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BETAINE %45

BETAIN 45


Betain 45 is an amphoteric surfactant, suitable for shampoos, shower and bath preparations and skin cleansers.
Betain 45 is foaming and cleaning property, but also gives no irritation to both skin and mucous membrane. It is applicable in shampoo, shower lotion and baby care products.

CAS No. : 61789-40-0
EC No. : 263-058-8


Synonyms:
betain45; Cocamidopropyl Betaine; Dehyton® PK 45; Dehyton PK45; TeqinB45; Teqin B 45; 2-[3-(dodecanoylamino)propyl-dimethylazaniumyl]acetate; CAPB; Cocamidopropyl betaine; COCAMIDOPROPYL Betain 45; Cocoamido Propyl Betaine CAPB-45; Tainolin CAPB-45 / (45%)Cocoamido Propyl Betaine; Tainolin CAPB; 2-[(3-Dodecanamidopropyl)dimethylaminio]acetate; {[3-(Dodecanoylamino)propyl](dimethyl)ammonio}acetate; Lauramidopropyl betaine; Kokamidopropil betain; kokonat dietanolamid; Cocamidopropyl Betaine/CAPB/CA; Bétaïne de cocamidopropyle (CAPB); betaine; 107-43-7; glycine betaine; oxyneurine; lycine; Trimethylglycine; Abromine; Trimethylglycocoll; Glycocoll betaine; BETAIN 45; Glycylbetaine; Rubrine C; acidin-pepsin; alpha-Earleine; Cystadane; Jortaine; N,N,N-trimethylglycine; Trimethylaminoacetic acid; Loramine AMB 13; 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)acetate; trimethylammonioacetate; Glycine, trimethylbetaine; BETAINE, ANHYDROUS; Betaine hydrochloride; (Trimethylammonio)acetate; Trimethylaminoacetate; Betafin; Methanaminium, 1-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, inner salt; 2-(Trimethylammonio)Acetate; Glykokollbetain [German]; Acidol; Methanaminium, 1-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt; Aminocoat; Greenstim; FinnStim; Glycine-Betaine; Betafin BP; AI3-24187; AI3-52598; Betafin BCR; N,N,N-trimethylammonioacetate; Loramine AMB-13; BRN 3537113; GLYCINEBETAINE; CHEBI:17750; (Carboxymethyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide, inner salt; HSDB 7467; 2-(Trimethylammonio)ethanoic acid, hydroxide, inner salt; 2-trimethylammonioacetate; EINECS 203-490-6; Betain 45; (Carboxymethyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide inner salt; 2-(trimethylamino)acetic acid; 3SCV180C9W; 1-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium hydroxide, inner salt; 2-N,N,N-trimethylammonio acetate; 1-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium inner salt; Novobetaine; .alpha.-Earleine; Hepastyl; (Carboxymethyl)trimethylammonium inner salt; Glykokollbetain; Betaine, 98%, for analysis, anhydrous; CAS-107-43-7; NSC-166511; BETAIN 45; trimethylglycocoll anhydride; a-Earleine; .beta.ine; 3mam; 3ppp; Cystadane (TN); Betaine,(S); Betaine (JAN); Betaine (8CI); Aquadew AN 100; trimethylbetaine Glycine; 3l6h; BET; 2-trimethylazaniumylacetate; (trimethylammoniumyl)acetate; Betaine 107-43-7; Cocamidopropyl Betaine; caprylic amidopropyl betaine; 4-(Fluorosulfonyl)benzoylchloride; NCGC00255057-01; Abromine; Lycine; Trimethylglycine (TMG); 1-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-Methanaminium hydroxide; methanaminium, carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, inner salt; Methanaminium,N,N-trimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt; Methanaminium, 1-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, inner salt (9CI); Ammonium compounds, substituted, (carboxymethyl)trimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt (7CI)


Betain 45

CHARACTERISTICS of Betain 45:
1. Betain 45 is perfectly compatible with anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants, it can still be used as cloudy point inhibitor. 
2. Betain 45 can produce rich and fine foams. Formulated with adequate proportion of anionic surfactant, it has significant thickening effect.
3. Betain 45 has excellent to tolerance to skin, effectively reduce the irritation caused by fatty alcohol sulfate or fatty alcohol ether sulfate in the products.
4. Betain 45 has antibiotic function, being a good additive in personal sanitary products.
5. Betain 45 has excellent antistatic function, being an ideal conditioning agent.

Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is obtained from coconut oil and dimethylaminopropylamine. Betain 45 is a viscous pale yellow solution and is used as a surfactant in personal care products.
COCAMIDOPROPYL Betain 45 is classified as :
Antistatic
Cleansing
Foam boosting
Hair conditioning
Surfactant
Viscosity controlling

Cocamidopropyl Betaine. Betain 45 is an amphoteric surfactant. Betain 45 offers benefits such as synergistic effects with dermatological improvement, when in combination with anionic surfactants. DEHYTON® PK 45 is used in liquid soaps, personal care wipes, shampoos, shower/bath formulas, facial cleansing and baby care products. The shelf life of the ingredient is one year.

Uses of Betain 45
Betain 45 is an amphoteric surfactant broadly used as raw material of personal care and household products. This material carries high foaming, surface active characteristics, and is a good viscosity builder. Betain 45 shows low irritation to skin and eye. Betain 45 is compatible with other surfactants.

Betain 45 (CAPB) is a mixture of closely related organic compounds derived from coconut oil and dimethylaminopropylamine. Betain 45 is available as a viscous pale yellow solution and it is used as a surfactant in personal care products. The name reflects that the major part of the molecule, the lauric acid group, is derived from coconut oil. Betain 45 to a significant degree has replaced cocamide DEA.

Production of Betain 45
Despite the name Betain 45, the molecule is not synthesized from betaine. Instead it is produced in a two step manner, beginning with the reaction of dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) with fatty acids from coconut or palm kernel oil (lauric acid, or its methyl ester, is the main constituent). The primary amine in DMAPA is more reactive than the tertiary amine, leading to its selective addition to form an amide. In the second step chloroacetic acid reacts with the remaining tertiary amine to form a quaternary ammonium center (a quaternization reaction).

Chemistry of Betain 45
Betain 45 is a fatty acid amide containing a long hydrocarbon chain at one end and a polar group at the other. This allows Betain 45 to act as a surfactant and as a detergent. Betain 45 is a zwitterion, consisting of both a quaternary ammonium cation and a carboxylate.

Specifications and properties of Betain 45
Betain 45 is used as a foam booster in shampoos. Betain 45 is a medium-strength surfactant also used in bath products like hand soaps. Betain 45 is also used in cosmetics as an emulsifying agent and thickener, and to reduce irritation purely ionic surfactants would cause. It also serves as an antistatic agent in hair conditioners, which most often does not irritate skin or mucous membranes. However, some studies indicate it is an allergen.
Betain 45 is obtained as an aqueous solution in concentrations of about 30%.

Typical impurities of leading manufacturers today:
Sodium monochloroacetate < 5 ppm
Amidoamine (AA) < 0.3%
Dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) < 15 ppm
Glycerol < 3%
The impurities AA and DMAPA are most critical, as they have been shown to be responsible for skin sensitization reactions. These by-products can be avoided by a moderate excess chloroacetate and the exact adjustment of pH value during betainization reaction accompanied by regular analytical control.

Niche Uses
Betain 45 is also used as a co-surfactant with Sodium dodecyl sulfate for promoting the formation of gas hydrates. Betain 45, as an additive, helps to scale-up the gas hydrates' formation process.

Safety
Betain 45 has been claimed to cause allergic reactions in some users, but a controlled pilot study has found that these cases may represent irritant reactions rather than true allergic reactions. Furthermore, results of human studies have shown that Betain 45 has a low sensitizing potential if impurities with amidoamine (AA) and dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) are low and tightly controlled. Other studies have concluded that most apparent allergic reactions to Betain 45 are more likely due to amidoamine. Betain 45 was voted 2004 Allergen of the Year by the American Contact Dermatitis Society.

Betain 45 is a chemical compound found in many personal care and household cleaning products. Betain 45 is a surfactant, which means that it interacts with water, making the molecules slippery so they don’t stick together.
When water molecules don’t stick together, they are more likely to bond with dirt and oil so when you rinse away the cleaning product, the dirt rinses away, too. In some products, Betain 45 is the ingredient that makes lather.
Betain 45 is a synthetic fatty acid made from coconuts, so products that are considered “natural” can contain this chemical. Still, some products with this ingredient may cause unpleasant side effects.

Side effects of Betain 45
Betain 45 allergic reaction
Some people have an allergic reaction when they use products containing Betain 45. In 2004, the American Contact Dermatitis Society declared Betain 45 the “Allergen of the Year.”

Since then, a 2012 scientific review of studies found that it’s not the Betain 45 itself that causes an allergic reaction, but two impurities that are produced in the manufacturing process.

The two irritants are aminoamide (AA) and 3-dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA). In multiple studies, when people were exposed to Betain 45 that did not contain these two impurities, they did not have an allergic reaction. Higher grades of Betain 45 that have been purified don’t contain AA and DMAPA and don’t cause allergic sensitivities.

Skin discomfort
If your skin is sensitive to products that contain Betain 45, you may notice tightness, redness, or itchiness after you use the product. This kind of reaction is known as contact dermatitis. If the dermatitis is severe, you may have blisters or sores where the product came into contact with your skin.

Most of the time, an allergic skin reaction like this will heal on its own, or when you stop using the irritating product or use an over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream.
If the rash doesn’t get better in a few days, or if it is located near your eyes or mouth, see a doctor.

Eye irritation
Betain 45 is in several products intended for use in your eyes, like contact solutions, or it’s in products that may run into your eyes as you shower. If you are sensitive to the impurities in Betain 45, your eyes or eyelids could experience:
pain
redness
itchiness
swelling
If rinsing the product away does not take care of the irritation, you may want to see a doctor.

Products with Betain 45
Betain 45 can be found in facial, body, and hair products like:
shampoos
conditioners
makeup removers
liquid soaps
body wash
shaving cream
contact lens solutions
gynecological or anal wipes
some toothpastes

Betain 45 is also a common ingredient in household spray cleaners and cleaning or disinfecting wipes.
How to tell if a product has Betain 45

Betain 45 will be listed on the ingredient label. The Environmental Working Group lists alternative names for Betain 45, including:
1-propanaminium
hydroxide inner salt
In cleaning products, you may see Betain 45 listed as:
CADG
cocamidopropyl dimethyl glycine
disodium cocoamphodipropionate
The National Institute of Health maintains a Household Product Database where you can check to see if a product you use may contain Betain 45.

How to avoid Betain 45
Some international consumer organizations like Allergy Certified and EWG Verified offer assurances that products with their seals have been tested by toxicologists and have been found to have safe levels of AA and DMAPA, the two impurities that usually cause allergic reactions in products containing Betain 45.

Takeaway
Betain 45 is a fatty acid found in lots of personal hygiene and household products because it helps water to bond with dirt, oil, and other debris so they can be rinsed clean.

Although it was initially believed that Betain 45 was an allergen, researchers have found that it’s actually two impurities that emerge during the manufacturing process that are causing irritation to eyes and skin.
If you are sensitive to Betain 45, you may experience skin discomfort or eye irritation when you use the product. You can avoid this problem by checking labels and national product databases to find out which products contain this chemical.

What Is Betain 45 – Is It Safe?
Is Betain 45 safe for skin and hair? Discover more about how this ingredient is made and why Puracy promises never use it in our personal products.

What Is Betain 45?
Betain 45 (CAPB) is a naturally-derived surfactant that is sourced from coconut oil. Slightly yellow in appearance, this sticky liquid has a slightly “fatty” odor.

To produce Betain 45, raw coconut oil is combined with a colorless liquid called dimethylaminopropylamine to create what’s known as a “surfactant.” Surfactants are used in various personal care and cleaning products to break the surface tension of water, attach to dirt, and rinse away. 

Where Is Betain 45 Found?
You’ll find Betain 45 in shampoo, soaps, toothpaste, shaving cream, makeup removers, body washes, and various detergents and cleaners. This substance is used to:
Create rich, thick lather in foaming products
Soften hair and reduce static in conditioners
Thicken countless personal care products and cleaners.

how is cocamidopropyl made
Betain 45 vs. Coco Betaine
The names coco betaine and Betain 45 are often used interchangeably but they aren't exactly the same.
Coco betaine is a natural surfactant used in all of the products mentioned above. The “coco” refers to coconut oil. Betaine is a naturally-derived ingredient used to thicken and improve the texture of certain products. It also helps to hydrate skin and smooth hair.
Betain 45 has a slightly-different chemical. Like all surfactants, both substances are created through a synthetic process (but used in similar applications to achieve the same results).

Is Betain 45 Good for Skin?
That depends on how Betain 45 is produced and used. While it’s found in a wide variety of beauty and personal care products (including shampoos, conditioners, shaving cream, makeup removers, and liquid soaps), potential allergic reactions exist for some people.
Although Betain 45 (CAPB) is a naturally derived coconut-based cleanser, some people experience dermatological reactions after using products containing the substance. Back in 2004, the American Contact Dermatitis Society even named Betain 45 its “Allergen of the Year.” 
Board-certified dermatologist Dr. Julie Jackson reports that, ”another common allergen associated with Betain 45 is the chemical used in the synthesis of this molecule, 3-(dimethylamino)propylamine, which is often a contaminant.”

Cocamidopropyl Allergic Reactions
Direct contact with Betain 45 (or its contaminant) can cause contact dermatitis symptoms. These can last anywhere from a few days to one month after discontinuing the use of Betain 45-containing products.

Betain 45 Symptoms may include:
Itching
Redness
Tightness
Blisters and sores 
Eye irritation may be another issue with facial cleansers and makeup removers. Some sufferers complain of eye pain, redness, itching, and irritation. These symptoms generally go away when the product is rinsed off.
The best way to prevent allergic reactions is to avoid using these products directly on your skin. If you suspect a reaction, see a board-certified dermatologist who can perform patch allergy testing.

High-Quality Betain 45 Found Safe 
A University of Miami School of Medicine study determined that it’s not the Betain 45 in skincare products that causes contact dermatitis. Instead, it is two specific impurities that develop during the manufacturing process: aminoamide (AA) and 3-dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA).
Higher-quality grades of Betain 45 without these irritants rarely cause allergic skin reactions. 

Is Betain 45 natural
Puracy’s Stance on Betain 45
Thanks to its price point and effective cleaning capabilities, Betain 45 is becoming more popular than sulfates (e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate).
But we don’t believe the health and safety of our customers is worth that risk. That’s why all of our natural body washes, bubble baths, and body products are free of sulfates, Betain 45, parabens, and other ingredients that have no business being near your skin.

Puracy laundry detergent
The one exception in our product lineup is our Natural Laundry Detergent. We use high-quality Betain 45 since it’s great at targeting tough stains yet but is fully rinsed away during a single laundry cycle. That means serious cleaning benefits – without the risk of irritation.

Cocamidopropyl betaine (Betain 45) and coconut diethanolamide (CDEA), which are manufactured from coconut oil, are widely used as chemical substances with surfactant property in shampoo, liquid soap and skin cleaners. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) may occur against these substances, especially cocamidopropyl betaine. ACD developing against these two substances is rarely seen in the literature. Here we reported a case of ACD caused by Betain 45 and CDEA which admitted with complaints of redness,peeling and cracking of hands.

A Betain 45 (/ˈbiːtə.iːn, bɪˈteɪ-, -ɪn/) in chemistry is any neutral chemical compound with a positively charged cationic functional group such as a quaternary ammonium or phosphonium cation (generally: onium ions) that bears no hydrogen atom and with a negatively charged functional group such as a carboxylate group that may not be adjacent to the cationic site. A Betain 45 is a specific type of zwitterion. Historically, the term was reserved for TMG (trimethylglycine) only. Biologically, TMG is involved in methylation reactions and detoxification of homocysteine.

The pronunciation of the compound reflects its origin and first isolation from sugar beets (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris), and does not derive from the Greek letter beta (β), however, it often is pronounced beta-INE or BEE-tayn.

In biological systems, many naturally occurring Betain 45s serve as organic osmolytes. These are substances synthesized or taken up from the environment by cells for protection against osmotic stress, drought, high salinity, or high temperature. Intracellular accumulation of Betain 45s permits water retention in cells, thus protecting from the effects of dehydration. This accumulation is non-perturbing to enzyme function, protein structure, and membrane integrity. Betain 45 is also a methyl donor of increasingly recognised significance in biology.

Betain 45 is a modified amino acid consisting of glycine with three methyl groups that serves as a methyl donor in several metabolic pathways and is used to treat the rare genetic causes of homocystinuria. Betain 45 has had only limited clinical use, but has not been linked to instances of serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to clinically apparent liver injury.

Betain 45 is indicated in the treatment of homocystinuria involving deficiencies of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) or 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), or a defect in cobalamin cofactor metabolism ( cbl) . Most patients with homocystinuria have some degree of neurological impairment; some patients may have other clinical manifestations such as atherosclerosis, lens dislocation, skeletal abnormalities, and thromboembolism . Betain 45 may delay or prevent disease progression, but does not reverse existing neurological damage .

MEDICATION (VET): Dietary Betain 45 may reduce carcass fat in growing pigs. We explored the effects of Betain 45 on short-term growth and in vivo and in vitro fatty acid oxidation. Pigs were housed in metabolism crates and fed diets containing either 0% (control), 0.125% or 0.5% Betain 45 at 80% of ad libitum energy intake. Fatty acid oxidation was measured during intravenous infusions of 1-(13)C-palmitate and in hepatocytes incubated in the presence or absence of Betain 45 and carnitine. CO2 and palmitate isotopic enrichments were determined by mass spectrometry. Pigs consuming 0.125% and 0.5% Betain 45 for at least 9 days had growth rates that were 38% and 12% greater than controls, respectively. Feed efficiency was also improved with Betain 45. Fasting increased palmitate oxidation rates 7-8-fold (P < 0.01), but Betain 45 had no effect in either the fed or fasted state (P > 0.1). For hepatocytes, carnitine but not Betain 45 enhanced palmitate oxidation. This response suggests that previously observed reduction in adipose accretion must be via a mechanism other than oxidation. Betain 45 had no effect on plasma non-esterified fatty acids or urea nitrogen. Under the confinement conditions in this study, dietary Betain 45 improved animal growth responses, but it had no apparent effect on either whole body or hepatic fatty acid oxidation.

Betain 45-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) is a zinc metalloenzyme which catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from Betain 45 to homocysteine in the formation of methionine. BHMT is found in the liver and kidneys and may also exist in brain tissue. Betain 45 acts to lower homocysteine levels in some with primary hyperhomocysteinemia/homocystinuria via this enzyme.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dietary Betain 45 over a range of concentrations (between 0 and 0.5%) on growth and body composition in young feed-restricted pigs. Betain 45 is associated with decreased lipid deposition and altered protein utilization in finishing pigs, and it has been suggested that the positive effects of Betain 45 on growth and carcass composition may be greater in energy-restricted pigs. Thirty-two barrows (36 kg, n = 8 pigs per group) were restrictively fed one of four corn-soybean meal-skim milk based diets (18.6% crude protein, 3.23 Mcal ME/kg) and supplemented with 0, 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5% Betain 45. Feed allotment was adjusted weekly according to BW, such that average feed intake was approximately 1.7 kg for all groups. At 64 kg, pigs were slaughtered and visceral tissue was removed and weighed. Carcasses were chilled for 24 hr to obtain carcass measurements. Subsequently, one-half of each carcass and whole visceral tissue were ground for chemical analysis. Linear regression analysis indicated that, as Betain 45 content of the diet was elevated from 0 to 0.5%, carcass fat concentration (P = 0.06), P3 fat depth (P = 0.14) and viscera weight (P = 0.129) were decreased, whereas total carcass protein (P = 0.124), protein deposition rate (P = 0.98), and lean gain efficiency (P = 0.115) were increased. The greatest differences over control pigs were observed in pigs consuming 0.5% Betain 45, where carcass fat concentration and P3 fat depth were decreased by 10 and 26%, respectively. Other fat depth measurements were not different (P > 0.15) from those of control pigs. In addition, pigs consuming the highest Betain 45 level had a 19% increase in the carcass protein:fat ratio, 23% higher carcass protein deposition rate, and a 24% increase in lean gain efficiency compared with controls. Dietary Betain 45 had no effects (P > 0.15) on growth performance, visceral tissue chemical composition, carcass fat deposition rate, visceral fat and protein deposition rates, or serum urea and ammonia concentrations. These data suggest that Betain 45 alters nutrient partitioning such that carcass protein deposition is enhanced at the expense of carcass fat and in part, visceral tissue.


Betain 45 in high doses (6 g/day and higher) is used as homocysteine-lowering therapy for people with hyperhomocysteinemia due to inborn errors in the homocysteine metabolism. Betain 45 intake from foods is estimated at 0.5 to 2 g/day. Betain 45 can also be synthesized endogenously from its precursor choline. Studies in healthy volunteers with plasma homocysteine concentrations in the normal range show that Betain 45 supplementation lowers plasma fasting homocysteine dose-dependently to up to 20% for a dose of 6 g/day of Betain 45. Moreover, Betain 45 acutely reduces the increase in homocysteine after methionine loading by up to 50%, whereas folic acid has no effect. Betain 45 doses in the range of dietary intake also lower homocysteine. This implies that Betain 45 can be an important food component that attenuates homocysteine rises after meals. If homocysteine plays a causal role in the development of cardiovascular disease, a diet rich in Betain 45 or choline might benefit cardiovascular health through its homocysteine-lowering effects. However Betain 45 and choline may adversely affect serum lipid concentrations, which can of course increase risk of cardiovascular disease. However, whether the potential beneficial health effects of Betain 45 and choline outweigh the possible adverse effects on serum lipids is as yet unclear.

In small, open label trials of Betain 45 therapy for homocystinuria as well as in small controlled trials of Betain 45 in other conditions (Alzheimer disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis), serum enzyme elevations and clinically apparent liver injury were not reported. Indeed, in some studies, Betain 45 has been associated with significant declines in preexisting serum enzyme elevations in a proportion of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of orally administered Betain 45 and its acute effect on plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations. Healthy volunteers (n = 10; 3 men, 7 women) with normal body weight (mean + or - SD, 69.5 + or - 17.0 kg), 40.8 + or - 12.4 yr old, participated in the study. The Betain 45 doses were 1, 3, and 6 g. The doses were mixed with 150 mL of orange juice and ingested after a 12-hr overnight fast by each volunteer according to a randomized double-blind crossover design. Blood samples were drawn for 24 hr and a 24-hr urine collection was performed. Orally administered Betain 45 had an immediate and dose-dependent effect on serum Betain 45 concentration. Single doses of 3 and 6 g lowered plasma tHcy concentrations (P = 0.019 and P < 0.001, respectively), unlike the 1-g dose. After the highest dose, the concentrations remained low during the 24 hr of monitoring. The change in plasma tHcy concentration was linearly associated with Betain 45 dose (P = 0.006) and serum Betain 45 concentration (R2 = 0.17, P = 0.025). The absorption and elimination of Betain 45 were dose dependent. The urinary excretion of Betain 45 seemed to increase with an increasing Betain 45 dose, although a very small proportion of ingested Betain 45 was excreted via urine. In conclusion, a single dose of orally administered Betain 45 had an acute and dose-dependent effect on serum Betain 45 concentration and resulted in lowered plasma tHcy concentrations within 2 hr in healthy subjects.

Betain 45's production and use in soldering, resin curing fluxes, organic synthesis and in the treatment of homocystinuria and as a lipotropic drug may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. In addition, Betain 45 is produced naturally by both plants and animals as a nonproteinogenic amino acid. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.4X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Betain 45 will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase Betain 45 will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. Betain 45 does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, Betain 45 is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 3. The estimated pKa of Betain 45, an inner salt, is 2.38. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces or water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because ionic compounds do not volatilize. No information on the aerobic biodegradation of Betain 45 in either water or soil was located; however, the mineralization of alkyl Betain 45 surfactants is considerable (>60% BODT reached in 28-day screening tests) indicating that it is likely that Betain 45 is also readily mineralized. Betain 45 is expected to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions as well based on data indicating that it is removed during anaerobic sewage treatment. If released into water, Betain 45 is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. An estimated BCF of 0.3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to Betain 45 may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Betain 45 is produced or used. As a nonproteinogenic amino acid, Betain 45 is produced by both plants and animals, including humans. In addition, Betain 45 is ubiquitous in the diet of the general public through the ingestion of both plants and meats. Intake of Betain 45 by some individuals may be increased by the additional use of nutritional supplements containing this compound.


Betain 45 anhydrous is a chemical that occurs naturally in the body. It can also be found in foods such as beets, spinach, cereals, seafood, and wine.

Betain 45 anhydrous is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of high urine levels of a chemical called homocysteine (homocystinuria) in people with certain inherited disorders. High homocysteine levels are associated with heart disease, weak bones (osteoporosis), skeletal problems, and eye lens problems.

Betain 45 anhydrous supplements are most commonly used for reducing blood homocysteine levels and trying to improve athletic performance.

How does it work ?
Betain 45 anhydrous helps in the metabolism of a chemical called homocysteine. Homocysteine is involved in the normal function of many different parts of the body, including blood, bones, eyes, heart, muscles, nerves, and the brain. Betain 45 anhydrous prevents the buildup of homocysteine in the blood. Levels of homocysteine are very high in some people who have problems with its metabolism.

Uses & Effectiveness ?
Effective for
High homocysteine levels in the urine (homocystinuria). Taking Betain 45 anhydrous lowers homocysteine levels in the urine. Betain 45 anhydrous is FDA approved for treating this condition in both children and adults.

Possibly Effective for
Dry mouth. Using Betain 45 anhydrous in a toothpaste seems to reduce symptoms of dry mouth. Also, using mouthwash containing Betain 45 anhydrous, xylitol, and sodium fluoride seems to improve dry mouth symptoms.

High homocysteine levels in the blood (hyperhomocysteinemia). Research shows that taking Betain 45 anhydrous can decrease homocysteine levels in the blood of some people. However, it is not clear if this also decreases the risk of heart disease. Taking Betain 45 along with folic acid doesn't reduce blood homocysteine levels better than taking folic acid alone.

Possibly Ineffective for
Genetic disorder that causes intellectual disability (Angelman syndrome). Taking Betain 45 anhydrous does not seem to prevent seizures or improve mental function in children with Angelman syndrome.

Insufficient Evidence for
Noncancerous tumors in the colon and rectum (colorectal adenomas). Early research has found that higher dietary intake of Betain 45 anhydrous is not linked with a reduced risk of colon and rectum tumors.

Depression. Early research shows that taking Betain 45 anhydrous along with s-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) improves symptoms of depression in more people than does taking the antidepressantamitriptyline.

Exercise performance. Some research suggests that Betain 45 anhydrous can improve certain aspects of exercise performance, including body composition and strength, in men who participate in strength training. However, Betain 45 anhydrous does not seem to improve strength in untrained men or women.
Acid reflux. Early research suggests that taking Betain 45 anhydrous, along with melatonin, L-tryptophan, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12, and methionine daily can reduce symptoms of acid reflux.

Hepatitis C. Early research shows that taking Betain 45 anhydrous (Cystadane) plus S-adenosyl-L-methionine along with hepatitis C medications can reduce the amount of active virus in people with hepatitis C who did not respond to treatment with hepatitis C medications alone. However, this effect does not appear to last long-term in most people.

Liver disease not due to alcohol use (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH). Developing research has found that Betain 45 anhydrous might improve liver disease in people with NASH.

Sunburn. Early research has found that applying a specific Betain 45 anhydrous-containing cream for one month before exposure to sunlight reduces sunburn. However, applying this cream only 20 minutes before exposure does not have any benefit.
Nervous system disorder called Rett syndrome. Early research shows that taking a combination of folate and Betain 45 anhydrous daily for 12 months does not improve growth, development, or function in girls with Rett syndrome.

Weight loss. In one small study, adding Betain 45 anhydrous to a low-calorie diet did not produce extra weight loss in obese adults.
Other conditions.


Betain 45 hydrochloride is a chemical substance made in a laboratory. It is used as medicine.

Betain 45 hydrochloride has an interesting history. Betain 45 hydrochloride used to be included in over-the-counter (OTC) products as a “stomach acidifier and digestive aid.” But a federal law that went into effect in 1993 banned Betain 45 hydrochloride from use in OTC products because there wasn’t enough evidence to classify it “generally recognized as safe and effective.” Betain 45 hydrochloride is now available only as a dietary supplement whose purity and strength can vary. Promoters still claim that some health conditions are due to inadequate stomach acid, but this claim has not been proven. Even if it were true, Betain 45 hydrochloride wouldn’t help. It only delivers hydrochloric acid but does not itself alter stomach acidity.

Betain 45 hydrochloride is also used to treat abnormally low levels of potassium (hypokalemia), hay fever, “tired blood” (anemia), asthma, “hardening of the arteries” (atherosclerosis), yeast infections, diarrhea, food allergies, gallstones, inner ear infections, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and thyroid disorders. It is also used to protect the liver.

Don’t confuse Betain 45 hydrochloride with Betain 45 anhydrous. Use only the FDA-approved Betain 45 anhydrous product for the treatment of high levels of homocysteine in the urine (homocystinuria). This is a symptom of some rare genetic diseases.


What is Betain 45?
Betain 45 works by preventing the build-up of an amino acid called homocysteine. This amino acid can harm blood vessels and contribute to heart disease, stroke, or circulation problems.


Betain 45 is used to reduce homocysteine levels in people with a genetic condition called homocystinuria, in which the amino acid builds up in the body. Betain 45 is not a cure for homocysteinuria.

Betain 45 may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

Warnings
Follow all directions on your medicine label and package. Tell each of your healthcare providers about all your medical conditions, allergies, and all medicines you use.

Before taking this medicine
To make sure you can safely take Betain 45, tell your doctor about all of your medical conditions.

Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or breast-feeding.

How should I take Betain 45?
Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or instruction sheets. Your doctor may occasionally change your dose. Use the medicine exactly as directed.

Betain 45 is a powder medicine that must be mixed with a liquid before using it.

Gently shake the powder medicine bottle before measuring your dose. To get the correct dose, use the measuring scoop provided with Betain 45.

Mix Betain 45 powder with 4 to 6 ounces of water, juice, milk, infant formula, or soft food. Swallow the mixture right away without chewing. Do not save for later use.

Betain 45 doses are based on weight in young children. Your child's dose needs may change if the child gains or loses weight.

You may need frequent blood tests.

Betain 45 is only part of a complete program of treatment that may also include other vitamin and mineral supplements and a special diet. Follow your diet and medication routines very closely.

Store Betain 45 powder at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Keep the bottle tightly closed when not in use.


Betain 45 side effects
Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Call your doctor at once if you have:
muscle weakness;
memory problems;
changes in your mental state;
problems with speech, balance, or walking;
vision changes; or
unusual or unpleasant body or breath odor.

Common side effects may include:
nausea; or
upset stomach.


Betain 45 (BET) is an amino acid that has been shown to have potential benefits for fighting heart disease, improving body composition, and helping promote muscle gain and fat loss. This is thought mostly to be due to its ability to promote protein synthesis in the body.

Never heard of Betain 45 before? Also known as trimethylglycine, it is becoming more popular in supplements recently but is actually not a newly discovered nutrient.

While it’s been studied for its positive impacts on preventing heart disease for quite some time, only recently has Betain 45 been included more often in exercise-focused and energy supplements, protein powders and other products geared at improving exercise performance and body composition.

What Is Betain 45?
Betain 45 is a trimethylglycine and derivative of the nutrient choline. In other words, choline is a “precursor” to Betain 45 and must be present for Betain 45 to be synthesized in the body.

It’s created by choline in combination with the amino acid glycine.

Just like some B vitamins, including folate and vitamin B12, Betain 45 is considered to be a “methyl donor.” This means it aids in liver function, detoxification and cellular functioning within the body.

Its most crucial role is to help the body process fats.

What is Betain 45 used for in supplement form? Probably the most extensively researched benefit of Betain 45 is supporting conversion of the amino acid homocysteine in the blood to methionine.

Although amino acids are critical compounds needed for many body functions, studies show that high levels of homocysteine can be harmful to blood vessels, potentially leading to the development of plaque buildup and the condition called atherosclerosis (clogged arteries).

Health Benefits
1. Supports Heart Health 

Betain 45 is best known for helping reduce plasma homocysteine levels, which is directly related to lowering the risk for heart disease. A high homocysteine concentration is a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but studies suggest that this condition can be reduced through regular Betain 45 supplementation.

High plasma levels of homocysteine greater than 15 μmol/L are present in an estimated 5 percent of the adult population and in as many as 50 percent of those with cardiovascular disease and stroke.

According to a 2013 study, “supplementation with at least 4 grams/day of Betain 45 for a minimum of 6 weeks can lower plasma homocysteine.”

By helping fight hardening and blocking of arteries due to elevated homocysteine, Betain 45 may be beneficial in reducing the risk for heart attacks, stroke, and other forms of cardiac arrest and heart disease.

2. Has Anti-Inflammatory Effects

New research indicates that Betain 45 has anti-inflammatory functions, offering protection against numerous diseases — including obesity, diabetes, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Its protective effects are in part due to its role in sulfur amino acid metabolism, which defends against oxidative stress, inhibits inflammatory responses, regulates energy metabolism and mitigates apoptosis.

3. May Help Improve Muscle Mass 

Though research from clinical trials is mixed and somewhat limited in humans, ongoing Betain 45 supplementation has been shown to reduce fat (adipose) mass and increase muscle mass in animal studies and selective human studies.

To date, several studies have been done to research whether Betain 45 benefits exist for building strength and muscle mass. Different studies have showed varying results.

A 2010 study reported increased muscle power output and muscle force production after Betain 45 supplementation. Another 2009 study found that two weeks of Betain 45 supplementation in active college males appeared to improve muscle endurance during squat exercises and increased the quality of repetitions that could be performed.

A 2013 study revealed that six weeks of Betain 45 supplementation improved body composition, arm size and bench press work capacity; attenuated the rise in urinary homocysteine thiolactone; and tended to improve power but not strength.

To draw a conclusion, in 2013, a study was done by the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Participants were tested to see whether six weeks of Betain 45 supplementation would have impacts on body composition, strength, endurance and fat loss.

After six weeks of Betain 45 supplementation, participants showed improved body composition, gains in the size of arm muscles, and higher capacity to do bench press weightlifting and squat exercises.

On the other hand, a 2017 systematic review found that among seven studies, only two reported increases in strength or power after supplementation with BET. The remaining five studies showed no change in any strength or power outcome measures with supplementation.

4. May Help with Fat Loss 

According to certain studies, Betain 45 supplementation may be beneficial in altering how the body processes and partitions nutrients, resulting in quicker fat burning abilities and fat loss, without breaking down muscle tissue or losing muscle mass.

A 2018 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial found evidence that Betain 45 supplementation may enhance reductions in fat mass among female college athletes.  The study found that 2.5 grams of supplementary Betain 45 per day with nine weeks exercise training in 11 young women decreased body fat more than a placebo.

A separate 2019 systematic review that included six studies with 195 participants concluded that:

Betain 45 supplementation significantly reduced the total body fat mass and body fat percentage. No changes were observed regarding body weight and body mass index. The results suggested that dietary Betain 45 supplementation might be an effective approach for reducing body fat.

The review also pointed out that favorable effects of Betain 45 on reducing body fat have been shown in studies using animals, such as rodents, pigs and fowls.

5. Helps with Liver Function and Detoxification 

Another positive effect of Betain 45 seems to be supporting liver health by assisting in detoxification and the process of the liver digesting fats (lipids).

Fat can accumulate to dangerous levels in the liver from certain conditions — such as alcohol abuse, obesity, diabetes and other causes — but Betain 45 is able to assist in liver-cleansing functions of breaking down and removing fats.

Betain 45 also seems to help the liver to dispose of toxins and chemicals, preventing against damage to the digestive tract and other bodily damage that can result from toxin exposure.

It has also been found to protect the liver against hepatotoxins, such as ethanol and carbon tetrachloride, which are toxic chemical substances that can enter the body through some medications, drugs and pesticides.

6. Can Aid in Digestion 

Betain 45 is sometimes used to create Betain 45 hydrochloride (HCl) supplements. Betain 45 HCI is thought to increase the concentration of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which is the acid that must be present in order to break down foods and use nutrients.

In certain groups of people who have low stomach acid, they can experience a range of digestive problems that Betain 45 may be able to help relieve.

Certain people find it beneficial to take Betain 45 HCl extract prior to meals to help enable the stomach to dissolve and process foods. Positive results have been found in people who suffer from indigestion due to medications or other digestive problems.

Taking Betain 45 HCl before meals may be able to help promote a healthy digestive response and gut health. This is also important because the immune system heavily relies on the health of the gut flora to boost immunity.

7. Helps Relieve Aches and Pains 

Studies have shown that Betain 45 may positively benefit those with muscle aches and pains. In one study conducted on horses, levels of lactate acid (associated with muscular fatigue) were lower after exercise when horses received Betain 45 supplementation.

This may be beneficial for people when performing rigorous exercise or for those who suffer from painful symptoms related to muscle and joint tissue damage.

8. Helps Repair Bodily Damage from Alcoholism 

Betain 45 is used to treat alcoholic liver damage that results in the accumulation of fat in the liver. It has lipotropic (fat-reducing) effects, so it has been shown to produce significant improvements in treating fatty liver disease by helping the liver process and remove fats.

9. Can Support Skin Health

What is Betain 45 in skin care products beneficial for? It’s thought to have certain anti-aging effects, such as helping prevent wrinkles.

It can also keep skin moisturized by acting as a natural hydrator due to the way it keeps moisture locked into the skin. This means it helps protect skin’s texture, while potentially soothing irritated and dry skin.

Signs of Deficiency
A Betain 45 deficiency is not thought to be common in Western nations, mostly because dietary intake is adequate. One reason is because Betain 45 is present in high amounts in wheat products, which are a staple in most people’s diets.

What happens when you skip out on Betain 45-rich foods? Although it’s not directly due to low Betain 45 intake, low dietary intake may contribute to high homocysteine in the blood.

High homocysteine levels in the blood may be elevated for many reasons, including environmental factors, diet and genetics.

The biggest threat to consuming low Betain 45 levels is experiencing symptoms related to high homocysteine in the blood. This is seen most often in either older populations above 50, those who have suffered from alcoholism or in children who have genetic conditions that lead to high homocysteine.

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