the control of gene expression, but is also significant in autoimmune diseases.
Another post-translational modification of arginine involves methylation by protein methyltransferases.
Arginine is the immediate precursor of NO, an important signaling molecule which can act as a second messenger, as well as an intercellular messenger which regulates vasodilation, and also has functions in the immune system's reaction to infection.
Arginine is also a precursor for urea, ornithine, and agmatine; is necessary for the synthesis of creatine; and can also be used for the synthesis of polyamines (mainly through ornithine and to a lesser degree through agmatine, citrulline, and glutamate. 
The presence of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), a close relative, inhibits the nitric oxide reaction; therefore, ADMA is considered a marker for vascular disease, just as Arginine is considered a sign of a healthy endothelium.


PURPOSE OF USE:

This product is designed to promote muscle growth, better transfer of nutrients and/or support sports people doing high-intensity training.


STRUCTURE:

The amino acid side-chain of arginine consists of a 3-carbon aliphatic straight chain, the distal end of which is capped by a guanidinium group, which has a pKa of 12.48, and is therefore always protonated and positively charged at physiological pH. 
Because of the conjugation between the double bond and the nitrogen lone pairs, the positive charge is delocalized, enabling the formation of multiple hydrogen bonds.


WHERE IS ARGININE FOUND:

-organic eggs
-Dairy products such as yogurt and kefir
-Grassland cattle and sheep
-sesame seeds
-Pumpkin seeds
-Almond
-sea ​​fish
-Spirulina
-coconut

The best natural source for Arginine is food high in protein. 
For some people, animal proteins, such as red meat (beef), chicken and turkey breast, pork loin, and dairy products, may be the primary source of Arginine.
For people who do not eat meat, plant-based proteins that contain Arginine include lentils, chickpeas, peanuts, pumpkin seeds, and soybeans.
People who find they have a deficient amount of Arginine to meet their needs may want to modify their diet to include foods rich in protein.
A dietician or doctor may be able to make meal plan suggestions to boost natural intake of Arginine prior to taking supplements.


PRODUCTION:

It is traditionally obtained by hydrolysis of various cheap sources of protein, such as gelatin.
It is obtained commercially by fermentation. 
In this way, 25-35 g/liter can be produced, using glucose as a carbon source.


SOURCES:

Arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid in humans and rodents,as it may be required depending on the health status or lifecycle of the individual. 
Healthy adults usually produce enough arginine for their own body requirements, but immature and rapidly growing individuals require additional arginine in their diet.
Additional dietary arginine is necessary for healthy individuals under physiological stress, for example during recovery from burns, injury and sepsis, or if the major sites of arginine biosynthesis, the small intestine and kidneys, have reduced function.
Arginine is an essential amino acid for birds, as they do not have a urea cycle.
For some carnivores, for example cats, dogs and ferrets, arginine is essential, because after a meal, their highly efficient protein catabolism produces large quantities of ammonia which need to be processed through the urea cycle, and if not enough arginine is present, the resulting ammonia toxicity can be lethal. 
This is not a problem in practice, because meat contains sufficient arginine to avoid this situation.
On a whole-body basis, synthesis of arginine occurs principally via the intestinal–renal axis: the epithelial cells of the small intestine produce citrulline, primarily from glutamine and glutamate, which is carried in the bloodstream to the proximal tubule cells of the kidney, which extract citrulline from the circulation and convert it to arginine, which is returned to the circulation. 
This means that impaired small bowel or renal function can reduce arginine synthesis, increasing the dietary requirement.

Synthesis of arginine from citrulline also occurs at a low level in many other cells, and cellular capacity for arginine synthesis can be markedly increased under circumstances that increase the production of inducible NOS. 
This allows citrulline, a byproduct of the NOS-catalyzed production of nitric oxide, to be recycled to arginine in a pathway known as the citrulline-NO or arginine-citrulline pathway. 
This is demonstrated by the fact that, in many cell types, NO synthesis can be supported to some extent by citrulline, and not just by arginine. 
This recycling is not quantitative, however, because citrulline accumulates in NO-producing cells along with nitrate and nitrite, the stable end-products of NO breakdown.
Arginine is synthesized from citrulline in arginine and proline metabolism by the sequential action of the cytosolic enzymes argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinate lyase. 
This is an energetically costly process, because for each molecule of argininosuccinate that is synthesized, one molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is hydrolyzed to adenosine monophosphate (AMP), consuming two ATP equivalents.
Citrulline can be derived from multiple sources:

-from arginine itself via nitric oxide synthase, as a byproduct of the production of nitric oxide for signaling purposes
-from ornithine through the breakdown of proline or glutamine/glutamate
-from asymmetric dimethylarginine via DDAH

The pathways linking arginine, glutamine, and proline are bidirectional. 
Thus, the net use or production of these amino acids is highly dependent on cell type and developmental stage.


SIDE EFFECTS:

Arginine should never be used without a doctor's control and permission. 
The dosage status varies according to the disease and the age of the person. 
For example, while 1 g daily is recommended for a healthier life in healthy adults, this rate can be up to 9 grams in post-operative wound healing.
As a side effect, it can cause gout due to increased protein. It can also cause abdominal pain, vomiting, low blood pressure, and diarrhea.

Arginine can cause a number of side effects including indigestion, nausea, headache, bloating, diarrhea, gout, blood abnormalities, allergies, airway inflammation, worsening of asthma symptoms, decreased insulin sensitivity, and low blood pressure.
Higher doses of Arginine can increase stomach acid, so it may also worsen heartburn, ulcers, or digestive upset caused by medications. 
In addition, Arginine may aggravate symptoms in people with herpes.
Arginine may interact with certain medications, such as blood pressure medication, diabetes medication, or drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction. 
If you have diabetes or heart disease, avoid taking Arginine. 
Some studies have found that chronic Arginine supplementation may decrease insulin sensitivity, while others have found no effect or increased insulin sensitivity.
As with many other supplements, Arginine hasn't been tested for safety in pregnant women, nursing mothers, children, and those with medical conditions or who are taking medications.


RISK AND COMPLICATIONS:

Arginine has some potentially serious risks for certain groups of people.

These include:

-serious illness or death in children and infants
-difficulty controlling blood pressure during surgery
-worsening of herpes flares
-increased risk of death after a heart attack

Although there are risks associated with Arginine, most research indicates it is safe for people to take in small doses. 
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do not monitor the safety or effectiveness of supplements, so it is important to choose a reputable brand.
Supplements are available to purchase online, but as with any supplement or medication, a person should consult a doctor or dietician before taking Arginine, as the risks may outweigh the potential benefits.


HISTORY:

Arginine was first isolated in 1886 from yellow lupin seedlings by the German chemist Ernst Schulze and his assistant Ernst Steiger.
He named it from the Greek árgyros (ἄργυρος) meaning "silver" due to the silver-white appearance of arginine nitrate crystals. 
In 1897, Schulze and Ernst Winterstein (1865–1949) determined the structure of arginine.
Schulze and Winterstein synthesized arginine from ornithine and cyanamide in 1899, but some doubts about arginine's structure lingered until Sørensen's synthesis of 1910.


SAFETY AND SIDE EFFECTS:

Using Arginine orally or topically is generally considered safe.
Oral use of Arginine might cause:

-Nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhea
-Bloating
-Gout
-Allergic response
-Airway inflammation or worsening of asthma symptoms

Arginine isn't recommended for people who have had a recent heart attack due to concerns that the supplement might increase the risk of death.
Arginine can worsen allergies or asthma. Use the supplement with caution if you have these conditions.
Be careful about taking Arginine if you've had cold sores or genital herpes. 
Too much Arginine in your system can potentially trigger the virus that causes those conditions.


PACKAGING:

-1 kg in poly bottle
-100, 500 g in poly bottle


SYNONYM:

74-79-3
L-(+)-Arginine
L(+)-Arginine
L-Arg
H-Arg-OH
(S)-2-Amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid
(L)-Arginine
Arginina
ARGININE, L-
Arginine (VAN)
L-Arginin
Argininum [INN-Latin]
Arginina [INN-Spanish]
L-Ornithine, N5-(aminoiminomethyl)-
Argamine
Argivene

IUPAC NAME:

(2S)-2-Amino-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoic acid
(2S)-2-amino-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoic acid
(2S)-2-Amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid
(S)-2-Amino-5-guanidino-valeriansäure
(S)-2-Amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid
(S)-2-Amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid
(S)-2-Amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid , L-2-Amino-5-guanidino-pentanoic acid

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