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Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a white granular solid.
CAS Number: 123-31-9
Molecular Formula: C6H6O2
Molecular Weight: 110.11
EINECS Number: 204-617-8
Synonyms: Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), Benzene-1,4-diol, 123-31-9, 1,4-benzenediol, Quinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, p-Benzenediol, p-Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), p-Hydroxyphenol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, p-Dihydroxybenzene, Benzoquinol, Eldoquin, hydroquinol, Eldopaque, Phiaquin, p-Dioxybenzene, Solaquin forte, DiBenzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), Hydroquinole, Idrochinone, Tecquinol, BenzoBenzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), Hidroquinone, Arctuvin, Tequinol, Dihydroxybenzene, Eldopaque Forte, Eldoquin Forte, Derma-Blanch, Hydrochinon, Tenox HQ, Diak 5, Benzene, p-dihydroxy-, Hydrochinone, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol, Artra, Usaf ek-356, 1,4-Diidrobenzene, p-Dioxobenzene, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzen, para-Dioxybenzene, para-Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), NCI-C55834, Pyrogentistic acid, Black and White Bleaching Cream, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen, para-Dihydroxybenzene, beta-quinol, HE 5, Epiquin, Sunvanish, Idrochinone [Italian], p-DiBenzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), alpha-Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), para-Hydroxyphenol, CHEBI:17594, NSC 9247, Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish], CCRIS 714, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech], 1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian], quinnone, Eldopacque, HSDB 577, DTXSID7020716, p-Phenylenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch], 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German], p Benzendiol, p-Quinol, AI3-00072, CHEMBL537, UNII-XV74C1N1AE, NSC-9247, 1,4-Benzoquinol, EINECS 204-617-8, XV74C1N1AE, UN2662, 1,4-Hydroxybenzene, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) [USP], MFCD00002339, HQ, BQ(H), DTXCID70716, Black & White Bleaching Cream, NSC9247, EC 204-617-8, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) [UN2662] [Poison], 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene (ring-d4), Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) (USP), TRI-LUMA COMPONENT Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), NCGC00015523-02, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) COMPONENT OF TRI-LUMA, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) (IARC), Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) [IARC], Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) (MART.), Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) [MART.], Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) (USP-RS), Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) [USP-RS], Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) (USP MONOGRAPH), Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) [USP MONOGRAPH], CAS-123-31-9, SMR000059154, SR-01000075920, BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY), BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY], 4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE, hydrokinone, hydroquinon, Hidroquinona, Hydrokinon, Hydroquinoue, Accutin, Elopaque, hydroq uinone, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) gr, p-fenilenediol, p-hidroquinona, p-hidroxifenol, Reduced quinone, a-Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), p-Dioxibenceno, 4-hidroxifenol, p-Diphenol, p-Hydroxybenzene, b-Quinol, 4-Benzenediol, Dihydroxybenzen e, 14-Benzoquinol, p-Dihidroxibenceno, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), HQ, .beta.-Quinol, 1,4 benzenediol, 1,4-Bencenodiol, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone),(S), p-dihydroxy benzene, p -Dihydroxybenzene, PLQ, 1,4-Benzendil, Artra (Salt/Mix), HYDROP, .alpha.-Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), 1 4-p-Benzenediol, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) (8CI), phenol derivative, 4, 1 4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Dihidroxibenceno, 4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol, Spectrum_001757, 4e3h, HDQ (CHRIS Code), PYROGENTISIC ACID, SpecPlus_000769, 1,4-Dihydrobenzoquinone, ELDOQUIN (TN), Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) BAKER, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) for synthesis, Spectrum2_001672, Spectrum3_000656, Spectrum4_000633, Spectrum5_001430, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) [MI], Lopac-H-9003, WLN: QR DQ, bmse000293, D03UOT, D08LQA, Epitope ID:116206, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) [HSDB], Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) [INCI], Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) [VANDF], 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene Quinol, Lopac0_000577, SCHEMBL15516, BSPBio_002291, KBioGR_001246, KBioSS_002237, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII, MLS000069815, MLS001074911, BIDD, DivK1c_006865, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) [WHO-DD], Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), LR, >=99%, SPECTRUM1504237, Hydrochinon(CZECH, POLISH), SPBio_001883, BDBM26190, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), puriss., 99.0%, KBio1_001809, KBio2_002237, KBio2_004805, KBio2_007373, KBio3_001511, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), BENZENE, 1,4-DIHYDROXY-, HMS1922H15, HMS2093E08, HMS3261D16, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) [ORANGE BOOK], LS-23, Pharmakon1600-01504237, HY-B0951, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) [UN2662] [Poison], Tox21_110169, Tox21_202345, Tox21_300015, Tox21_500577, CCG-39082, NA2662, NSC758707, s4580, STK397446, UN3435, AKOS000119003, Tox21_110169_1, AM10548, DB09526, LP00577, NSC-758707, SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003, UN 2662, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), ReagentPlus(R), >=99%, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), USP, 99.0-100.5%, NCGC00015523-01, NCGC00015523-03, NCGC00015523-04, NCGC00015523-05, NCGC00015523-06, NCGC00015523-07, NCGC00015523-08, NCGC00015523-09, NCGC00015523-10, NCGC00015523-11, NCGC00015523-12, NCGC00015523-13, NCGC00015523-19, NCGC00090880-01, NCGC00090880-02, NCGC00090880-03, NCGC00090880-04, NCGC00090880-05, NCGC00254037-01, NCGC00259894-01, NCGC00261262-01, BP-21160, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), ReagentPlus(R), >=99.5%, SBI-0050559.P002, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, EU-0100577, FT-0606877, H0186, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), SAJ special grade, >=99.0%, EN300-18053, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), meets USP testing specifications, C00530, D00073, H 9003, AB00053361_08, Quinol; 1,4-Benzenediol; 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, Q419164, J-004910, J-521469, SR-01000075920-1, SR-01000075920-4, Q27102742, Z57127551, 094CADDB-59BF-4EDF-B278-59791B203EA2, F1908-0167, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), certified reference material, TraceCERT.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) methol reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a dihydroxybenzene compound, and it is also known as p-dihydroxybenzene.
Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)s. The name "Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.
In 2021, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) was the 282nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 800,000 prescriptions.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) functions by reducing the production and increasing the degradation of melanin pigments in the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)s chemical structure consists of two hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to a benzene ring.
This structure makes it an effective inhibitor of melanin production in the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) works by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called tyrosinase, which is involved in the production of melanin.
By reducing the amount of melanin produced, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) can help lighten areas of hyperpigmentation or dark spots on the skin.
This two-pronged action not only helps lighten the skin but also ensures a more uniform skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a depigmenting agent used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, chloasma, and melisma caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
In skincare products, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is typically applied topically in the form of creams, gels, or lotions.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is available in both over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription-strength formulations, with the latter being more potent.
Prescription-strength Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is often used for more severe cases of hyperpigmentation or melasma.
While Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) can be effective in treating skin conditions, it is important to use it with caution.
Prolonged or excessive use of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) may lead to side effects such as skin irritation, redness, or a condition called ochronosis, which can result in a bluish-black pigmentation of the skin.
This is one reason why some countries have regulations and restrictions on the use of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) in cosmetics.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is produced by the oxidation of aniline or phenol, by the reduction of quinone, or from a reaction of acetylene and carbon monoxide.
There are also various other uses associated with reducing power.
Leveraging its antioxidant properties as a polymerization inhibitor, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) prevents the polymerization of acrylic acid.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), cyanoacrylate and other monomers susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves to extend the shelf life of photosensitive resins by acting as a free radical scavenger.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) can lose a hydrogen cation from either hydroxyl group to form a diphenolate ion.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used as an alternative comonomer unit in polymer production.
Skin depigmentation Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used as a topical application to reduce skin discoloration in skin whitening.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as methol.
This is a prescription-only ingredient in some countries under the Directives, including member states of the European Union.
In 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration revoked the previous approval of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) and recommended that it be banned.
The FDA officially banned Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) in 2020 as part of a larger reform of the over-the-counter drug review process.
The FDA stated that Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) cannot be ruled out as a potential carcinogen.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is typically used for a limited duration, and once the desired results are achieved, users are advised to discontinue its use.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) can make the skin more sensitive to the sun.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)'s essential to use sunscreen and sun protection measures when using Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)-containing products to prevent further hyperpigmentation and sun damage.
While Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is generally considered safe when used as directed, it can cause side effects in some individuals.
Common side effects may include skin dryness, redness, irritation, and a condition called "exogenous ochronosis," which can result in darkening of the skin in the treated areas.
This is more commonly associated with long-term or misuse of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone).
Before using Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), especially in higher concentrations or for more severe skin conditions, it's advisable to consult with a dermatologist.
They can recommend an appropriate treatment plan and monitor your progress.
In recent years, there has been growing interest in alternative skin-lightening agents, such as kojic acid, alpha arbutin, and licorice root extract, which are sometimes used as alternatives or in conjunction with Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) for hyperpigmentation treatment.
Studies in which adult rats have found increased rates of tumors, including thyroid follicular cell hyperplasia, anisokaryosis (change in nucleus size), mononuclear cell leukemia, hepatocellular adenomas and renal tubule cell adenomas.
The Safe Cosmetics Campaign also drew attention to concerns.
Numerous studies have revealed that taking Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) by mouth can cause exogenous ochronosis, a disfiguring disease in the body, which blue-black pigments are deposited in the skin; but skin preparations containing this ingredient applied topically.
The FDA classified Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) as a safe product in 1982; however, it was generally considered safe and effective (GRASE).
Additional studies have been proposed within the scope of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) in order to determine whether there is a risk from the use of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) to humans.
NTP evaluation showed some evidence of long-term carcinogenic and genotoxic effects.
In some countries, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is available both by prescription and over-the-counter (OTC).
The concentration of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) in OTC products is typically lower than in prescription-strength products.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is generally not recommended for long-term, continuous use.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)'s essential to consult with a healthcare provider or dermatologist for safe alternatives during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
In some cases, dermatologists may recommend combination therapies that include Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) alongside other skin-lightening agents, such as retinoids or corticosteroids, to enhance the effectiveness of the treatment and reduce potential side effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is typically used for a limited duration, often in cycles of a few months, to target specific areas of hyperpigmentation.
After achieving the desired results, users may be advised to switch to maintenance therapy, which typically involves milder products to prevent recurrence of hyperpigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) typically works gradually, and improvement in skin tone and reduction of hyperpigmentation may take several weeks to months, depending on the severity of the condition.
Individuals with darker skin tones may be more prone to side effects like skin irritation or darkening (exogenous ochronosis) when using Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone).
Dermatologists often recommend lower concentrations or alternative treatments for individuals with darker skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is applied topically to treat disorders characterized by excessive melanin in the epidermis, such as melasma.
In the United States, nonprescription skin-lightening products contain Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) at concentrations of 2% or less; higher concentrations are available by prescription.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is marketed most aggressively to women of color for its whitening ability in skin creams.
The chemical is allowed in personal care products in the United States in concentrations up to two percent.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a white granular solid.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is most commonly used in skin lighteners, products heavily marketed towards women of color.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is linked to cancer and organ-system toxicity.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is frequently found in skin-lightening products like bleaching creams.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) works by limiting your production of melanin, the hormone that darkens your skin.
While some people use it to lighten their darker skin, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) creams are most commonly used to lighten small, dark patches like sunspots or hyperpigmentation.
Creams with Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) as an ingredient are an excellent non-surgical aesthetic procedure to help you achieve the skin they have always wanted.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is also a skin irritant in humans.
Chronic (long-term) occupational exposure to Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) dust can result in eye irritation, corneal effects, and impaired vision.
No information is available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) in humans.
There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity in orally-exposed rodents.
Increased skin tumor incidence has been reported in mice treated dermally.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has not classified Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) for carcinogenicity.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
In the manufacturing industry Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) may occur include bacteriostatic agent, drug, fur processing, motor fuel, paint, organic chemicals, plastics, stone coating, and styrene monomers.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a chemical compound that is commonly used in skincare products and cosmetics for its skin-lightening and depigmenting properties.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is considered a skin-lightening agent and is used to treat various skin conditions related to hyperpigmentation, such as melasma, age spots, freckles, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (dark spots left after skin inflammation or injury).
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is generally safe to use, but some people may experience side effects, such as dry skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is frequently found in skin-lightening products like bleaching creams.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) works by limiting production of melanin, the hormone that darkens skin.
While some people use it to lighten their darker skin, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) creams are most commonly used to lighten small, dark patches like sunspots or hyperpigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes.
Specifically, inhibition of the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) results in the desired chemical reduction of pigment.
The name "Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.
As a result, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used topically in products such as creams, lotions, and serums to treat skin conditions like hyperpigmentation, melasma, age spots, and other forms of uneven skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) can help reduce the appearance of dark spots and promote a more even complexion.
Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)s.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a white granular solid.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) works by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called tyrosinase, which is involved in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for the color of the skin, hair, and eyes.
By blocking this enzyme, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) reduces the production of melanin, leading to a gradual lightening of the skin in areas where hyperpigmentation is present.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a skin-lightening agent.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) occurs naturally as a glucose ether, also known as arbutin, in the leaves of many plants and in fruits, as well as one of the agents used in the defense mechanism of the bombardier beetle, family Carabidae.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), a colorless, hexagonal prism, has been reported to be a good antimitotic and tumor-inhibiting agent.
The resulting conjugated base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is highly sensitive to ring substitution by Friedel-Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited to obtain popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) with phthalic anhydride.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
Some naturally occurring Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) derivatives exhibit such reactivity; an example of this is coenzyme Q.
Industrially, this reaction is used both with Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) itself and more often with its derivatives in which an OH is present.
Colorless Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are co-crystallized in a 1:1 ratio to give a dark green crystal.
A charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydron (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.
This complex dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has a variety of uses, mainly related to its action as a water-soluble reducing agent.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a key ingredient in most black and white photo developers for film and paper.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a reducing agent used in a photographic developer, which polymerizes in the presence of oxidizing agents.
The reactivity of the hydroxyl groups of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is weakly acidic, similar to that of other phenols.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.
The effect of skin lightening caused by Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved.
Various preparations are available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.
Ultimately, this causes a decrease in the number of melanocytes and decreased transfer of melanin leading to lighter skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a potent skin-lightening agent that is often used to diminish skin discolouration and promote an even skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is known for its ability to inhibit the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) bleaches the skin, which can be helpful when treating different forms of hyperpigmentation.
Melting point: 172-175 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 285 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.32
vapor density: 3.81 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 132 °C)
refractive index: 1.6320
Flash point: 165 °C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear
pka: 10.35(at 20℃)
form: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
color: White to off-white
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: 70 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitive: Air & Light Sensitive
Merck: 14,4808
BRN: 605970
Henry's Law Constant (x 10-9 atm?m3/mol): <2.07 at 20 °C (approximate - calculated from: water solubility and vapor pressure)
Exposure limits NIOSH REL: 15-min ceiling 2, IDLH 50; OSHA PEL: TWA 2; ACGIH TLV: TWA 2 (adopted).
Stability: Stable. Combustible, Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 0.59 at 20℃
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) appears as light colored crystals or solutions.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) may irritate the skin, eyes and mucous membranes.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)s are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)s into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is produced industrially in two main ways.
The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone).
A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.
The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) and its ortho isomer catechol (benzene-1,2-diol): C6H5OH + H2O2 ⟶C6H4(OH)2 + H2O
A potentially significant synthesis of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols. Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
This medicine works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a chemical that bleaches the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) can come as a cream, emulsion, gel, or lotion.
A person can apply these products directly to the skin.
Creams that contain Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) are available with a prescription from a doctor.
People may use Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) as a form of treatment for hyperpigmentation skin conditions, wherein some areas of skin grow darker than surrounding areas.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a depigmenting agent used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, chloasma, and melisma caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is also known as 1,4-dihydroxy-benzene.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is also used as an intermediate to produce antioxidants for rubber and food.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.
Due to concerns about its safety and potential side effects, some individuals seek alternative skin-lightening ingredients, such as alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), beta hydroxy acids (BHAs), vitamin C, and natural extracts like licorice root or kojic acid.
These ingredients may offer skin-brightening benefits without the potential risks associated with Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone).
The use of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) in cosmetics and skincare products is regulated by health authorities in different countries.
In some places, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) may be available over-the-counter, while in others, it requires a prescription.
Some countries have banned or restricted Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is use in cosmetics due to concerns about safety.
Before using products containing Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone), it's advisable to consult with a dermatologist or healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate and safe treatment plan for your specific skin concerns. They can guide you on how to use Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) effectively and minimize the risk of side effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has a role as a cofactor, a carcinogenic agent, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, a skin lightening agent, an antioxidant and a mouse metabolite. Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a benzenediol and a member of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)s.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used as a developing agent in black-and-white photography, lithography, and x-ray films.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is added to a number of industrial monomers to inhibit polymerization during shipping, storage, and processing.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
The detection of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) along with resorcinol and phenol in air samples by synchronous fluorescence method has been proposed.
The electrochemical oxidation of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has been studied using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)s enthalpies of sublimation, vaporization and fusion have been reported.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) may be used to synthesize bicyclic phosphonate derivative by reacting with phosphonic dichloride.
Unlike skin lightening surgery, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) creams are a cosmetic procedure that can be undertaken in the comfort of these home after the initial consultation with your dermatologist.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used as a developing agent in photography and as an antioxidant in rubber and food.
Tinnitus (ringing in the ears), dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, erosion of the gastric mucosa, edema of internal organs, cyanosis, convulsions, delirium, and collapse may result from the ingestion of a large amount of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) in humans.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)s into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is produced as an inhibitor, an antioxidant, and an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, motor fuels, and oils; in photographic processing; and naturally in certain plant species, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a phenol derivative with antioxidant properties that can cause toxicity in several organs, notably the kidney.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used as a topical treatment for skin hyperpigmentation and in various cosmetic products, it is metabolized mainly to glutathione conjugates and forms mutagenic DNA adducts in in-vitro systems.
Uses:
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the following products: photo-chemicals.
Other release to the environment of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a pigment-lightening agent used in bleaching creams.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) combines with oxygen very rapidly and becomes brown when exposed to air.
Although it occurs naturally, the synthetic version is the one commonly used in cosmetics.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) application to the skin may cause allergic reaction and increase skin sun sensitivity.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is potentially carcinogenic and is associated with causing ochronosis, a discoloration of the skin.
The u.S. FDA has banned Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) from oTC cosmetic formulations, but allows 4 percent in prescription products.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone)s use in cosmetics is prohibited in some european countries and in Australia.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a skin-lightening agent used topically for the treatment of hyperpigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used as a developing agent in black-and-white photography, lithography, and x-ray films.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is also used as an intermediate to produce antioxidants for rubber and food.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is added to a number of industrial monomers to inhibit polymerization during shipping, storage, and processing
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is primarily used to treat various forms of hyperpigmentation, including melasma, sunspots, age spots, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Some individuals use Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) for overall skin lightening to achieve a more even skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is most commonly used to treat various forms of hyperpigmentation, which includes.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used skin condition characterized by dark patches on the face, often triggered by hormonal changes, pregnancy, or sun exposure.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used age Spots (Liver Spots): Dark spots that commonly appear on areas of the skin exposed to the sun, typically with age.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used small, brown spots on the skin, often related to sun exposure and genetics.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used dark spots or discoloration that remain after an inflammatory skin condition or injury, such as acne, eczema, or a wound.
Some individuals use Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) for overall skin lightening to achieve a more even skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) can be used to address concerns about uneven pigmentation or dark areas on the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is sometimes used in combination with other dermatological treatments, such as retinoids or corticosteroids, to enhance its effectiveness in treating hyperpigmentation.
Dermatologists may recommend Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) to prepare the skin for certain procedures, such as chemical peels or laser therapy, as it can help improve the uniformity of skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used as a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
By acting as a free radical scavenger, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is most commonly used in skin lighteners, products heavily marketed towards women of color.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the following products: photo-chemicals, polymers, coating products, inks and toners and water treatment chemicals.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in a cream or lotion formulation in a concentration of 1-5%.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is often found in a combination formulation with other skin lightening agents such as topical retinoids (to increase efficiency) and low potency topical steroids (to reduce irritancy).
In New Zealand and many other countries, Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is only available on prescription, and may need to be compounded by the pharmacist.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) must be distinguished from monobenzyl ether of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) which can cause irreversible pigment loss.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.
The effect of skin lightening caused by Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved.
Various preparations are available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is available over the counter in a 2% cream and can be prescribed by your dermatologist in higher concentrations.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and for thermoplastic manufacture.
Safety Profile:
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is irritating but not corrosive.
Fatal human doses have ranged from 5-12 grams, but 300-500 mg have been ingested daily for 3-5 months without ill effects.
Exposures to Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) in large quantities by accidental oral ingestion produce toxicity and poisoning.
The symptoms of poisoning include, but are not limited to, blurred speech, tinnitus, tremors, sense of suffocation, vomiting, muscular twitching, headache, convul- sions, dyspnea and cyanosis from methemoglobinemia, coma, and collapse from respira- tory failure.
Occupational workers should be allowed to work with protective clothing and dust masks with full-face or goggles to protect the eyes, and under proper management.
Benzene-1,4-diol (Hydroquinone) is very toxic; the probable oral lethal dose for humans is 50-500 mg/kg, or between 1 teaspoon and 1 ounce for a 150 lb.
