BIS (2-ETHYLHEXYL) ADIPATE

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is a high-boiling aliphatic diester plasticizer widely used to impart flexibility, softness and especially low-temperature performance to polyvinyl chloride and other compatible polymer systems. Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate has CAS Number 103-23-1, EC Number 203-090-1, molecular formula C22H42O4 and molecular weight approximately 370.57 g/mol. The material is commonly abbreviated DEHA and is also widely known in industry as DOA or dioctyl adipate, although the systematic chemical identity is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of adipic acid. Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is normally a clear, colorless to pale-yellow oily liquid with density approximately 0.92-0.93 g/cm³, viscosity around 13 mPa·s at 25°C, freezing point below approximately -68 to -70°C, very low room-temperature vapor pressure, boiling point around 416-418°C and flash point around 196°C in commonly cited closed-cup data. The major technical advantage of Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is excellent low-temperature flexibility, making the plasticizer valuable in flexible PVC films, hoses, cable compounds, gaskets, seals, coated fabrics, synthetic-rubber systems and cold-service applications. Because Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is an external plasticizer rather than a covalently bound polymer component, migration, extraction resistance and long-term permanence must be evaluated in the final formulation, particularly when the material is blended with higher-permanence plasticizers.

PRODUCT IDENTITY

Chemical Name: Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate
Preferred Compact Name: Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate
CAS Number: 103-23-1
EC Number: 203-090-1
PubChem CID: 7641
Molecular Formula: C22H42O4
Molecular Weight: Approximately 370.57 g/mol
IUPAC Name: Bis(2-ethylhexyl) hexanedioate
Alternative Systematic Name: Hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester
Chemical Class: Aliphatic dicarboxylic-acid diester / adipate ester
Plasticizer Class: Low-temperature aliphatic ester plasticizer
Common Abbreviations: DEHA, DOA
Common Legacy Name: Dioctyl adipate
Physical Form: Liquid
Appearance: Clear, colorless to pale-yellow or light-colored oily liquid
Odor: Mild characteristic odor
Density: Approximately 0.922-0.927 g/cm³ near 20-25°C
Specific Gravity: Approximately 0.92-0.93
Viscosity: Approximately 13 mPa·s at 25°C
Refractive Index: Approximately 1.445 at 25°C
Freezing Point: Commonly below approximately -68 to -70°C
Boiling Point: Approximately 416-418°C at atmospheric pressure in widely cited reference data
Reduced-Pressure Boiling Point: Approximately 214°C at 5 mmHg in classical reference data
Flash Point: Approximately 196°C closed cup in widely used technical data
Open-Cup Flash Point: Approximately 206°C in historical reference data
Vapor Pressure: Extremely low at room temperature, typically below 0.01 Pa at approximately 20°C
Water Solubility: Very low; approximately 0.78 mg/L at 22°C in published reference data
Organic Solubility: Soluble in many organic solvents including ethanol, ether, acetone and acetic acid
Primary Function: External plasticizer
Primary Polymer: Flexible polyvinyl chloride
Other Compatible Polymer / Binder Families: Nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose, selected cellulose acetate butyrates and many synthetic rubbers
Key Performance Advantage: Excellent low-temperature flexibility
Other Performance Advantages: Good electrical properties, useful weathering resistance, low volatility and good processability
Main Limitation: Lower permanence and higher migration/extraction tendency than more permanent higher-molecular-weight plasticizers in many PVC applications
Current IARC Historical Evaluation: Group 3, not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans
Current EU Regulatory Activity: Substance-evaluation and testing-proposal activities have occurred under REACH; regulatory activity should not be interpreted as a final CMR classification without a current legal entry
EU Food-Contact Plastics Status: Listed under Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 with an SML of 18 mg/kg, subject to the applicable restrictions and finished-article compliance
U.S. Food-Contact Status: Listed for specified indirect food-contact uses in multiple 21 CFR sections; exact intended use and conditions must be confirmed

SYNONYMS

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate, Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, Di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, Di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, Diethylhexyl adipate, Adipic acid bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, Adipic acid di(2-ethylhexyl) ester, Hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, Hexanedioic acid bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, Hexanedioic acid, 1,6-bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) hexanedioate, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) hexanedioic acid ester, Dioctyl adipate, Dioctyl Adipate, DOA, DEHA, BEHA, 2-Ethylhexyl adipate, Adipic acid dioctyl ester, Hexanedioic acid dioctyl ester, Octyl adipate, Adipate plasticizer DOA, DEHA plasticizer, DOA plasticizer, Low-temperature adipate plasticizer, CAS 103-23-1, EC 203-090-1, C22H42O4, Diethylhexyl Adipate Plasticizer

WHAT IS BIS (2-ETHYLHEXYL) ADIPATE?

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is the diester formed from adipic acid and two equivalents of 2-ethylhexanol.
The molecule contains a flexible six-carbon adipate backbone and two branched 2-ethylhexyl groups.
This structure gives the molecule high internal flexibility, low crystallization tendency and a very low freezing point.
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate therefore remains fluid at temperatures where many more rigid plasticizers become less effective.
The main commercial function is external plasticization of PVC and other compatible polymer systems.
The ester does not normally react covalently into PVC, so the plasticizer remains physically incorporated in the polymer matrix and can migrate or extract under demanding service conditions.

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate contains two ester groups connected through an adipic-acid chain.
Each ester oxygen is connected to a branched 2-ethylhexyl group.
The molecule is nonionic and contains no aromatic ring.
The aliphatic structure is less polar than phthalate or trimellitate plasticizers containing aromatic rings.
The branched side chains disrupt efficient molecular packing and help maintain fluidity at low temperature.
The balance between ester polarity and flexible hydrocarbon content provides sufficient compatibility with PVC while preserving strong cold-flexibility performance.

ADIPATE PLASTICIZER CHEMISTRY

Adipate plasticizers are esters derived from adipic acid.
They are widely selected when a polymer compound must remain flexible below ordinary room temperature.
The flexible aliphatic adipate core provides lower-temperature mobility than many rigid aromatic plasticizer structures.
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is one of the best-known members of this family.
Other adipate plasticizers can use different alcohol chains to change volatility, permanence, viscosity and low-temperature behavior.
Plasticizer selection should therefore compare the complete balance of cold flexibility, extraction resistance, migration, processability, compatibility and regulation.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is a low-viscosity oily liquid at ordinary temperature.
Density is approximately 0.92-0.93 g/cm³, so the liquid floats on water.
Viscosity is approximately 13 mPa·s at 25°C in representative technical data.
The freezing point is extremely low, commonly below approximately -68 to -70°C.
The boiling point is above 400°C at atmospheric pressure.
Room-temperature vapor pressure is extremely low, supporting low evaporative loss during storage and polymer service.

DENSITY

Representative density values for Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate are approximately 0.922-0.927 g/cm³ near 20-25°C.
The liquid is less dense than water.
Density is useful for bulk inventory calculations and conversion between volumetric and gravimetric addition.
Mass-based formulation remains preferable where precise plasticizer concentration is required.
The exact commercial density should be taken from the current product specification or COA.

VISCOSITY

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is relatively low in viscosity for a high-boiling plasticizer.
Representative viscosity is approximately 13 mPa·s at 25°C.
Low viscosity assists pumping, blending, paste preparation and rapid wetting of PVC resin particles.
Viscosity decreases further as temperature increases.
Cold-service pumping is generally favorable because the plasticizer remains liquid at very low temperature.

FREEZING POINT

The very low freezing point is one of the defining properties of Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate.
Representative technical data place the freezing point below approximately -70°C, while classical reference measurements are around -68°C.
The low freezing point supports cold-weather flexibility in plasticized polymer systems.
A low freezing point of the neat plasticizer does not directly equal the brittleness temperature of a finished PVC compound, but the two properties are strongly related through plasticizer efficiency and mobility.
Finished-compound low-temperature performance should therefore be confirmed by the appropriate brittleness, Clash-Berg, torsional or service-specific test.

BOILING POINT

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate has a high normal boiling point around approximately 416-418°C.
Classical reduced-pressure data include boiling around 214°C at approximately 5 mmHg.
The high boiling point contributes to low volatility during normal PVC processing.
Vacuum conditions are generally preferred for purification or distillation because prolonged exposure to extremely high temperature can promote degradation.
Normal compounding temperatures remain far below the atmospheric boiling point.

FLASH POINT

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate has a high flash point compared with common process solvents.
Representative closed-cup data are around approximately 196°C.
Historical open-cup data are around approximately 206°C.
The plasticizer is therefore combustible but not handled as a low-flash-point solvent.
Hot processing still requires ignition-source control and ventilation consistent with the current SDS.

VAPOR PRESSURE

Room-temperature vapor pressure is extremely low.
Representative technical data report less than approximately 0.01 Pa at 20°C.
Low vapor pressure reduces evaporative loss during storage and service.
This property is beneficial in flexible PVC articles expected to retain plasticizer over time.
Volatility rises with processing temperature, so extraction and loss can still occur under prolonged heat exposure.

WATER SOLUBILITY

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is essentially insoluble in water.
Published solubility is approximately 0.78 mg/L at 22°C.
The plasticizer therefore partitions strongly into organic and polymer phases rather than aqueous phase.
Water insolubility is beneficial for many flexible polymer applications but does not eliminate migration or environmental release.
Emulsified or finely dispersed plasticizer can still enter wastewater.

ORGANIC SOLUBILITY

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is soluble in many organic solvents.
Reference data report solubility in ethanol, ether, acetone and acetic acid.
The material is compatible with many plasticizer blends and polymer-processing liquids.
Solubility and compatibility should be evaluated for any unusual resin, ink, coating or adhesive formulation.
The product is not intended to function as a water-miscible process solvent.

REFRACTIVE INDEX

Representative refractive index is approximately 1.445 at 25°C.
Refractive index is useful as a rapid identity and purity check.
Temperature should be controlled during measurement.
Unexpected deviation can indicate contamination with another plasticizer, solvent, water-containing impurity or off-spec raw material.
The current commercial specification should control the allowable range where refractive index is a release parameter.

PLASTICIZER FUNCTION

A plasticizer reduces intermolecular attraction between polymer chains and increases chain mobility.
In PVC, Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate enters the amorphous polymer phase and increases free volume.
The result is lower hardness, lower modulus, improved elongation and better flexibility.
The strong low-temperature benefit is particularly important when the article must remain soft in cold climates or refrigerated service.
Plasticizer efficiency depends on PVC molecular weight, plasticizer level, filler, stabilizer, secondary plasticizers and processing conditions.
The optimum formulation should therefore be determined from finished-compound performance rather than by plasticizer chemistry alone.

LOW TEMPERATURE FLEXIBILITY

Low-temperature flexibility is the principal performance strength of Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate.
The flexible adipate chain and branched 2-ethylhexyl groups retain molecular mobility at very low temperature.
PVC compounds containing DEHA can therefore maintain lower-temperature flexibility than comparable formulations based only on many general-purpose aromatic plasticizers.
This property is valuable in freezer curtains, cold-weather cable jackets, outdoor hoses, flexible films, gaskets and automotive components.
DEHA is often blended with a more permanent plasticizer to combine cold flexibility with improved migration resistance.
The ratio should be optimized through low-temperature and aging tests.

PLASTICIZER EFFICIENCY

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate provides strong softening efficiency in flexible PVC.
A relatively modest concentration can produce a significant reduction in hardness and modulus.
Efficiency should be compared at equal finished hardness rather than simply at equal phr.
Filler loading and PVC resin type can change apparent plasticizer efficiency.
Blending with other plasticizers can produce non-linear effects in hardness, Tg and low-temperature performance.

MIGRATION AND PERMANENCE

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is an external plasticizer and is not covalently bound to PVC.
Compared with larger trimellitate, polymeric or very high-molecular-weight plasticizers, DEHA generally has lower permanence.
The material can migrate to contacting substrates, be extracted by oils or solvents, or slowly exude under severe service conditions.
Migration is influenced by temperature, plasticizer concentration, polymer morphology, contact material and time.
For long-life articles where extraction resistance is critical, DEHA is often used as a secondary plasticizer rather than the sole plasticizer.
Migration testing should reproduce the intended service environment.

PVC COMPATIBILITY

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate has useful compatibility with PVC and is widely used in flexible PVC compounding.
Compatibility is sufficient for many cold-flexible articles, films and plastisols.
However, compatibility and permanence are not as broad as those of some general-purpose or higher-polarity plasticizers.
High DEHA loading can increase migration or exudation risk under certain service conditions.
Blending with another PVC plasticizer can improve the overall property balance.
Compound transparency, hardness and storage stability should be checked over time.

APPLICATIONS

Flexible PVC
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is primarily used as a low-temperature plasticizer in flexible PVC compounds requiring softness and cold flexibility.

PVC film
Clear and flexible PVC films can use Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate to improve low-temperature handling and reduce brittleness.

Food-packaging PVC film
DEHA has regulated food-contact uses in specific jurisdictions and has been used in clear PVC food-packaging films; only an appropriately documented grade and compliant finished article should be used.

Cling film
Selected flexible PVC cling-film systems can use DEHA within the applicable food-contact rules and migration limits.

Freezer film
Low freezing point makes DEHA valuable in films expected to remain flexible in refrigerated or frozen environments.

Agricultural film
Flexible outdoor film can use DEHA where cold-weather flexibility is important, subject to migration and weathering requirements.

Flexible sheet
PVC sheet for cold-service or soft-touch use can benefit from DEHA plasticization.

PVC plastisols
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate can reduce plastisol viscosity and contribute flexibility after fusion.

Dip coatings
PVC plastisols used for dipped flexible coatings can use DEHA to improve cold flexibility and processability.

Coated fabrics
Flexible PVC-coated fabrics can use DEHA where low-temperature softness is important.

Artificial leather
Selected vinyl leather formulations can use DEHA as part of a blended plasticizer package.

Garden hoses
Flexible PVC hoses can use DEHA to reduce stiffness at lower temperature.

Outdoor hoses
Cold-climate hose compounds can benefit from DEHA while permanence should be verified for water, oil and outdoor exposure.

Tubing
Flexible PVC tubing can use DEHA where cold flexibility is required, subject to extraction and regulatory demands.

Cable insulation
DEHA can improve flexibility of PVC electrical insulation at reduced temperature.

Cable jackets
Cold-weather cable jackets can use DEHA as a secondary plasticizer to reduce brittleness.

Automotive wire and cable
Automotive electrical compounds can use adipate plasticizers where low-temperature flexing is important and temperature rating is appropriate.

Gaskets
Flexible vinyl gaskets can use DEHA to maintain sealing compliance in cold environments.

Seals
PVC and compatible elastomeric seals can benefit from DEHA plasticization when migration and fluid exposure are acceptable.

Weather stripping
Low-temperature flexibility can support selected flexible weather-strip compounds.

Freezer curtains
Flexible transparent curtains used in refrigerated spaces are a classic type of application for low-temperature adipate plasticizers.

Cold-room strip curtains
DEHA can help PVC strip curtains remain flexible and impact resistant in low-temperature service.

Refrigeration components
Flexible polymer components around refrigeration equipment can use DEHA where the polymer system is compatible.

Automotive interiors
Selected flexible polymer formulations can use DEHA where low-temperature feel and flexibility are required, subject to migration and fogging targets.

Automotive flexible parts
Low-temperature plasticization can be useful in selected boots, covers, seals and interior components.

Nitrocellulose coatings
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is compatible with nitrocellulose and can act as a plasticizer in compatible lacquer and coating formulations.

Nitrocellulose inks
Selected printing-ink systems can use DEHA to improve flexibility and reduce film brittleness.

Ethyl cellulose
DEHA is compatible with ethyl cellulose and can plasticize films or coatings based on this binder.

Cellulose acetate butyrate
Selected high-butyryl cellulose acetate butyrate systems can use DEHA as a softening or flexibility modifier.

Synthetic rubber
Many synthetic-rubber systems can use DEHA as a process aid or plasticizing oil where compatibility is adequate.

Nitrile rubber
Polar rubber compounds can use adipate esters as plasticizers or process aids after extraction and permanence testing.

Chloroprene rubber
Selected chloroprene formulations can use ester plasticizers to modify flexibility and processing.

Rubber hoses
Low-temperature elastomeric hose compounds can use DEHA where oil and solvent extraction resistance remains acceptable.

Rubber seals
Selected synthetic-rubber sealing compounds can use DEHA as a plasticizing ester.

Adhesives
Compatible adhesive systems can use DEHA as a plasticizer to reduce modulus and increase flexibility.

Sealants
Selected sealant formulations can use DEHA where migration and staining requirements are not restrictive.

Caulks
Flexible caulk compounds can use DEHA as a low-viscosity plasticizer where long-term permanence is sufficient.

Coatings
Compatible resin coatings can use DEHA to improve film flexibility and low-temperature performance.

Lacquers
Nitrocellulose and compatible lacquer systems can use DEHA to reduce cracking and brittleness.

Printing inks
Flexible ink films can use DEHA where low-volatility plasticization and binder compatibility are suitable.

Synthetic leather coatings
PVC or compatible coating systems can use DEHA for soft hand and cold flexibility.

Flooring compounds
Flexible vinyl flooring can incorporate DEHA as part of a mixed plasticizer package where migration and durability are acceptable.

Flexible profiles
Extruded soft PVC profiles can use DEHA to improve cold flexibility.

Boots and flexible footwear components
Cold-flexible vinyl or compatible elastomer systems can use DEHA where extraction and migration are controlled.

Protective covers
Flexible PVC covers can use DEHA for low-temperature handling and fold resistance.

Cold-weather tarpaulin coatings
Flexible coated fabrics used outdoors can use adipate plasticizers to reduce cracking in winter conditions.

Polyurethane-related formulations
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate can appear as a plasticizer or extractable additive in selected polyurethane formulations, but compatibility depends strongly on 
polymer chemistry.

Cosmetic formulations
Diethylhexyl Adipate has been used as an emollient, film-forming and plasticizing ingredient in cosmetic formulations; current market-specific cosmetic restrictions and grade requirements must be checked.

Topical formulations
Selected topical formulations can use Diethylhexyl Adipate as emollient or solvent-like component when the applicable regional rules allow the intended concentration.

Medical-device materials
DEHA can be present as a plasticizer in selected polymeric medical-device materials, but medical-device suitability requires dedicated biocompatibility and 
regulatory assessment.

Dental temporary materials
DEHA has appeared in selected polymer-containing temporary dental material formulations; such use requires medical-device-grade control and product authorization.

PVC FILM FORMULATION

Flexible PVC film is one of the major application areas for Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate.
DEHA can lower film stiffness and improve folding and impact behavior at reduced temperature.
High clarity is achievable when the PVC resin, stabilizer, lubricant and plasticizer package are well matched.
Plasticizer migration becomes especially important in thin films because the surface-area-to-mass ratio is high.
Food-contact film requires both regulatory authorization and migration compliance for the actual food simulant, time and temperature.
Film formulation should therefore balance low-temperature flexibility against migration, tack, clarity and blocking.

PVC CABLE COMPOUNDS

Cold-climate cable compounds can use DEHA to maintain flexibility at sub-zero temperature.
The plasticizer can reduce brittleness and improve bend performance of insulation and jacket compounds.
Electrical properties are generally useful for flexible PVC, but final dielectric performance depends on the complete compound.
Migration, heat aging and extraction by oils or fuels can limit use in demanding cable environments.
DEHA is therefore frequently blended with more permanent plasticizers in cable formulations.
Cable qualification should include heat aging, tensile retention, cold bend and electrical testing.

PLASTISOL FORMULATION

DEHA's relatively low viscosity can improve flow of PVC plastisols.
The plasticizer wets PVC resin particles and contributes to final fusion and softness.
Plasticizer blend composition influences initial viscosity, aging viscosity and fusion temperature.
DEHA can help lower low-temperature modulus while another plasticizer provides permanence.
Storage stability should be checked because plasticizer-resin interactions continue before fusion.
The final fused article should be tested for exudation and extraction.

RUBBER PLASTICIZATION

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is compatible with many synthetic rubbers and can act as a process aid or softener.
Ester polarity can improve compatibility with polar elastomers compared with hydrocarbon oils.
Low-temperature flexibility can be valuable in seals, hoses and flexible rubber parts.
Plasticizer extraction into fuel, oil, water or adjacent materials should be tested.
Rubber cure chemistry can also interact with plasticizer level by changing compound viscosity and diffusion.
The optimum dose should be established through rheometer and finished-property testing.

NITROCELLULOSE AND CELLULOSIC SYSTEMS

DEHA is compatible with nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose and selected cellulose acetate butyrate grades.
The plasticizer can reduce brittleness and improve flexibility of lacquer and coating films.
High boiling point limits rapid evaporative loss during drying.
Residual plasticizer remains in the film and controls flexibility after volatile solvents have evaporated.
Excessive plasticizer can reduce hardness, block resistance and solvent resistance.
The correct ratio should be optimized for the binder and intended film properties.

COATINGS AND INKS

In coatings and inks, DEHA functions as a nonvolatile plasticizing component rather than a fast process solvent.
The ester can improve flexibility, fold resistance and adhesion of compatible binders.
The low viscosity helps processing and pigment wetting indirectly by reducing binder viscosity.
Because DEHA remains in the film, migration and print blocking should be considered.
Food-packaging inks require separate migration and regulatory evaluation.
A coating or ink formulation should use only a grade and concentration supported for the intended application.

BLENDING WITH OTHER PLASTICIZERS

DEHA is frequently blended with general-purpose or higher-permanence plasticizers.
The goal is to combine excellent cold flexibility with lower migration, improved heat resistance or better extraction resistance.
A small to moderate DEHA fraction can significantly improve low-temperature properties of an otherwise more permanent plasticizer package.
The optimum blend depends on the target hardness and service temperature.
Compatibility and extraction behavior should be evaluated on the finished polymer rather than inferred from neat-plasticizer properties.
Blending also allows optimization of cost and processing viscosity.

MIGRATION TESTING

Migration testing is essential when DEHA-containing articles contact other polymers, coatings, skin, food, adhesives or absorbent substrates.
Migration increases with temperature and time.
Thin films and highly plasticized compounds can show greater apparent migration because of high surface area and plasticizer concentration.
Contact with oils and organic solvents can accelerate extraction.
Migration testing should use the actual contact material and realistic service conditions.
Food-contact articles require standardized migration testing under the applicable regulatory framework.

EXTRACTION RESISTANCE

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate can be extracted by oils, fuels and organic solvents more readily than some higher-permanence plasticizers.
Water extraction is lower because DEHA has extremely low water solubility.
Surfactant solutions can nevertheless increase extraction by emulsifying the plasticizer.
Loss of plasticizer increases hardness and can cause embrittlement.
For articles exposed to oil, detergent or fuel, extraction testing is necessary before commercial use.
A more permanent co-plasticizer can reduce property loss.

VOLATILITY AND HEAT AGING

The high boiling point and low vapor pressure give DEHA relatively low volatility at room temperature.
At elevated temperature, however, plasticizer loss increases.
Long-term heat aging can therefore increase hardness and reduce elongation in a DEHA-plasticized article.
Higher-molecular-weight plasticizers generally provide better high-temperature permanence.
DEHA is strongest where low-temperature flexibility is more important than extreme heat-aging retention.
Heat-aging tests should measure mass loss and mechanical-property retention.

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

DEHA-plasticized PVC can provide useful electrical properties in wire and cable applications.
Electrical behavior depends on plasticizer purity, ionic contamination, stabilizer, filler and humidity.
Low moisture and low acid value can be important for electrical-insulation performance.
A low-conductivity plasticizer grade is preferred for sensitive electrical applications.
Finished cable compounds should be tested for volume resistivity, dielectric strength and aging.

WEATHERING

Representative technical data describe DEHA-plasticized PVC as having useful weathering resistance.
Outdoor service nevertheless exposes the article to ultraviolet radiation, heat, water, ozone and thermal cycling.
DEHA does not replace ultraviolet stabilizers, antioxidants or heat stabilizers.
Plasticizer migration and surface loss can change weathering response over time.
Outdoor products should be qualified using accelerated and natural-weathering methods appropriate to the service environment.

FOOD CONTACT CONTEXT

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate has specific food-contact authorizations in major regulatory systems.
In the European Union, the current plastics regulation lists Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate with a specific migration limit of 18 mg/kg, subject to the applicable notes and restrictions.
In the United States, Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate appears in the inventory of food-contact substances listed in multiple 21 CFR sections for specified indirect uses.
These listings do not create unrestricted approval for every polymer, food type, temperature or contact duration.
Food-contact use therefore requires an appropriate commercial grade, compliance documentation and migration testing of the finished article.
A technical-grade DEHA should not be described as food-contact compliant solely because CAS 103-23-1 appears in regulatory inventories.

EU FOOD CONTACT PLASTICS

Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 lists Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate as an authorized substance for plastic food-contact materials under specified conditions.
The current listed SML is 18 mg/kg food or food simulant.
The entry also carries regulatory notes and restrictions that must be read together with the SML.
Migration is strongly influenced by food fat content, film thickness, temperature and contact time.
Flexible PVC intended for fatty foods is therefore a particularly demanding migration case.
Finished-article compliance must be demonstrated rather than assumed from raw-material authorization.

UNITED STATES FOOD CONTACT

Current U.S. food-contact inventories list Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate under specified indirect-additive regulations.
Cited sections include adhesive, polymer, closure, vinylidene-chloride-copolymer and plasticizer-related contexts, among others.
The exact wording and use conditions of the relevant 21 CFR section govern compliance.
A raw material can appear in an FDA food-contact inventory without being universally suitable for direct food addition.
DEHA is therefore best described as having specified indirect food-contact authorizations rather than as a general food additive.

COSMETIC AND TOPICAL CONTEXT

Diethylhexyl Adipate has been used in cosmetics as an emollient, film-forming ingredient and plasticizer.
The ester can improve slip and reduce tack in oil-phase formulations.
Regional cosmetic restrictions can apply and should be checked before use.
Topical-use concentration limits or hot-list restrictions in one jurisdiction should not be generalized globally.
Cosmetic use requires an appropriately controlled grade with suitable impurity, odor and color specifications.
Industrial PVC plasticizer grade should not automatically be substituted into cosmetic production.

PRODUCTION

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is produced by esterification of adipic acid with 2-ethylhexanol.
Two ester bonds are formed and water is generated as the reaction by-product.
Water removal drives esterification toward completion.
Catalysts can include acidic or metal-based esterification catalysts depending on industrial process design.
After reaction, residual alcohol, catalyst, acidity, water and color-forming impurities are removed or controlled through purification.
Final quality depends on conversion, raw-material purity and distillation or polishing treatment.

ESTERIFICATION CHEMISTRY

Adipic acid contains two carboxylic acid groups.
Each group reacts with 2-ethylhexanol to form an ester.
The complete product therefore contains two 2-ethylhexyl groups for each adipate core.
Insufficient conversion can leave monoester, free adipic acid or residual alcohol.
These impurities can increase acid value, odor, volatility or electrical conductivity.
High-quality DEHA therefore requires effective conversion and purification.

HYDROLYSIS

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is an ester and can hydrolyze under sufficiently strong acidic or alkaline conditions.
Hydrolysis can produce adipic acid, monoesters and 2-ethylhexanol.
Neutral water at room temperature causes much slower hydrolysis than strong acid, strong base or elevated-temperature conditions.
Hydrolytic stability should be considered in highly alkaline or acidic polymer processing and detergent exposure.
Rising acid value can indicate hydrolysis or oxidation-related degradation.

QUALITY CONTROL

Important DEHA quality-control parameters include identity, ester assay, color, acid value, water content, density, refractive index, viscosity, residual 2-ethylhexanol and nonvolatile or heavy impurities where specified.
High-purity plasticizer grades are normally clear and low in color.
Low acid value is important for heat stability, electrical applications and compatibility with stabilizer systems.
Low water supports predictable PVC processing and electrical properties.
The current Ataman Chemicals specification and batch COA should control commercial acceptance.

ASSAY

Assay or ester purity indicates the concentration of Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate in the commercial product.
Gas chromatography can separate DEHA from residual 2-ethylhexanol and related ester impurities.
High assay supports predictable plasticizer efficiency and low odor.
The exact minimum depends on the grade and intended application.
Food-contact, medical, cosmetic and high-electrical-performance uses can require additional controls beyond simple assay.

ACID VALUE

Acid value is a key DEHA quality parameter.
Residual adipic acid, monoester or hydrolysis products increase acid value.
Very low acid value is desirable in PVC because acidic impurities can interfere with stabilizer performance and long-term color.
Acid value is also important in electrical applications where ionic or polar impurities can affect insulation properties.
The current commercial specification should control the maximum value.

WATER CONTENT

DEHA is essentially water insoluble, so free water contamination can create haze or droplets.
Low water is preferred for polymer compounding and electrical applications.
Water can enter during storage, tank washing or transfer from wet equipment.
Karl Fischer testing can be used where a defined moisture limit is required.
A clear sample does not necessarily prove extremely low water because small amounts can remain dispersed or below visual detection.

COLOR

High-quality Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is colorless to pale yellow.
Low color is important for transparent PVC film, clear coatings and light-colored compounds.
Thermal history, catalyst residue, oxidation and raw-material impurities can increase color.
Color is commonly controlled by Pt-Co / APHA or a related scale.
The current product specification should define the applicable limit.

RESIDUAL 2-ETHYLHEXANOL

Residual 2-ethylhexanol can remain from incomplete removal after esterification.
Excess residual alcohol increases odor and volatility.
It can also alter flash point and migration behavior.
High-purity grades therefore control residual alcohol by distillation and chromatographic analysis.
Odor-sensitive applications should use a grade with suitably low volatile impurities.

REFRACTIVE INDEX AS QC

Refractive index around 1.445 at 25°C is characteristic of high-purity DEHA.
The measurement is rapid and useful for identity verification.
Temperature should be controlled carefully.
Large deviation can indicate contamination or blending with another plasticizer.
Refractive index should be combined with density and chromatography for stronger identity control.

SAFETY AND HANDLING

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate has low volatility and generally low acute handling hazard compared with many reactive chemicals or solvents.
Nevertheless, industrial hygiene should prevent unnecessary skin contact, mist inhalation and accidental ingestion.
Heated processing can generate aerosol or vapor at concentrations higher than room-temperature storage.
Gloves and eye protection are appropriate during transfer and sampling.
The current Ataman Chemicals SDS should control formal classification, PPE and workplace limits for the supplied grade.

CARCINOGENICITY CONTEXT

The historical IARC evaluation classifies Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate in Group 3, meaning not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans.
The evaluation identified inadequate human evidence and limited evidence in experimental animals.
Group 3 should not be restated as proof that the substance is non-carcinogenic.
Older animal studies reported liver tumors in mice at high dietary exposure while rats did not show the same carcinogenic response under the cited bioassay.
The historical evaluation also concluded that the available data did not indicate a genotoxic mechanism.
Current regulatory reviews and testing activities should therefore be followed independently of the historical IARC category.

CURRENT REGULATORY EVALUATION CONTEXT

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate has been subject to substance-evaluation activity under European chemicals regulation.
The public CoRAP record identifies a concluded evaluation that began because of suspected CMR concerns, consumer use, high tonnage and wide dispersive use.
Separate testing-proposal follow-up activity was still present in the public dossier-evaluation status in August 2026.
These regulatory processes are requests for or assessments of data and should not be presented as a final harmonized CMR classification unless such classification is legally adopted.
The current product-specific SDS and current legal classification inventory should therefore be checked at the time of supply.

FIRST AID

After eye contact, rinse cautiously with clean water and obtain medical advice if irritation persists or as directed by the current SDS.
After skin contact, wash with soap and water and remove heavily contaminated clothing.
After inhalation of mist from heated or sprayed product, move the affected person to fresh air and seek medical advice if symptoms occur.
After accidental ingestion, rinse the mouth and obtain medical guidance according to the current SDS.
Do not rely on the low room-temperature vapor pressure as a substitute for good industrial hygiene.

SPILL MANAGEMENT

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate spills create a severe slip hazard because the material is an oily liquid.
Contain the spill and prevent uncontrolled release to drains, soil and surface water.
Use suitable inert absorbent or mechanical recovery for larger quantities.
Because the liquid floats on water, water flushing alone can spread contamination.
Recovered material and absorbent should be placed in labeled waste containers.
The current SDS and local environmental requirements should control disposal.

FIRE RESPONSE

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is a combustible high-boiling liquid with a high flash point.
Fire exposure can produce carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and irritating decomposition products.
Suitable extinguishing media should be selected according to the surrounding fire and current SDS.
Heated containers can generate pressure as the liquid expands or decomposes.
Firefighters may require self-contained breathing apparatus in significant chemical fires.

STORAGE

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate should be stored in tightly closed compatible containers in a cool, dry and well-ventilated area.
Strong oxidizing agents should be segregated.
Water and contamination should be minimized for high-quality plasticizer service.
Bulk tanks and transfer lines should be clean and dry.
Long-term strong heating should be avoided because heat can accelerate color development and degradation.
The original package label and current Ataman Chemicals SDS should control exact storage and shelf-life conditions.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate has very low water solubility but can still enter the environment through plasticizer migration, industrial discharge, particle-associated transport or emulsified wastewater.
Hydrophobic organic chemicals can associate with sludge, sediment and organic matter even when dissolved-water concentration is low.
Low water solubility therefore does not mean environmental release is insignificant.
Plasticizer-containing process water, cleaning liquor and spills should be controlled.
Wastewater and article-life-cycle considerations are especially important because DEHA is used in high-tonnage flexible-polymer applications.

REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS

Regulatory status depends strongly on end use.
General industrial PVC use is governed by chemical registration, worker-safety and product-specific requirements.
Food-contact use requires compliance with the exact jurisdictional authorization and finished-article migration limits.
Cosmetic use requires a cosmetic-appropriate grade and compliance with any national concentration or ingredient restrictions.
Medical-device use requires biocompatibility and device-regulatory evaluation rather than reliance on general industrial history.
DEHA should not be marketed as universally food-grade, medical-grade or cosmetic-grade without grade-specific documentation.
The current Ataman Chemicals TDS, SDS and COA should be used together with applicable end-use legislation.

COMMON FORMULATION PROBLEMS

PVC remains too stiff at low temperature
DEHA level may be too low or the main plasticizer package may be too rigid. Increase the adipate fraction only after checking migration and hardness.

Cold-flexibility improves but migration increases
This is a common tradeoff with DEHA. Blend with a more permanent plasticizer and optimize the ratio.

PVC film becomes tacky
Total plasticizer level may be excessive or compatibility may be marginal. Reduce plasticizer loading or rebalance the package.

Plasticizer exudes from PVC
The compound is over-plasticized, poorly compatible or exposed to heat that promotes migration. Reduce DEHA or use a higher-permanence co-plasticizer.

Plasticizer migrates into adhesive
DEHA is externally plasticized and can transfer into adjacent organic layers. Use a migration barrier or a more permanent plasticizer system.

Plasticizer stains porous substrate
Migration into porous stone, foam, paper or fabric can create darkening. Perform contact-staining tests before use.

Cable becomes hard after heat aging
Plasticizer loss is occurring. Replace part of DEHA with a lower-volatility, higher-permanence plasticizer.

Cable passes cold bend but fails oil resistance
DEHA improves cold flexibility but can be extracted by oils. Increase extraction resistance through plasticizer selection.

PVC hose hardens after detergent exposure
Surfactant can extract DEHA even though water solubility is very low. Test service fluid extraction and adjust the plasticizer package.

PVC hose becomes soft and swollen in oil
Oil absorption and plasticizer exchange can change polymer dimensions. Evaluate fluid compatibility and use a more resistant formulation.

PVC plastisol viscosity is too low
DEHA is a low-viscosity plasticizer and can reduce paste viscosity strongly. Reduce DEHA or rebalance with higher-viscosity plasticizer.

PVC plastisol viscosity ages upward
Resin-plasticizer solvation continues during storage. Adjust resin type, plasticizer blend and storage temperature.

Clear film develops haze
Compatibility, filler, stabilizer or moisture contamination may be responsible. Check DEHA purity and complete formulation compatibility.

Film blocks during storage
Surface plasticizer migration or insufficient antiblock can increase tack. Reduce mobile plasticizer at the surface.

Food-contact film exceeds migration limit
Reduce DEHA loading, change film thickness, adjust plasticizer blend or redesign the article. Raw-material authorization does not guarantee finished-film 
compliance.

Customer assumes EU SML 18 mg/kg means 18% use level
The SML is a migration limit into food or simulant, not a permitted formulation percentage.

Customer assumes FDA listing means unrestricted food use
U.S. listing applies only to specified indirect food-contact regulations and conditions of use.

Low-temperature film becomes brittle despite DEHA
PVC resin, filler, stabilizer or insufficient plasticizer can dominate performance. Test the complete compound rather than the neat plasticizer.

Synthetic rubber loses plasticizer in fuel
DEHA can be extracted by hydrocarbons. Select a more fuel-resistant plasticizer or reduce exposure.

Sealant shows edge staining
DEHA migration is moving into adjacent substrate. Use a lower-migration plasticizer.

Adhesive bond weakens over time
Plasticizer migration into the adhesive can reduce cohesive strength or interfacial adhesion. Perform long-term compatibility testing.

Nitrocellulose film stays too soft
DEHA concentration is excessive. Reduce the plasticizer-to-binder ratio.

Nitrocellulose film cracks
Plasticizer level may be insufficient or the film may be losing plasticizer. Increase or use a more permanent blend.

Coating dries but remains tacky
DEHA is nonvolatile and remains in the film. Lower the plasticizer level rather than waiting for evaporation.

Ink blocks on roll
Excess mobile plasticizer can reduce film hardness. Rebalance binder and plasticizer.

Transparent compound becomes yellow
Plasticizer oxidation, stabilizer chemistry or thermal history may contribute. Review DEHA color, acid value and processing temperature.

Acid value increases during storage
Hydrolysis or degradation may be occurring. Check water ingress, heat exposure and contamination.

Product develops odor
Residual 2-ethylhexanol or decomposition products can increase odor. Check purity and storage history.

Density is outside specification
Confirm test temperature and investigate contamination with another plasticizer or solvent.

Refractive index is outside specification
Product mix-up, contamination or off-spec purification may be responsible. Confirm by chromatography.

Water droplets are visible
DEHA is essentially water insoluble. Dry the system and investigate wet transfer or tank contamination.

Customer asks whether DOA and DEHA are the same
In common industry usage, DOA and DEHA usually refer to Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate CAS 103-23-1, although dioctyl terminology can be chemically ambiguous and 
the CAS Number should be confirmed.

Customer confuses DEHA with DEHP
DEHA is an adipate ester, while DEHP is a phthalate ester. They have different chemistry, regulation and performance.

Customer calls the product DOTP
DOTP is bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate and is chemically different from DEHA/DOA.

Customer requests phthalate-free plasticizer
DEHA is an adipate rather than a phthalate, but the finished formulation and supply-chain documentation should still be reviewed before making a formal 
phthalate-free claim.

Customer wants maximum low-temperature flexibility with zero migration
No external plasticizer gives unlimited cold flexibility with zero migration. A balanced blend or polymeric plasticizer may be required.

Customer uses DEHA as sole plasticizer in high-heat cable
DEHA's main strength is cold flexibility rather than maximum high-temperature permanence. Evaluate trimellitate, polymeric or other high-permanence co-
plasticizers.

Cosmetic formulator uses industrial PVC grade
Industrial plasticizer grade should not be substituted for a cosmetic-appropriate grade without suitable purity, regulatory and impurity documentation.

Medical-device formulator uses industrial grade
Medical-device use requires dedicated biocompatibility and regulatory evaluation; CAS identity alone is insufficient.

Spent plasticizer wash is discharged to drain
Very low water solubility does not justify uncontrolled discharge. Collect and manage oily waste through the site's wastewater and waste system.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

What is Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate?
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is an aliphatic adipate ester used mainly as a low-temperature external plasticizer.

What is the CAS Number?
103-23-1.

What is the EC Number?
203-090-1.

What is the molecular formula?
C22H42O4.

What is the molecular weight?
Approximately 370.57 g/mol.

What is the IUPAC name?
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) hexanedioate.

What does DEHA mean?
DEHA is a common abbreviation for Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate / Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate.

What does DOA mean?
DOA is the long-established industry abbreviation for dioctyl adipate, commonly referring to Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate CAS 103-23-1.

Are DEHA and DOA the same?
They usually refer to the same CAS 103-23-1 plasticizer in commercial PVC usage; the CAS Number should be checked because legacy 'dioctyl' naming can be ambiguous.

Is DEHA the same as DEHP?
No. DEHA is an adipate ester; DEHP is a phthalate ester.

Is DEHA the same as DOTP?
No. DOTP is bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate.

What is the density?
Approximately 0.92-0.93 g/cm³ near room temperature.

What is the viscosity?
Approximately 13 mPa·s at 25°C in representative technical data.

What is the freezing point?
Commonly below approximately -68 to -70°C.

What is the boiling point?
Approximately 416-418°C at atmospheric pressure.

What is the flash point?
Representative closed-cup value is approximately 196°C.

Is Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate soluble in water?
Only very slightly. Published water solubility is approximately 0.78 mg/L at 22°C.

What is its main use?
Low-temperature plasticization of flexible PVC.

Why is DEHA used in cold applications?
Its flexible adipate structure and branched 2-ethylhexyl groups provide excellent low-temperature plasticizer mobility.

Can DEHA be used alone in PVC?
Yes in some formulations, but it is often blended with more permanent plasticizers to improve migration and extraction resistance.

Is DEHA a permanent plasticizer?
It is an external plasticizer with lower permanence than many trimellitate or polymeric plasticizers.

Can DEHA be used in PVC film?
Yes. Flexible film is a major application.

Can DEHA be used in cable compounds?
Yes, especially where low-temperature flexibility is important, often as part of a plasticizer blend.

Can DEHA be used in synthetic rubber?
Yes. It is compatible with many synthetic-rubber systems and can act as a plasticizer or process aid.

Can DEHA be used with nitrocellulose?
Yes. It is compatible with nitrocellulose and can plasticize lacquer and coating films.

Can DEHA be used in food-contact PVC?
It has specified regulatory authorizations, but only an appropriately documented grade and compliant finished article should be used.

What is the EU food-contact SML?
The current EU plastics regulation lists an SML of 18 mg/kg for Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, subject to the applicable restrictions.

Is DEHA listed for U.S. food-contact uses?
Yes. It appears in the FDA inventory for specified indirect food-contact uses under multiple 21 CFR sections.

Is DEHA carcinogenic?
IARC historically classified it as Group 3, not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans; current regulatory evaluation should be checked separately.

Does DEHA have one universal hazard classification worldwide?
No. Use the current regional SDS and legal classification for the supplied grade and jurisdiction.

How should Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate be stored?
Store it cool, dry and tightly closed, protected from strong oxidizers, contamination and prolonged excessive heat.

What documents should be checked before use?
Use the current Ataman Chemicals TDS, SDS and COA together with end-use regulations and finished-product performance testing.

FINAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is a defined aliphatic diester plasticizer with CAS Number 103-23-1, EC Number 203-090-1, molecular formula C22H42O4 and molecular weight approximately 370.57 g/mol.
The material is widely abbreviated DEHA and commonly known as DOA or dioctyl adipate in the plasticizer industry.

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate is a clear, low-viscosity oily liquid with density approximately 0.92-0.93 g/cm³, viscosity around 13 mPa·s at 25°C and extremely low room-temperature vapor pressure.
The freezing point is below approximately -68 to -70°C, which supports excellent low-temperature performance.
The normal boiling point is approximately 416-418°C and representative closed-cup flash point is approximately 196°C.
Water solubility is extremely low, while the material is soluble in many organic solvents.
The principal commercial function is external plasticization of flexible PVC.
Major applications include PVC film, plastisols, hoses, cable insulation and jackets, gaskets, seals, coated fabrics, freezer curtains, synthetic rubber, nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate butyrate, coatings, inks and adhesives.
The principal technical advantage is excellent low-temperature flexibility.

The principal formulation limitation is lower migration and extraction resistance than more permanent high-molecular-weight or polymeric plasticizers.
DEHA is therefore frequently blended with more permanent plasticizers to balance cold flexibility, volatility, migration and heat aging.
Food-contact use is regulated and should never be inferred merely from CAS identity.
The current EU plastics regulation lists an SML of 18 mg/kg, subject to the applicable restrictions and finished-article migration testing.
Current U.S. food-contact inventories list Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate under specified indirect-additive regulations.
The historical IARC evaluation is Group 3, not classifiable as to carcinogenicity to humans.
European substance-evaluation and testing activities have continued, so current SDS and legal classification should be reviewed at the time of supply.
Quality control should include assay, color, acid value, water, density, refractive index, viscosity and residual 2-ethylhexanol according to the intended grade.

For Bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate specifications, DEHA/DOA plasticizer formulation support, PVC and low-temperature compound guidance, food-contact documentation, TDS, SDS, COA and commercial supply, contact Ataman Chemicals with the polymer, target hardness, service temperature, migration requirements and regulatory market.

Ataman Chemicals
Phone: +90 216 577 10 10
Email: info@atamankimya.com