PRODUCTS

BIOTIN

CAS: 58-85-5
European Community (EC) Number: 200-399-3
Molecular Weight: 244.31
Molecular Formula: C10H16N2O3S
IUPAC Name: 5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxo-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid

Canonical SMILES: C1C2C(C(S1)CCCCC(=O)O)NC(=O)N2
Melting Point: 232 dec °C
Solubility: >36.6 [ug/mL]
220 mg/L (at 25 °C)
SOL IN ACETONE; DISSOLVES ABOUT 1 PART/100 IN METHANOL; SOL IN METHYL ETHYL KETONE, BENZENE, CYCLOHEXENE; INSOL IN SATURATED & PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS /METHYL ESTER/
HIGHLY SOL IN WATER /SODIUM SALT/
Insol in naphtha
Slightly sol in chloroform and ether
Biotin is slightly soluble in water and alcohol (its salts are quite soluble).
Vapor Pressure: 1.07X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C (est)

Biotin is hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid.
Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell.
Biotin occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.
The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue.

Biotin is an organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring.
The parent of the class of biotins.
Biotin has a role as a prosthetic group, a coenzyme, a nutraceutical, a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite, a cofactor and a fundamental metabolite.
Biotin is a member of biotins and a vitamin B7. It is a conjugate acid of a biotinate.

Biotin is one of eight B vitamins.
Biotin is also known as vitamin B-7 or vitamin H, in which case the H stands for “Haar und Haut,” the German words for “hair and skin.”
Biotin is water-soluble.
The body does not store water-soluble vitamins, so people need to absorb them from their diets.
Biotin is necessary for the function of several enzymes known as carboxylases.

Biotin is a B vitamin that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins.
Biotin supports health in many ways.
Biotin deficiencies are relatively rare, but they can cause skin, hair, and nail problems.
Pregnant or breastfeeding women may require more of this vitamin.

Also known as vitamin H, biotin is one of the B complex vitamins that help the body convert food into energy.
The word “biotin” comes from the ancient Greek word “biotos,” which means “life” or “sustenance.”
B vitamins, and specifically biotin, help keep your skin, hair, eyes, liver, and nervous system healthy.
Biotin is also a crucial nutrient during pregnancy, as it’s important for embryonic growth.

Biotin is also known as vitamin B-7. It forms fatty acids and glucose.
Biotin also helps metabolize carbohydrates and amino acids, and it aids in breaking down fat in your body.
These functions make biotin an important part of creating the energy your body needs.
Biotin is found in many foods and beverages, including milk, carrots, salmon, and nuts.
Biotin can also be taken as a supplement if needed.

Biotin (vitamin B7) is a vitamin found in foods like eggs, milk, and bananas.
Biotin deficiency can cause thinning of the hair and a rash on the face.
Biotin is an important part of enzymes in the body that break down substances like fats, carbohydrates, and others.
There isn't a good test for detecting low biotin levels, so it's usually identified by its symptoms, which include thinning hair and red scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth.

Biotin, also called vitamin B7, is one of the B vitamins.
It is involved in a wide range of metabolic processes, both in humans and in other organisms, primarily related to the utilization of fats, carbohydrates, and amino acids.
The name biotin derives from the Greek word “bios” (to live) and the suffix “-in” (a general chemical suffix used in organic chemistry).

Biotin is classified as a heterocyclic compound, with a sulfur-containing ring fused ureido and tetrahydrothiophene group.
A C5-carboxylic acid side chain is appended to one of the rings.
The ureido ring, containing the –N–CO–N– group, serves as the carbon dioxide carrier in carboxylation reactions.
Biotin is a coenzyme for five carboxylase enzymes, which are involved in the digestion of carbohydrates, synthesis of fatty acids, and gluconeogenesis.
Biotinylation of histone proteins in nuclear chromatin plays a role in chromatin stability and gene expression.

Biotin is a coenzyme and a B vitamin.
Biotin is also known as vitamin H.
Because biotin is present in so many different kinds of foods, deficiency is rare.
As a supplement, biotin is sometimes used for hepatitis, brittle nails, neuropathy, and other conditions.

Biotin, a B vitamin, is an essential nutrient that is naturally present in some foods and available as a dietary supplement.
This water-soluble vitamin is a cofactor for five carboxylases (propionyl-CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase [MCC], acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2) that catalyze critical steps in the metabolism of fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids.
Biotin also plays key roles in histone modifications, gene regulation (by modifying the activity of transcription factors), and cell signaling.

Most biotin in foods is bound to protein, although some dietary biotin is in the free form.
Gastrointestinal proteases and peptidases break down the protein-bound forms of ingested biotin into biocytin and biotin-oligopeptides, which undergo further processing by biotinidase, an enzyme, in the intestinal lumen to release free biotin.
The free biotin is then absorbed in the small intestine, and most biotin is stored in the liver.

Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin found naturally in some foods and also in supplements.
Biotin plays a vital role in assisting enzymes to break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in food.
Biotin also helps to regulate signals sent by cells and the activity of genes.

Water-soluble biotin is an essential cofactor to enzymes in intermediary metabolism and a key regulator of gene expression.

Both parenteral nutrition devoid of biotin and prolonged consumption of raw egg white have been associated with symptoms of frank biotin deficiency, including hair loss, dermatitis, and skin rash, ataxia, seizures, and other neurologic dysfunctions.

Biotin is used in the treatment of an inherited disorder of thiamin transport, called biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease, and is currently being tested in trials to limit or reverse functional disabilities in individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Biotin cannot be synthesized by mammalian cells and must be obtained from exogenous sources.
Biotin is widely found in food, and good dietary sources include egg yolk, liver, whole-grain cereal, and some vegetables.

Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin that is generally classified as a B-complex vitamin.
After its initial discovery in 1927, 40 years of additional research was required to unequivocally establish biotin as a vitamin.
Biotin is required by all organisms but can be synthesized by some strains of bacteria, yeast, mold, algae, and some plant species.

Vitamin H, more commonly known as biotin, is part of the B complex group of vitamins.
All B vitamins help the body to convert food (carbohydrates) into fuel (glucose), which is used to produce energy.
These B vitamins often referred to as B complex vitamins, also help the body metabolize fats and protein.
Like all B vitamins, biotin is water-soluble, meaning the body does not store it.
B complex vitamins are needed for healthy skin, hair, eyes, and liver.
They also help the nervous system function properly.

Although rare, biotin deficiency may occur due to:

· Taking medications that prevent your body from absorbing the right amount of vitamins.

· Intestinal problems that may cause bad nutrient

· Dieting as the limited amount of food cannot fulfill the desired amount of vitamins for the body.

· Genetic disorders can also be the cause of biotin deficiency.

Biotin is a form of vitamin B that helps your body break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Small amounts of biotin are found in foods like eggs, milk, and bananas.
Biotin is used as a medical therapy in prescription form to treat a documented biotin deficiency with related symptoms of hair and skin changes.
Biotin’s also sometimes used in children with a specific condition called biotinidase deficiency.

Biotin is a form of vitamin B found in foods.
Biotin helps the body break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Biotin has been used in alternative medicine as a likely effective aid in treating or preventing biotin deficiency.
Biotin deficiency can be caused by malnutrition, rapid weight loss, long-term tube feeding, and other medical conditions.
Biotin has also been used to treat seborrhea (skin rash) in babies.

Biotin, vitamin B7, is essential for life.
The major biological function of biotin is to act as a covalently bound cofactor for the biological activities of five mammalian biotin-dependent carboxylases.
These biotin-dependent carboxylases have crucial role in essential biological processes including fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and amino acid metabolism.
Humans cannot synthesize biotin but the gut bacteria are capable of producing biotin.
The daily biotin requirement (30 μg) is mostly satisfied by diet, so the role of biotin synthesized by gut bacteria in the overall biotin status of humans is not known.
Nutritional biotin deficiency is rare, but consumption of raw eggs on a regular basis may cause biotin deficiency because avidin, a protein present in raw eggs, strongly binds to biotin thus making biotin unavailable for intestinal absorption.
However, cooking eggs denatures avidin and makes biotin available for absorption.
Most biotin in food is protein bound and must be released prior to intestinal absorption.
Biotin is water soluble and as a result free biotin is absorbed almost 100%.
Almost 50% of ingested biotin is excreted unchanged in urine.
Biotin has no known toxicity.

Biotin, a member of the water-soluble B-complex group of vitamins, is synthesized by higher plants and most fungi and bacteria.
Humans, other mammals, and birds cannot synthesize biotin de novo and therefore must obtain this essential micronutrient from material synthesized by intestinal microflora and from dietary sources.
In mammals, absorption of biotin occurs in the small intestine.
Other important sites that play a role in normal biotin physiology include the liver (the principal site of biotin utilization), kidney (the site of reabsorption of filtered biotin), and placenta (the site of transport of biotin from the maternal circulation to the developing embryo).
Biotin obtained from dietary sources exists in both free and protein-bound forms.
Protein-bound biotin is digested by gastrointestinal proteases and peptidases to biocytin and biotin-containing short peptides.
Biotin present in these compounds is recycled through the action of biotinidase to release free biotin.

Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex (vitamin B7, also called vitamin H), and is found in many foods, especially eggs and liver.
Biotin is involved in the action of four carboxylases:

•acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which catalyses the binding of bicarbonate to acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA in the synthesis of fatty acids;

•pyruvate carboxylase, which is involved in gluconeogenesis;

•methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, which catalyses an essential step in the metabolism of leucine;

•propionyl-CoA carboxylase, which catalyses essential steps in the metabolism of amino acids, cholesterol, and fatty acids.

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H, is an essential vitamin because it acts as a cofactor for five biotin-dependent carboxylases that play critical roles in the intermediate metabolism of gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism.

Biotin is covalently attached to the enzyme through an amide bond that links the carboxyl group of the valeric acid side chain of biotin to the ɛ-amino group of a lysine residue in apoenzyme.
This reaction is catalyzed in a two-step reaction by biotin protein ligase, a protein called BirA, which is also the repressor protein that regulates transcription of the bio operon in E. coli

Biotin is a water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell.
Biotin occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.

Biotin is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin which is composed of an ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring, which attaches a valeric acid substituent at one of its carbon atoms. Biotin is used in cell growth, the production of fatty acids, metabolism of fats, and amino acids.
Biotin plays a role in the Kreb cycle, which is the process in which energy is released from food.
Biotin not only assists in various metabolic chemical conversions, but also helps with the transfer of carbon dioxide.
Biotin is also helpful in maintaining a steady blood sugar level.
Biotin is often recommended for strengthening hair and nails.
Consequently, it is found in many cosmetic and health products for the hair and skin.
Biotin deficiency is a rare nutritional disorder caused by a deficiency of biotin.
Initial symptoms of biotin deficiency include: Dry skin, Seborrheic dermatitis, Fungal infections, rashes including erythematous periorofacial macular rash, fine and brittle hair, and hair loss or total alopecia.
If left untreated, neurological symptoms can develop, including mild depression, which may progress to profound lassitude and, eventually, to somnolence; changes in mental status, generalized muscular pains (myalgias), hyperesthesias and paresthesias.
The treatment for biotin deficiency is to simply start taking some biotin supplements.
A lack of biotin in infants will lead to a condition called seborrheic dermatitis or "cradle cap".
Biotin deficiencies are extremely rare in adults but if it does occur, it will lead to anemia, depression, hair loss, high blood sugar levels, muscle pain, nausea, loss of appetite and inflamed mucous membranes.

Biotin is necessary for the proper functioning of enzymes that transport carboxyl units and fix carbon dioxide, and is required for various metabolic functions, including gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, propionate metabolism, and catabolism of branched-chain amino acids.

Biotin is a water-soluble B-vitamin, also called vitamin B7 and formerly known as vitamin H or coenzyme R.
Biotin is composed of a ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring.
A valeric acid substituent is attached to one of the carbon atoms of the tetrahydrothiophene ring.
Biotin is a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine, and in gluconeogenesis.

Biotin is a vitamin that is found in small amounts in numerous foods.
Biotin is used for preventing and treating biotin deficiency associated with pregnancy, long-term tube feeding, malnutrition, and rapid weight loss.
Biotin is also used orally for hair loss, brittle nails, skin rash in infants (seborrheic dermatitis), diabetes, and mild depression.

Vitamin H, more commonly known as biotin, is part of the B complex group of vitamins.
All B vitamins help the body to convert food (carbohydrates) into fuel (glucose), which is used to produce energy.
These B vitamins, often referred to as B complex vitamins, also help the body metabolize fats and protein.
B complex vitamins are needed for healthy skin, hair, eyes, and liver. They also help the nervous system function properly.

Your body needs biotin to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids, the building blocks of protein.
Biotin is often recommended for strengthening hair and nails, and it's found in many cosmetic products for hair and skin.

Like all B vitamins, Biotin is a water soluble, meaning the body does not store it.
However, bacteria in the intestine can make biotin. It is also available in small amounts a number of foods.
Biotin is also important for normal embryonic growth, making it a critical nutrient during pregnancy.

It’s rare to be deficient in biotin.
Symptoms include hair loss, dry scaly skin, cracking in the corners of the mouth (called cheilitis), swollen and painful tongue that is magenta in color (glossitis), dry eyes, loss of appetite, fatigue, insomnia, and depression.

Biotin is a type of vitamin B, specifically B7.
Unlike vitamin C or vitamin D, there are many types of B vitamins that each play their own important role in maintaining how your body functions.
In particular, biotin stands apart from the rest with its role in keeping skin, hair, and nails healthy and looking vibrant.

B vitamins fuel many delicate, intricate pathways in the body, like methylation—your body's biochemical superhighway, a process that happens more than 1 billion times every single second. This pathway is responsible for decreasing the body's inflammatory response; it also helps your body in breaking down food for energy production.

Biotin's role in energy production is perhaps its most important: Biotin is considered a coenzyme for carboxylases, which are the enzymes that assist in metabolizing fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, turning these macronutrients into your body's fuel.
The enzymes also aid in processes such as gluconeogenesis, insulin release, fatty acid synthesis, and the use of branched-chain amino acids to produce neurotransmitters.

Biotin, water-soluble, nitrogen-containing acid essential for growth and well-being in animals and some microorganisms.
Biotin is a member of the B complex of vitamins.
Biotin functions in the formation and metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.
A relatively stable substance, Biotin is widely distributed in nature and is especially abundant in egg yolk, beef liver, and yeast.

Biotin is a B vitamin.
Biotin’s water-soluble.
Biotin’s easily absorbed when you take it by mouth.
Biotin’s found in a variety of foods.
Biotin’s also made by bacteria inside the large intestine.
Biotin deficiency is rare.
Like the other B vitamins, biotin helps your body make energy.

Biotin works with carboxylase enzymes, ATP, and magnesium to use carbon dioxide to help make fatty acids.
Biotin also helps make proteins and purines.
Biotin helps your body break down carbohydrates and the amino acid tryptophan.

Although Biotin is one of the lesser-known B vitamins, it plays a significant role in several metabolic processes.
Biotin is vital in the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates from food.
Biotin is involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, energy production, and synthesis of some amino acids such as BCAA.
Recent research suggests that Biotin could be significant in gene expression as well as in DNA replication.

Biotin, also known as vitamin H or vitamin B7, is an essential nutrient with many health benefits including converting food to fuel and maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails.

Biotin is a small molecule and its presence with biologically active macromolecules does not affect the biological function of the macromolecule.
The biotin-(strept)avidin system are required for various applications.
Biotin also works as a cofactor of carboxylating enzymes, such as pyruvate carboxylase.
Biotin catalyzes the formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate and CO2.
Biotin conjugation with avidin or streptavidin helps in linking the target molecule (antibody, nucleotide, protein A etc.) with the labeling system (enzyme, fluorescent, chemiluminescent probes).
This complex is used for many detection systems, such as immunoassays, DNA hybridization assays, immunohistochemistry and flow-cytometry.
This approach is also applied for the purification and characterization of various molecules of interest.

Biotin may be used to elute proteins from avidin/streptavidin resins.
Biotin has been used for culturing of oligodendrocytes.
Biotin has been used as a vitamin supplement for the growth of Bacillus species.
Biotin has been used for blocking endogenous biotin during immunohistology procedures.

Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin that belongs to the vitamin B family.
Biotin’s necessary for the production of keratin, a protein that is a structural component of hair, nails and skin.

In mammals, biotin serves as a covalently bound coenzyme for 5 carboxylases: acetyl-CoA carboxylases 1 and 2, propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC), and pyruvate carboxylase.
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 localizes in the cytoplasm, where it catalyzes the binding of bicarbonate to acetyl-CoA in a key step in fatty acid synthesis.
All other carboxylases localize in mitochondria.
PCC catalyzes an essential step in the metabolism of propionyl-CoA, which originates in the catabolism of odd-chain fatty acids and some other nutrients.
MCC catalyzes a key step in the metabolism of the amino acid leucine.
Pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, which is a key step in gluconeogenesis.

Holocarboxylase synthetase (HLCS) catalyzes the binding of biotin to all 5 carboxylases and, therefore, plays a pivotal role in biotin-dependent metabolic pathways.
In addition, HLCS participates in gene regulation at the chromatin level.
Consistent with the important roles of HLCS in biotin metabolism, no living HLCS null individual has ever been reported, suggesting embryonic lethality.
Mutations have been identified and characterized in the human HLCS gene; these mutations cause a substantial decrease in HLCS activity and metabolic abnormalities.
Some mutations respond well to pharmacological doses of biotin if diagnosed early.

Biotinidase catalyzes the release of biotin from breakdown products of carboxylases and, therefore, plays a crucial role in biotin recycling.
Mutations in the biotinidase gene impair the recycling of biotin and lead to a substantial urinary loss of biotin in form of biotinylated peptides.
Afflicted patients are treated with pharmacological doses of biotin to compensate for the urinary loss of biotin.

Biotin affects gene regulation by “classic” signaling pathways such as cyclic guanosine monophosphate, nuclear factor-κB, Sp1 and Sp3, nitric oxide, and receptor tyrosine kinases, by the intermediate biotinyl-5′-adenosyl monophosphate, and at the posttranscriptional level.

Biotin, or vitamin H is part of the complex B vitamins.
Along with helping the body metabolize fats and carbohydrates, biotin has been linked to improved hair health and maintaining proper function of the nervous system.
Though it’s uncommon to have a deficiency in biotin, chronic smokers, alcoholics, pregnant women, those with Crohn’s and/or liver disease and anyone eating a diet loaded with processed foods are most likely to have a deficiency.
Symptoms often reveal themselves through dry eyes, cracking on the sides of the mouth, scaly skin, depression and hair loss.

Biotin crystallizes from water as long, white needles. Its melting point is 232° to 233°C.
Free biotin is soluble in dilute alkaline solutions and hot water and practically insoluble in fats and organic solvents.
Biotin is quite stable under ordinary conditions.
Biotin is destroyed by nitric acid, other strong acids, strong bases and formaldehyde, and also is inactivated by oxidative rancidity reactions.
Biotin is gradually destroyed by ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Structurally related analogs of biotin can vary from no activity, to partial replacement of biotin activity, to anti-biotin activity.
Mild oxidation converts biotin to the sulfoxide, and strong oxidation converts it to sulfone.
Strong agents result in sulfur replacement by oxygen, resulting in oxybiotin and desthiobiotin.

Biotin is a member of the family of B vitamins (specifically, B7) that can be found naturally in a variety of foods including whole grains, egg yolks, walnuts and avocados.
The components making up Biotin offer a number of benefits.

Biotin supports cellular energy metabolism.
And Biotin may also help support healthy hair, skin and nails for anyone who may have a biotin deficiency

Vitamin B7, also called biotin, is a vital part of a healthy metabolism and creating important enzymes.
Biotin is often used to strengthen hair and nails, and is also called Vitamin H (for hair).

Biotin is found in small amounts in food.
Foods that contain biotin are liver, cauliflower, salmon, carrots, bananas, soy flour, yeast, wheat germ, whole-grain cereals, whole wheat bread, eggs, dairy products, nuts, Swiss chard and chicken.

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H, is a water-soluble vitamin.
Biotin is essential for a group of enzymes called carboxylases, which are essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids into energy.
Biotin also helps in the regulation of signals sent by cells, and in gene activity.
Some amount of biotin can be found in many foods.
Good sources of biotin include beef, organ meats, poultry, cooked eggs, fish (e.g., salmon), seeds, nuts, and some vegetables like sweet potatoes.
Biotin can also be synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring.

Vitamin B7, more commonly known as biotin, is a water-soluble vitamin that is vital for the body’s metabolism and functioning.
Biotin is an essential component of a number of enzymes responsible for several crucial metabolic pathways in the human body, including the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, as well as amino acids involved in protein synthesis.
Biotin is known to promote cell growth and is often a component of dietary supplements used for strengthening hair and nails, as well as those marketed for skin care.

Biotin is a vitamin involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids, the building blocks of protein.
Like all B vitamins, it helps the body convert the carbohydrates from food into glucose (blood sugar), which is used to produce energy to fuel the body.
In addition, biotin helps regulate DNA and the production of cellular structures inside the human body.
Many people also consider biotin the “beauty” vitamin, because it helps promote healthy-looking hair, nails, and skin.
Because it is water-soluble, excess amounts of biotin are excreted in urine.

The vitamin B-complex includes essential water-soluble vitamins such as thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), biotin (vitamin B7), folic acid, and the cobalamins (vitamin B12). Biotin and vitamins B1, B2, and B3 are involved in different aspects of energy production and other bodily functions.
Vitamin B6 assists with amino acid metabolism, and vitamin B12 and folic acid support cell division.
Research suggests that vitamin B-complex multi vitamins may support wound healing, a healthy mood, athletic performance, digestion, bone health, and healthy-looking hair, skin, and nails.

Biotin is an essential coenzyme for carboxylases, which are enzymes that play an important role in metabolic pathways, including in the production of glucose and fatty acids, as well as other cellular processes.
A proper amount of biotin in the human diet helps maintain normal body functions, especially in the heart muscle and brain.
Biotin is also linked to histones (DNA-binding proteins).
When biotin is molecularly bound to protein, such as histone H4, this “biotinylation” process supports DNA repair and genome stability, minimizing cellular risk for oxidation.

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a vital role in metabolism, gene regulation, and cell signaling.
Biotin’s a type of vitamin called a co-factor, meaning it helps enzymes break down fatty acids, glucose and amino acids so your body can function properly.
While biotin gained fame as a beauty booster, it does more than keep your hair, nails and skin healthy.

Vitamin B7, also known as Biotin is one of the water-soluble and highly essential B-complex vitamins.
Termed as Vitamin H where the letter ‘H’ represents’ Haar und Haut’, which are German words for "hair and skin", it is pivotal for a wide range of metabolic processes in the body including enzyme synthesis for several crucial metabolic pathways’ metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, as well as synthesis of amino acids which are necessary for protein synthesis.

Primarily, Biotin is a type of co-enzyme that is required for the synthesis of fatty acids which are molecules found in fats and oils; glucogenesis, i.e. synthesis of glucose from amino acids and fatty acids; and synthesis of leucine, a quintessential amino acid that the human body cannot generate on its own.

Biotin is synthesized by only bacteria, molds, yeasts, algae, and certain plants.
The human body cannot synthesise biotin on its own and has to depend on outer dietary sources to replenish the required amount.
Biotin is extremely essential in maintaining good hair, skin, and nails.
Biotin improves neural functioning and helps in the metabolism of nutrients.

Biotin was discovered in the year 1931 by German scientist Paul Gyorgy when he extracted the compound from the liver and named in Vitamin H.
Biotin is also listed as one of the safest and effective medicines in the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B vitamin family.
Biotin’s also known as vitamin H, vitamin B7 or vitamin B8 and is one of the vitamins that helps your body convert food into energy.

Benefits and function:

Biotin plays a number of important roles in the body, including:

Breaking down macronutrients:

Biotin helps the body convert food into energy — it supports a number of enzymes involved in the breakdown of carbs, fats, and proteins.
Specifically, biotin is involved in:

Gluconeogenesis: This is the synthesis of glucose from sources other than carbs, such as amino acids, and biotin-containing enzymes help initiate this process.
Fatty acid synthesis: Biotin assists enzymes that activate reactions that are important for the production of fatty acids.
Amino acid breakdown: Biotin-containing enzymes are involved in the metabolism of several important amino acids, including leucine.

Supporting nail health
Brittle nails are fragile and easily become split or cracked.
A biotin deficiency can lead to brittle nails.
For people with this deficiency, taking supplements that contain biotin could improve the strength of their nails.
Changing the diet and other lifestyle factors can help improve nail health, as can some commercial products.

Boosting hair health:

The diet can play an important role in the health of the skin and hair.
For instance, some foods for healthy hair include eggs, Brazil nuts, and fatty fish.
Many hair products that claim to encourage healthier, stronger hair contain biotin.
Biotin deficiency can lead to hair loss, which indicates that the vitamin is involved in keeping the hair healthy.

Boosting skin health:
People with biotin deficiencies may experience skin problems, including red, scaly rashes.
Some people also believe that biotin may help improve psoriasis.
The vitamin’s influence on the skin may stem from its effect on fat metabolism.
This process is important for maintaining healthy skin, and it may be impaired in people with low levels of biotin.

Sources:

Biotin exists in a wide variety of foods, which helps explain why a deficiency in the vitamin is fairly rare.

Foods that are particularly high in biotin include:

-organ meats, such as liver and kidney
-yeast
-egg yolks
-cheese
-legumes, such as soybeans and peanuts
-leafy greens
-cauliflower
-mushrooms
-nuts and nut butters

In addition, gut bacteria produce some biotin.
Some people take supplements that either contain biotin on its own or in a combination of vitamins.

Biotin provides an important source for creating energy as well as maintaining the function of your body as a whole.
Like all vitamins, your body needs biotin to stay healthy. There are several systems that biotin helps keep healthy.
Some of these include your liver, nervous system, hair, eyes, and more.
Biotin may be effective in treating certain medical conditions.
Some of these conditions include:

-hypoglycemia
-hyperlipidemia
-glucose control in obese patients with diabetes (when combined with chromium picolinate)

Biotin is one of several B vitamins that support a healthy metabolism.
Biotin converts glucose from carbohydrates into energy for the body and aids amino acids in carrying out normal bodily functions.

Biotin is also thought to:

-reduce inflammation
-improve cognitive function
-help lower blood sugar in people with diabetes
-increase HDL “good” cholesterol and decrease LDL “bad” cholesterol

Biotin is an essential vitamin—meaning that your body needs this micronutrient to function properly.
The biotin you consume in foods helps your body turn the food you eat (protein, carbohydrates, and fat) into energy.

Manufacturers claim that shampoo, conditioner, hair oils, masks, and creams containing biotin can thicken hair, increase fullness, and add shine.
A handful of research studies have shown that biotin supplementation may help stimulate hair regrowth in people who have a clinical biotin deficiency or alopecia

Biotin functions as a covalently bound cofactor required for the biological activity of the five known mammalian biotin-dependent carboxylases.
Such a non-protein cofactor is known as a "prosthetic group."
The covalent attachment of biotin to the apocarboxylase (i.e., catalytically inactive carboxylase) is catalyzed by the enzyme, holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS).
The term "biotinylation" refers to the covalent addition of biotin to any molecules, including apocarboxylases and histones.
HCS catalyzes the post-translational biotinylation of the epsilon amino group of a lysine residue at the active site of each apocarboxylase, converting the inactive apocarboxylase into a fully active holocarboxylase.
Particular lysine residues within the N-terminal tail of specific histones, which help package DNA in eukaryotic nuclei, can also be biotinylated.
Biotinidase is the enzyme that catalyzes the release of biotin from biotinylated histones and from the peptide products of holocarboxylase breakdown.

Biotin treat arteriosclerosis, stroke, lipid metabolism disorders, hypertension, coronary heart disease and blood circulation obstacle disease.

Used in cosmetics, can improve blood circulation in the skin blood vessels in the rate of 0.1% ~ 1.0% of the concentration range,easy-to-formula mixed in the oil phase.
In the skin care cream, sports liquid legs with analgesic cream, shaving liquid, shampoo can be used in.

Preliminary research suggests that supplemental biotin might help reduce blood sugar levels in people.
Biotin possibly reduce the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy.

Supports hair health.
Thinning hair and hair loss are very common symptoms of biotin deficiency and can be supported with a supplement.
Additionally, biotin is believed to naturally promote healthy hair growth because it is involved in the production of keratin, the main component of hair.

Supports skin health.
Biotin is right there at the front line to fight the effects of aging with its role in fatty acid synthesis, which is crucial for healthy skin.
The cells in your skin depend heavily on fat production for added protection against damage from pollution, sun, and other harsh everyday environmental concerns.

Promotes nail strength.
Brittle, rigid nails are another common complaint for those with vitamin deficiencies, especially vitamin B deficiencies.
Biotin has been shown to support thickness and firmness of nails in several human studies.

Supports immune health.
Biotin is essential for maintaining the development of white blood cells.
These are the defense mechanisms of your immune system and work to protect your body against viruses and bacteria that make you sick.
Your body actually contains two different types of white blood cells, called TH1 and TH2.
Almost like a seesaw, TH1 and TH2 need to balance each other.
When one becomes dominant, it can trigger an inflammatory response in your body.
One reason this can happen is a lack of T-regulatory cells, which work to maintain balance.
Biotin deficiency is associated with T-cell decay.

Supports brain function.
Biotin, along with other B vitamins, plays a role in neurotransmitter activity and protects against neurodegenerative disorders like age-related cognitive decline and overall aids in supporting cognitive function.
Biotin also helps to maintain mood due to their role in synthesizing hormones responsible for a positive mood.
Deficiency in biotin can lead to neurological problems, which has biotin supplementation has been shown to support.

Biotin can act as an anti-inflammatory.
Studies have shown that biotin deficiency can increase pro-inflammatory cytokines and contribute to inflammation.
Biotin works by activating the inflammatory nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB for short), which binds to your DNA and triggers a number of inflammatory cascades throughout the body.
Research has shown that supplementing with biotin can maintain healthy levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Supports heart health.
Biotin is needed for fat metabolism, which is important for thriving heart health.
Biotin can also work in conjunction with chromium to reduce LDL levels and increase HDL since inverse levels of each are markers for increased risk of heart disease.
Research has shown that a dose of 15,000 mcg a day of biotin can also maintain healthy blood triglyceride levels.

Supports nutrient breakdown in the body.
In every cell of your body, biotin helps break down the nutrients (protein amino acids, carbohydrates, and fatty acids) from your food for fuel.
B7 is also über-important whenever we are doing different forms of fasting (such as intermittent fasting) or if you are in a ketogenic state (nutritional ketosis or fat burning).
During these metabolic states, biotin is needed to support new glucose for fuel through gluconeogenesis.

The main benefit of biotin is that it supports a healthy metabolism by converting food into fuel.
Specifically, Biotin metabolizes fats and breaks protein down into amino acids, which we then use to build muscle and repair tissues.

Consuming adequate amounts of biotin is crucial for hair and nail health.
That's because biotin helps produce natural oils in the scalp that help your hair stay healthy.
In fact, a 2017 scientific review found that biotin supplementation improved hair and nail growth, in people who had underlying conditions that cause weak nails or hair loss, like brittle nail syndrome or uncombable hair syndrome.

Biotin is essential for the body’s metabolism.
Biotin acts as a coenzyme in a number of metabolic pathways involving fatty acids and essential amino acids, as well as in gluconeogenesis – the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates. Although biotin deficiency is rare, some groups of people may be more susceptible to it, such as patients suffering from Crohn’s disease.
Biotin deficiency symptoms include hair loss, skin issues including rash, an appearance of cracking in the corners of the mouth, dryness of the eyes and appetite loss.
Vitamin B7 promotes appropriate function of the nervous system and is essential for liver metabolism as well.

Biotin is commonly advised as a dietary supplement for strengthening hair and nails, as well as in skin care.
Biotin is suggested that biotin aids cell growth and the maintenance of mucous membranes.
Although biotin may be present in certain cosmetics, it is important to remember that it cannot actually be absorbed through skin, hair or nails.

Vitamin B7 can aid in caring for thinning hair and brittle nails, especially in those suffering from biotin deficiency.

Some evidence has shown that those suffering from diabetes may be susceptible to biotin deficiency.
Since biotin is an important factor in the synthesis of glucose, it may help maintain an appropriate blood sugar level in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes.

Biotin is an essential vitamin that has many benefits, such as:

Being an energy source for cells, since it's essential for the production of glycogen, which also helps regulate glucose levels;
Stimulating the production of proteins, as it aids in the formation of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins;
Strengthening hair and nails, since it guarantees the production of proteins that are essential for healthy nails and hair;
Promoting skin health, because it ensures the body produces collagen and keratin, which are essential proteins to guarantee skin elasticity and resistance;
Increasing the reabsorption of vitamins B12, B5 and folic acid, which help to maintain optimal body functions;
Helping form blood cells, especially lymphocytes and antibodies.
In addition, biotin can also help keep the nervous system healthy, help in the treatment of acne and hair loss and control cholesterol levels.

Although Biotin cannot be absorbed by hair or skin, it contributes towards healthy nails, skin and hair, and hence plays a key role and feature in many cosmetic and health products used for enhancing the skin and hair quality.

Biotin is extremely essential for hair, skin and nails.
Biotin improves the texture of the skin by preventing oxidative damage.
Biotin also rejuvenates and moisturises the skin, reduces various signs of ageing like wrinkles, fine lines, spots, dark circles etc, making it crystal clear.
In case of the hair, biotin is pivotal for strengthening the hair from the root to the tips.
Biotin retains the natural colour of the hair and prevents breakage and hair fall.
Biotin locks the moisture in the hair strands and prevents the hair from turning brittle.
Daily intake of food and supplements containing biotin is also beneficial for nails.
Biotin is also extremely beneficial in improving nail quality and preventing brittle nails.

Vitamin B7 is also essential in improving the cognitive functioning of the brain.
Biotin helps in repairing the brain cells and in turn, is used for treating symptoms associated with psychotic conditions like brain fog, depression, schizophrenia, hallucinations, etc.
it also treats biotin responsive basal ganglia disease and hence promotes healthy functioning of the nervous system.

Biotin is helpful in the case of people suffering from kidney problems.
Biotin also effectively reduces muscle cramps and pain during dialysis.
Biotin is also beneficial for improving vision and treating conditions like seborrheic dermatitis, cradle cap in children and auto-immune diseases like multiple sclerosis in adults.
Biotin is also extremely crucial in promoting the health of the baby in pregnant women and even after birth.

SYNONYMS:

biotin

d-biotin

58-85-5

vitamin H

Vitamin B7

coenzyme R

Bios II

Factor S

D(+)-Biotin

Biodermatin

Bioepiderm

Medebiotin

(+)-Biotin

D-(+)-Biotin

Biotinum

Biotine

Meribin

Factor S (vitamin)

Lutavit H2

Biotina

3H-Biotin

MFCD00005541

NSC 63865

CCRIS 3932

HSDB 346

Injacom H

5-((3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoic acid

cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4)imidazole-4-valeric acid

cis-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid

1swk

1swn

1swr

Rovimix H 2

D-Biotin Factor S

UNII-6SO6U10H04

5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxo-hexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazolidin-4-yl]pentanoic acid

AI3-51198

5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid

cis-(+)-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno[3,4]imidazoline-4-valeric acid

(+)-cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4]imidazole-4-valeric acid

1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-pentanoic acid, hexahydro-2-oxo-, (3aS,4S,6aR)-

1H-Thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid, hexahydro-2-oxo-, (3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,6aalpha))-

2'-Keto-3,4-imidazolido-2-tetrahydrothiophene-N-valeric acid

CHEBI:15956

6SO6U10H04

(3aS,4S,6aR)-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-valeric acid

5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxo-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid

Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid, (3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,6aalpha))-

beta-Biotin

5-(2-Oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoic acid

DSSTox_CID_2679

Vitamin Bw

(3aS,4S,6aR)-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-valeric acid

(3aS-(3aalpha,4b,6aalpha))-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidaz- ole-4-pentanoic acid

D(+)-Biotin, 98%

DSSTox_RID_76688

DSSTox_GSID_22679

medobiotin

Deacura

Gabunat

Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid

Rombellin

Biokur

Biotine [INN-French]

Biotinum [INN-Latin]

Biotina [INN-Spanish]

Biotin Gelfert

Biotin Hermes

Biotine Roche

Gelfert, Biotin

Biotin ratiopharm

Biotin-ratiopharm

Hermes, Biotin

Roche, Biotine

1H-Thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid, hexahydro-2-oxo-, (3aS,4S,6aR)-

BTN

SMR000112255

D(+)Biotin

EINECS 200-399-3

Biotin [USP:INN:JAN]

hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-pentanoic acid

d-biotine

delta-Biotin

Vitamin-h

NSC-63865

L-Biotin

1avd

1ndj

1stp

1swg

1swp

2avi

4bcs

4ggz

4jnj

Bioepiderm (TN)

CAS-58-85-5

Bios H

NCGC00094984-04

1H-Thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-pentanoic acid, hexahydro-2-oxo-, [3as-(3aalpha,4beta,6aalpha)]-

Biotin111In

delta-(+)-Biotin

Biotin (8CI)

delta-biotin factor s

1df8

1n9m

2gh7

3t2w

4bj8

Prestwick0_000418

Prestwick1_000418

Prestwick2_000418

Prestwick3_000418

cid_253

BDBM12

Biotin Silver Nanoparticles

bmse000227

CHEMBL857

Probes2_000006

SCHEMBL8763

BSPBio_000376

22377-59-9

22879-79-4

56846-45-8

Biotin (JP17/USP/INN)

MLS001066402

MLS001074888

MLS001331736

MLS001333089

D-Biotin, analytical standard

SPBio_002315

BPBio1_000414

cid_171548

GTPL4787

DTXSID7022679

AMF0005

1n43

2f01

Biotin, >=99.0% (T)

HMS1569C18

HMS2096C18

HMS2271O06

HMS3713C18

HY-B0511

Tox21_113050

Tox21_302161

BBL028095

Biotin, tested according to Ph.Eur.

s3130

STK801941

ZINC35024346

AKOS001287669

Tox21_113050_1

CCG-220418

DB00121

EBD2202242

MCULE-7440963355

MD-1003

1H-Thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid, hexahydro-2-oxo-, (3aS-(3aalpha,4b,6aalpha))-

D-Biotin 10 microg/mL in Acetonitrile

Biotin, meets USP testing specifications

Biotin, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%

NCGC00179580-01

NCGC00179580-02

NCGC00179580-04

NCGC00255377-01

AC-19998

BP-20441

ST055761

AB0068872

Biotin, >=99% (TLC), lyophilized powder

Biotin, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, >=99%

AB00374191

B0463

Biotin Impurity D - mixture of diastereomers

58B855

C00120

D00029

M02926

S-1412

AB00374191-08

AB00374191_11

Biotin, plant cell culture tested, >=99% (TLC)

Q181354

SR-01000765521

Biotin, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R)

Q-200929

SR-01000765521-2

BRD-K89210380-001-03-8

BRD-K89210380-001-13-7

6AE43AA3-BC3D-4C49-9DB9-5913A2401EB6

Biotin, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

F2173-0855

Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoate

Z210803762

Biotin, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

cis-(+)-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno[3,4]imidazoline-4-valerate

(+)-cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4]imidazole-4-valerate

5-(2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoate

Daunorubicin hydrochloride, Antibiotic for Culture Media Use Only

(3aS,4S,6aR)-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-valerate

Biotin, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

1H-Thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-pentanoic acid, hexahydro-2-oxo-, (3aS,4S,6aR)- (9CI)

5-((3aR,6S,6aS)-2-Oxo-hexahydro-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl)-pentanoic acid

5-((3AS,4S,6aR)-rel-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoic acid

5-[(3aR,6S,6aS)-2-oxo-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazol-6-yl]pentanoic acid

Biotin for system suitability, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard

hexahydro-2-oxo-[3aS-(3aa,4b,6aa)]-1H-Thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-pentanoate

hexahydro-2-oxo-[3aS-(3aa,4b,6aa)]-1H-Thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-pentanoic acid

hexahydro-2-oxo-[3as-(3alpha,4beta,6alpha)]-1H-Thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-pentanoate

hexahydro-2-oxo-[3as-(3alpha,4beta,6alpha)]-1H-Thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-pentanoic acid

BIOTIN, PharmaGrade, USP, meets FCC testing specifications, Manufactured under appropriate GMP controls for pharma or biopharmaceutical production.

Biotin, powder, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture, suitable for plant cell culture, >=99%