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Benzene-1,4-diol works by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called tyrosinase, which is involved in the production of melanin.
Benzene-1,4-diol is typically applied topically in the form of creams, gels, or lotions.
Benzene-1,4-diol is available in both over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription-strength formulations, with the latter being more potent.
CAS Number: 123-31-9
Molecular Formula: C6H6O2
Molecular Weight: 110.11
EINECS Number: 204-617-8
Synonyms: Benzene-1,4-diol, Benzene-1,4-diol, 123-31-9, 1,4-benzenediol, Quinol, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, p-Benzenediol, p-Benzene-1,4-diol, p-Hydroxyphenol, 4-Hydroxyphenol, p-Dihydroxybenzene, Benzoquinol, Eldoquin, hydroquinol, Eldopaque, Phiaquin, p-Dioxybenzene, Solaquin forte, DiBenzene-1,4-diol, Hydroquinole, Idrochinone, Tecquinol, BenzoBenzene-1,4-diol, Hidroquinone, Arctuvin, Tequinol, Dihydroxybenzene, Eldopaque Forte, Eldoquin Forte, Derma-Blanch, Hydrochinon, Tenox HQ, Diak 5, Benzene, p-dihydroxy-, Hydrochinone, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol, Artra, Usaf ek-356, 1,4-Diidrobenzene, p-Dioxobenzene, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzen, para-Dioxybenzene, para-Benzene-1,4-diol, NCI-C55834, Pyrogentistic acid, Black and White Bleaching Cream, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen, para-Dihydroxybenzene, beta-quinol, HE 5, Epiquin, Sunvanish, Idrochinone [Italian], p-DiBenzene-1,4-diol, alpha-Benzene-1,4-diol, para-Hydroxyphenol, CHEBI:17594, NSC 9247, Hydrochinon [Czech, Polish], CCRIS 714, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzen [Czech], 1,4-Diidrobenzene [Italian], quinnone, Eldopacque, HSDB 577, DTXSID7020716, p-Phenylenediol, 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzeen [Dutch], 1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol [German], p Benzendiol, p-Quinol, AI3-00072, CHEMBL537, UNII-XV74C1N1AE, NSC-9247, 1,4-Benzoquinol, EINECS 204-617-8, XV74C1N1AE, UN2662, 1,4-Hydroxybenzene, Benzene-1,4-diol [USP], MFCD00002339, HQ, BQ(H), DTXCID70716, Black & White Bleaching Cream, NSC9247, EC 204-617-8, Benzene-1,4-diol [UN2662] [Poison], 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene (ring-d4), Benzene-1,4-diol (USP), TRI-LUMA COMPONENT Benzene-1,4-diol, NCGC00015523-02, Benzene-1,4-diol COMPONENT OF TRI-LUMA, Benzene-1,4-diol (IARC), Benzene-1,4-diol [IARC], Benzene-1,4-diol (MART.), Benzene-1,4-diol [MART.], Benzene-1,4-diol (USP-RS), Benzene-1,4-diol [USP-RS], Benzene-1,4-diol (USP MONOGRAPH), Benzene-1,4-diol [USP MONOGRAPH], CAS-123-31-9, SMR000059154, SR-01000075920, BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY), BUTYLHYDROXYANISOLE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY], 4-DIHYDROXYBENZENE, hydrokinone, hydroquinon, Hidroquinona, Hydrokinon, Hydroquinoue, Accutin, Elopaque, hydroq uinone, Benzene-1,4-diol gr, p-fenilenediol, p-hidroquinona, p-hidroxifenol, Reduced quinone, a-Benzene-1,4-diol, p-Dioxibenceno, 4-hidroxifenol, p-Diphenol, p-Hydroxybenzene, b-Quinol, 4-Benzenediol, Dihydroxybenzen e, 14-Benzoquinol, p-Dihidroxibenceno, Benzene-1,4-diol, HQ, .beta.-Quinol, 1,4 benzenediol, 1,4-Bencenodiol, Benzene-1,4-diol,(S), p-dihydroxy benzene, p -Dihydroxybenzene, PLQ, 1,4-Benzendil, Artra (Salt/Mix), HYDROP, .alpha.-Benzene-1,4-diol, 1 4-p-Benzenediol, Benzene-1,4-diol (8CI), phenol derivative, 4, 1 4-Dihydroxybenzene, 1,4-Dihidroxibenceno, 4-hydroxyphenyl alcohol, Spectrum_001757, 4e3h, HDQ (CHRIS Code), PYROGENTISIC ACID, SpecPlus_000769, 1,4-Dihydrobenzoquinone, ELDOQUIN (TN), Benzene-1,4-diol BAKER, Benzene-1,4-diol for synthesis, Spectrum2_001672, Spectrum3_000656, Spectrum4_000633, Spectrum5_001430, Benzene-1,4-diol [MI], Lopac-H-9003, WLN: QR DQ, bmse000293, D03UOT, D08LQA, Epitope ID:116206, Benzene-1,4-diol [HSDB], Benzene-1,4-diol [INCI], Benzene-1,4-diol [VANDF], 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene Quinol, Lopac0_000577, SCHEMBL15516, BSPBio_002291, KBioGR_001246, KBioSS_002237, 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, XIII, MLS000069815, MLS001074911, BIDD, DivK1c_006865, Benzene-1,4-diol [WHO-DD], Benzene-1,4-diol, LR, >=99%, SPECTRUM1504237, Hydrochinon(CZECH, POLISH), SPBio_001883, BDBM26190, Benzene-1,4-diol, puriss., 99.0%, KBio1_001809, KBio2_002237, KBio2_004805, KBio2_007373, KBio3_001511, Benzene-1,4-diol, BENZENE, 1,4-DIHYDROXY-, HMS1922H15, HMS2093E08, HMS3261D16, Benzene-1,4-diol [ORANGE BOOK], LS-23, Pharmakon1600-01504237, HY-B0951, Benzene-1,4-diol [UN2662] [Poison], Tox21_110169, Tox21_202345, Tox21_300015, Tox21_500577, CCG-39082, NA2662, NSC758707, s4580, STK397446, UN3435, AKOS000119003, Tox21_110169_1, AM10548, DB09526, LP00577, NSC-758707, SDCCGSBI-0050559.P003, UN 2662, Benzene-1,4-diol, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%, Benzene-1,4-diol, USP, 99.0-100.5%, NCGC00015523-01, NCGC00015523-03, NCGC00015523-04, NCGC00015523-05, NCGC00015523-06, NCGC00015523-07, NCGC00015523-08, NCGC00015523-09, NCGC00015523-10, NCGC00015523-11, NCGC00015523-12, NCGC00015523-13, NCGC00015523-19, NCGC00090880-01, NCGC00090880-02, NCGC00090880-03, NCGC00090880-04, NCGC00090880-05, NCGC00254037-01, NCGC00259894-01, NCGC00261262-01, BP-21160, Benzene-1,4-diol, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.5%, SBI-0050559.P002, Benzene-1,4-diol, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, EU-0100577, FT-0606877, H0186, Benzene-1,4-diol, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%, EN300-18053, Benzene-1,4-diol, meets USP testing specifications, C00530, D00073, H 9003, AB00053361_08, Quinol; 1,4-Benzenediol; 1,4-Dihydroxybenzene, Q419164, J-004910, J-521469, SR-01000075920-1, SR-01000075920-4, Q27102742, Z57127551, 094CADDB-59BF-4EDF-B278-59791B203EA2, F1908-0167, Benzene-1,4-diol, certified reference material, TraceCERT.
Benzene-1,4-diols chemical structure consists of two hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to a benzene ring.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a depigmenting agent used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, chloasma, and melisma caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
This structure makes it an effective inhibitor of melanin production in the skin.
Prescription-strength Benzene-1,4-diol is often used for more severe cases of hyperpigmentation or melasma.
While Benzene-1,4-diol can be effective in treating skin conditions, it is important to use it with caution.
Prolonged or excessive use of Benzene-1,4-diol may lead to side effects such as skin irritation, redness, or a condition called ochronosis, which can result in a bluish-black pigmentation of the skin.
This is one reason why some countries have regulations and restrictions on the use of Benzene-1,4-diol in cosmetics.
Benzene-1,4-diol is produced by the oxidation of aniline or phenol, by the reduction of quinone, or from a reaction of acetylene and carbon monoxide.
There are also various other uses associated with reducing power.
Leveraging its antioxidant properties as a polymerization inhibitor, Benzene-1,4-diol prevents the polymerization of acrylic acid.
Benzene-1,4-diol, cyanoacrylate and other monomers susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
Benzene-1,4-diol serves to extend the shelf life of photosensitive resins by acting as a free radical scavenger.
Benzene-1,4-diol can lose a hydrogen cation from either hydroxyl group to form a diphenolate ion.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Benzene-1,4-diol is used as an alternative comonomer unit in polymer production.
Skin depigmentation Benzene-1,4-diol is used as a topical application to reduce skin discoloration in skin whitening.
Benzene-1,4-diol does not have the same predisposition to cause dermatitis as methol.
This is a prescription-only ingredient in some countries under the Directives, including member states of the European Union.
In 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration revoked the previous approval of Benzene-1,4-diol and recommended that it be banned.
The FDA officially banned Benzene-1,4-diol in 2020 as part of a larger reform of the over-the-counter drug review process.
The FDA stated that Benzene-1,4-diol cannot be ruled out as a potential carcinogen.
Benzene-1,4-diol is typically used for a limited duration, and once the desired results are achieved, users are advised to discontinue its use.
Benzene-1,4-diol can make the skin more sensitive to the sun.
Benzene-1,4-diol's essential to use sunscreen and sun protection measures when using Benzene-1,4-diol-containing products to prevent further hyperpigmentation and sun damage.
While Benzene-1,4-diol is generally considered safe when used as directed, it can cause side effects in some individuals.
Common side effects may include skin dryness, redness, irritation, and a condition called "exogenous ochronosis," which can result in darkening of the skin in the treated areas.
This is more commonly associated with long-term or misuse of Benzene-1,4-diol.
Before using Benzene-1,4-diol, especially in higher concentrations or for more severe skin conditions, it's advisable to consult with a dermatologist.
They can recommend an appropriate treatment plan and monitor your progress.
In recent years, there has been growing interest in alternative skin-lightening agents, such as kojic acid, alpha arbutin, and licorice root extract, which are sometimes used as alternatives or in conjunction with Benzene-1,4-diol for hyperpigmentation treatment.
Studies in which adult rats have found increased rates of tumors, including thyroid follicular cell hyperplasia, anisokaryosis (change in nucleus size), mononuclear cell leukemia, hepatocellular adenomas and renal tubule cell adenomas.
The Safe Cosmetics Campaign also drew attention to concerns.
Numerous studies have revealed that taking Benzene-1,4-diol by mouth can cause exogenous ochronosis, a disfiguring disease in the body, which blue-black pigments are deposited in the skin; but skin preparations containing this ingredient applied topically.
The FDA classified Benzene-1,4-diol as a safe product in 1982; however, it was generally considered safe and effective (GRASE).
Additional studies have been proposed within the scope of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) in order to determine whether there is a risk from the use of Benzene-1,4-diol to humans.
NTP evaluation showed some evidence of long-term carcinogenic and genotoxic effects.
In some countries, Benzene-1,4-diol is available both by prescription and over-the-counter (OTC).
The concentration of Benzene-1,4-diol in OTC products is typically lower than in prescription-strength products.
Benzene-1,4-diol is generally not recommended for long-term, continuous use.
Benzene-1,4-diol has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Benzene-1,4-diol's essential to consult with a healthcare provider or dermatologist for safe alternatives during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
In some cases, dermatologists may recommend combination therapies that include Benzene-1,4-diol alongside other skin-lightening agents, such as retinoids or corticosteroids, to enhance the effectiveness of the treatment and reduce potential side effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol is typically used for a limited duration, often in cycles of a few months, to target specific areas of hyperpigmentation.
After achieving the desired results, users may be advised to switch to maintenance therapy, which typically involves milder products to prevent recurrence of hyperpigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol typically works gradually, and improvement in skin tone and reduction of hyperpigmentation may take several weeks to months, depending on the severity of the condition.
Individuals with darker skin tones may be more prone to side effects like skin irritation or darkening (exogenous ochronosis) when using Benzene-1,4-diol.
Dermatologists often recommend lower concentrations or alternative treatments for individuals with darker skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol is applied topically to treat disorders characterized by excessive melanin in the epidermis, such as melasma.
In the United States, nonprescription skin-lightening products contain Benzene-1,4-diol at concentrations of 2% or less; higher concentrations are available by prescription.
Benzene-1,4-diol is marketed most aggressively to women of color for its whitening ability in skin creams.
The chemical is allowed in personal care products in the United States in concentrations up to two percent.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a white granular solid.
Benzene-1,4-diol is most commonly used in skin lighteners, products heavily marketed towards women of color.
Benzene-1,4-diol is linked to cancer and organ-system toxicity.
Benzene-1,4-diol is frequently found in skin-lightening products like bleaching creams.
Benzene-1,4-diol works by limiting your production of melanin, the hormone that darkens your skin.
While some people use it to lighten their darker skin, Benzene-1,4-diol creams are most commonly used to lighten small, dark patches like sunspots or hyperpigmentation.
Creams with Benzene-1,4-diol as an ingredient are an excellent non-surgical aesthetic procedure to help you achieve the skin they have always wanted.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also a skin irritant in humans.
Chronic (long-term) occupational exposure to Benzene-1,4-diol dust can result in eye irritation, corneal effects, and impaired vision.
No information is available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of Benzene-1,4-diol in humans.
There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity in orally-exposed rodents.
Increased skin tumor incidence has been reported in mice treated dermally.
Benzene-1,4-diol has not classified Benzene-1,4-diol for carcinogenicity.
Benzene-1,4-diol are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
In the manufacturing industry Benzene-1,4-diol may occur include bacteriostatic agent, drug, fur processing, motor fuel, paint, organic chemicals, plastics, stone coating, and styrene monomers.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a chemical compound that is commonly used in skincare products and cosmetics for its skin-lightening and depigmenting properties.
Benzene-1,4-diol is considered a skin-lightening agent and is used to treat various skin conditions related to hyperpigmentation, such as melasma, age spots, freckles, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (dark spots left after skin inflammation or injury).
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.
Benzene-1,4-diol is generally safe to use, but some people may experience side effects, such as dry skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol is frequently found in skin-lightening products like bleaching creams.
Benzene-1,4-diol works by limiting production of melanin, the hormone that darkens skin.
While some people use it to lighten their darker skin, Benzene-1,4-diol creams are most commonly used to lighten small, dark patches like sunspots or hyperpigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes.
Specifically, inhibition of the enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) results in the desired chemical reduction of pigment.
The name "Benzene-1,4-diol" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.
As a result, Benzene-1,4-diol is used topically in products such as creams, lotions, and serums to treat skin conditions like hyperpigmentation, melasma, age spots, and other forms of uneven skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol can help reduce the appearance of dark spots and promote a more even complexion.
Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as Benzene-1,4-diols.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a white granular solid.
Benzene-1,4-diol works by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called tyrosinase, which is involved in the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for the color of the skin, hair, and eyes.
By blocking this enzyme, Benzene-1,4-diol reduces the production of melanin, leading to a gradual lightening of the skin in areas where hyperpigmentation is present.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin-lightening agent.
Benzene-1,4-diol occurs naturally as a glucose ether, also known as arbutin, in the leaves of many plants and in fruits, as well as one of the agents used in the defense mechanism of the bombardier beetle, family Carabidae.
Benzene-1,4-diol has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol, a colorless, hexagonal prism, has been reported to be a good antimitotic and tumor-inhibiting agent.
The resulting conjugated base undergoes easy O-alkylation to give mono- and diethers.
Similarly, Benzene-1,4-diol is highly sensitive to ring substitution by Friedel-Crafts reactions such as alkylation.
This reaction is exploited to obtain popular antioxidants such as 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA).
The useful dye quinizarin is produced by diacylation of Benzene-1,4-diol with phthalic anhydride.
Benzene-1,4-diol undergoes oxidation under mild conditions to give benzoquinone.
Some naturally occurring Benzene-1,4-diol derivatives exhibit such reactivity; an example of this is coenzyme Q.
Industrially, this reaction is used both with Benzene-1,4-diol itself and more often with its derivatives in which an OH is present.
Colorless Benzene-1,4-diol and benzoquinone, a bright yellow solid, are co-crystallized in a 1:1 ratio to give a dark green crystal.
A charge-transfer complex (melting point 171 °C) called quinhydron (C6H6O2·C6H4O2) is formed.
This complex dissolves in hot water, where the two molecules dissociate in solution.
Benzene-1,4-diol has a variety of uses, mainly related to its action as a water-soluble reducing agent.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a key ingredient in most black and white photo developers for film and paper.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a reducing agent used in a photographic developer, which polymerizes in the presence of oxidizing agents.
The reactivity of the hydroxyl groups of Benzene-1,4-diol is weakly acidic, similar to that of other phenols.
Benzene-1,4-diol, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.
The effect of skin lightening caused by Benzene-1,4-diol is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved.
Various preparations are available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.
Ultimately, this causes a decrease in the number of melanocytes and decreased transfer of melanin leading to lighter skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a potent skin-lightening agent that is often used to diminish skin discolouration and promote an even skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol is known for its ability to inhibit the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
Benzene-1,4-diol bleaches the skin, which can be helpful when treating different forms of hyperpigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol methol reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
Benzene-1,4-diol, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a dihydroxybenzene compound, and it is also known as p-dihydroxybenzene.
Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as Benzene-1,4-diols. The name "Benzene-1,4-diol" was coined by Friedrich Wöhler in 1843.
In 2021, Benzene-1,4-diol was the 282nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 800,000 prescriptions.
Benzene-1,4-diol functions by reducing the production and increasing the degradation of melanin pigments in the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Benzene-1,4-diol has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a white granular solid.
Melting point: 172-175 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 285 °C(lit.)
Density: 1.32
vapor density: 3.81 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg ( 132 °C)
refractive index: 1.6320
Flash point: 165 °C
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear
pka: 10.35(at 20℃)
form: Needle-Like Crystals or Crystalline Powder
color: White to off-white
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: 70 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitive: Air & Light Sensitive
Merck: 14,4808
BRN: 605970
Henry's Law Constant (x 10-9 atm?m3/mol): <2.07 at 20 °C (approximate - calculated from: water solubility and vapor pressure)
Exposure limits NIOSH REL: 15-min ceiling 2, IDLH 50; OSHA PEL: TWA 2; ACGIH TLV: TWA 2 (adopted).
Stability: Stable. Combustible, Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 0.59 at 20℃
Benzene-1,4-diol is used to lighten the dark patches of skin (also called hyperpigmentation, melasma, "liver spots," "age spots," freckles) caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
This medicine works by blocking the process in the skin that leads to discoloration.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a chemical that a person can use to lighten their skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol is available as a cream, gel, lotion, or emulsion.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a chemical that bleaches the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol can come as a cream, emulsion, gel, or lotion.
A person can apply these products directly to the skin.
Creams that contain Benzene-1,4-diol are available with a prescription from a doctor.
People may use Benzene-1,4-diol as a form of treatment for hyperpigmentation skin conditions, wherein some areas of skin grow darker than surrounding areas.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a depigmenting agent used to lighten areas of darkened skin such as freckles, age spots, chloasma, and melisma caused by pregnancy, birth control pills, hormone medicine, or injury to the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol decreases the formation of melanin in the skin.
Melanin is the pigment in skin that gives it a brown color.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also known as 1,4-dihydroxy-benzene.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also used as an intermediate to produce antioxidants for rubber and food.
Benzene-1,4-diol is thought to be the active toxin in Agaricus hondensis mushrooms.
Due to concerns about its safety and potential side effects, some individuals seek alternative skin-lightening ingredients, such as alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), beta hydroxy acids (BHAs), vitamin C, and natural extracts like licorice root or kojic acid.
These ingredients may offer skin-brightening benefits without the potential risks associated with Benzene-1,4-diol.
The use of Benzene-1,4-diol in cosmetics and skincare products is regulated by health authorities in different countries.
In some places, Benzene-1,4-diol may be available over-the-counter, while in others, it requires a prescription.
Some countries have banned or restricted Benzene-1,4-diol is use in cosmetics due to concerns about safety.
Before using products containing Benzene-1,4-diol, it's advisable to consult with a dermatologist or healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate and safe treatment plan for your specific skin concerns.
They can guide you on how to use Benzene-1,4-diol effectively and minimize the risk of side effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.
Benzene-1,4-diol has a role as a cofactor, a carcinogenic agent, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a human xenobiotic metabolite, a skin lightening agent, an antioxidant and a mouse metabolite. Benzene-1,4-diol is a benzenediol and a member of Benzene-1,4-diols.
Benzene-1,4-diol is used as a developing agent in black-and-white photography, lithography, and x-ray films.
Benzene-1,4-diol is added to a number of industrial monomers to inhibit polymerization during shipping, storage, and processing.
Benzene-1,4-diol has been shown to be one of the chemical constituents of the natural product propolis.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
The detection of Benzene-1,4-diol along with resorcinol and phenol in air samples by synchronous fluorescence method has been proposed.
The electrochemical oxidation of Benzene-1,4-diol has been studied using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry.
Benzene-1,4-diols enthalpies of sublimation, vaporization and fusion have been reported.
Benzene-1,4-diol may be used to synthesize bicyclic phosphonate derivative by reacting with phosphonic dichloride.
Unlike skin lightening surgery, Benzene-1,4-diol creams are a cosmetic procedure that can be undertaken in the comfort of these home after the initial consultation with your dermatologist.
Benzene-1,4-diol is used as a developing agent in photography and as an antioxidant in rubber and food.
Tinnitus (ringing in the ears), dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, erosion of the gastric mucosa, edema of internal organs, cyanosis, convulsions, delirium, and collapse may result from the ingestion of a large amount of Benzene-1,4-diol in humans.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the Benzene-1,4-diols into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Benzene-1,4-diol is produced as an inhibitor, an antioxidant, and an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, motor fuels, and oils; in photographic processing; and naturally in certain plant species, Benzene-1,4-diol is a phenol derivative with antioxidant properties that can cause toxicity in several organs, notably the kidney.
Benzene-1,4-diol is used as a topical treatment for skin hyperpigmentation and in various cosmetic products, it is metabolized mainly to glutathione conjugates and forms mutagenic DNA adducts in in-vitro systems.
Benzene-1,4-diol appears as light colored crystals or solutions.
Benzene-1,4-diol may irritate the skin, eyes and mucous membranes.
Benzene-1,4-diols are one of the two primary reagents in the defensive glands of bombardier beetles, along with hydrogen peroxide (and perhaps other compounds, depending on the species), which collect in a reservoir.
The reservoir opens through a muscle-controlled valve onto a thick-walled reaction chamber.
When the contents of the reservoir are forced into the reaction chamber, the catalases and peroxidases rapidly break down the hydrogen peroxide and catalyze the oxidation of the Benzene-1,4-diols into p-quinones.
These reactions release free oxygen and generate enough heat to bring the mixture to the boiling point and vaporize about a fifth of it, producing a hot spray from the beetle's abdomen.
Benzene-1,4-diol is produced industrially in two main ways.
The most widely used route is similar to the cumene process in reaction mechanism and involves the dialkylation of benzene with propene to give 1,4-diisopropylbenzene.
Benzene-1,4-diol reacts with air to afford the bis(hydroperoxide), which is structurally similar to cumene hydroperoxide and rearranges in acid to give acetone and Benzene-1,4-diol.
A second route involves hydroxylation of phenol over a catalyst.
The conversion uses hydrogen peroxide and affords a mixture of Benzene-1,4-diol and its ortho isomer catechol (benzene-1,2-diol): C6H5OH + H2O2 ⟶C6H4(OH)2 + H2O
A potentially significant synthesis of Benzene-1,4-diol from acetylene and iron pentacarbonyl has been proposed Iron pentacarbonyl serves as a catalyst, rather than as a reagent, in the presence of free carbon monoxide gas.
Rhodium or ruthenium can substitute for iron as the catalyst with favorable chemical yields but are not typically used due to their cost of recovery from the reaction mixture.
Benzene-1,4-diol and its derivatives can also be prepared by oxidation of various phenols. Examples include Elbs persulfate oxidation and Dakin oxidation.
Benzene-1,4-diol was first obtained in 1820 by the French chemists Pelletier and Caventou via the dry distillation of quinic acid.
Uses:
Benzene-1,4-diol is used skin condition characterized by dark patches on the face, often triggered by hormonal changes, pregnancy, or sun exposure.
Benzene-1,4-diol is used age Spots (Liver Spots): Dark spots that commonly appear on areas of the skin exposed to the sun, typically with age.
Benzene-1,4-diol is used small, brown spots on the skin, often related to sun exposure and genetics.
Benzene-1,4-diol is used dark spots or discoloration that remain after an inflammatory skin condition or injury, such as acne, eczema, or a wound.
Some individuals use Benzene-1,4-diol for overall skin lightening to achieve a more even skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol can be used to address concerns about uneven pigmentation or dark areas on the skin.
Benzene-1,4-diol is sometimes used in combination with other dermatological treatments, such as retinoids or corticosteroids, to enhance its effectiveness in treating hyperpigmentation.
Dermatologists may recommend Benzene-1,4-diol to prepare the skin for certain procedures, such as chemical peels or laser therapy, as it can help improve the uniformity of skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
Benzene-1,4-diol is used as a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Benzene-1,4-diol prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
By acting as a free radical scavenger, Benzene-1,4-diol serves to prolong the shelflife of light-sensitive resins such as preceramic polymers.
Benzene-1,4-diol can lose a hydrogen cation from both hydroxyl groups to form a diphenolate ion.
The disodium diphenolate salt of Benzene-1,4-diol is used as an alternating comonomer unit in the production of the polymer PEEK.
Benzene-1,4-diol is most commonly used in skin lighteners, products heavily marketed towards women of color.
Benzene-1,4-diol is used in the following products: photo-chemicals, polymers, coating products, inks and toners and water treatment chemicals.
Benzene-1,4-diol is used in a cream or lotion formulation in a concentration of 1-5%.
Benzene-1,4-diol is often found in a combination formulation with other skin lightening agents such as topical retinoids (to increase efficiency) and low potency topical steroids (to reduce irritancy).
In New Zealand and many other countries, Benzene-1,4-diol is only available on prescription, and may need to be compounded by the pharmacist.
Benzene-1,4-diol must be distinguished from monobenzyl ether of Benzene-1,4-diol which can cause irreversible pigment loss.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a topical skin-bleaching agent used in the cosmetic treatment of hyperpigmented skin conditions.
The effect of skin lightening caused by Benzene-1,4-diol is reversible when exposed to sunlight and therefore requires regular use until desired results are achieved.
Various preparations are available including creams, emulsions, gels, lotions and solutions.
Benzene-1,4-diol is available over the counter in a 2% cream and can be prescribed by your dermatologist in higher concentrations.
Benzene-1,4-diol produces reversible lightening of the skin by interfering with melanin production by the melanocytes.
Benzene-1,4-diol has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Benzene-1,4-diol is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction and formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Benzene-1,4-diol is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Benzene-1,4-diol can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and for thermoplastic manufacture.
Benzene-1,4-diol is used in the following products: photo-chemicals.
Other release to the environment of Benzene-1,4-diol is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance.
Benzene-1,4-diol has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent that is soluble in water.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a major component in most black and white photographic developers for film and paper where, with the compound metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
There are various other uses associated with its reducing power.
As a polymerisation inhibitor, exploiting its antioxidant properties, Benzene-1,4-diol prevents polymerization of acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, cyanoacrylate, and other monomers that are susceptible to radical-initiated polymerization.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a pigment-lightening agent used in bleaching creams.
Benzene-1,4-diol combines with oxygen very rapidly and becomes brown when exposed to air.
Although it occurs naturally, the synthetic version is the one commonly used in cosmetics.
Benzene-1,4-diol application to the skin may cause allergic reaction and increase skin sun sensitivity.
Benzene-1,4-diol is potentially carcinogenic and is associated with causing ochronosis, a discoloration of the skin.
The u.S. FDA has banned Benzene-1,4-diol from oTC cosmetic formulations, but allows 4 percent in prescription products.
Benzene-1,4-diols use in cosmetics is prohibited in some european countries and in Australia.
Benzene-1,4-diol is a skin-lightening agent used topically for the treatment of hyperpigmentation.
Benzene-1,4-diol is used as a developing agent in black-and-white photography, lithography, and x-ray films.
Benzene-1,4-diol is also used as an intermediate to produce antioxidants for rubber and food.
Benzene-1,4-diol is added to a number of industrial monomers to inhibit polymerization during shipping, storage, and processing
Benzene-1,4-diol is primarily used to treat various forms of hyperpigmentation, including melasma, sunspots, age spots, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.
Some individuals use Benzene-1,4-diol for overall skin lightening to achieve a more even skin tone.
Benzene-1,4-diol is most commonly used to treat various forms of hyperpigmentation, which includes.
Safety Profile:
Benzene-1,4-diol is irritating but not corrosive.
Fatal human doses have ranged from 5-12 grams, but 300-500 mg have been ingested daily for 3-5 months without ill effects.
Benzene-1,4-diol is very toxic; the probable oral lethal dose for humans is 50-500 mg/kg, or between 1 teaspoon and 1 ounce for a 150 lb.
Exposures to Benzene-1,4-diol in large quantities by accidental oral ingestion produce toxicity and poisoning.
The symptoms of poisoning include, but are not limited to, blurred speech, tinnitus, tremors, sense of suffocation, vomiting, muscular twitching, headache, convul- sions, dyspnea and cyanosis from methemoglobinemia, coma, and collapse from respira- tory failure.
Occupational workers should be allowed to work with protective clothing and dust masks with full-face or goggles to protect the eyes, and under proper management.
