PRODUCTS

BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE)

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used in some animal repellents (especially for such large mammals as deer).
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) has been used to safeguard rat poisons from human consumption, as humans are able to detect denatonium at much lower concentrations than rodents.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used as a denaturing additive.

CAS Number: 3734-33-6
EC Number: 223-095-2
MDL number: MFCD00031578
Molecular Formula: C21H29N2O.C7H5O2 / C28H34N2O3

SYNONYMS:
Bitrex, phenylmethyl-[2- [(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]- 2-oxoetil]-diethylammonium benzoate, Aversion, Denatonii benzoas, N-(2-((2,6-Dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethylbenzeneme- thanaminium benzoate, Benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)ammonium benzoate, benzyl-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)carbamoylmethyl]-diethyl-azanium, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009106, ((2,6-Xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)diethyl benzyl ammonium benzoate, Benzoato de denatonio, Benzoate de denatonium, Anispray, Lidocaine benzyl benzoate, Benzyldiethyl[(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate, Benzenemethan-aminium, n-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxo-ethyl)-n,n-diethyl-, benzoate, benzyl-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)carbamoylmethyl]-diethyl-azanium benzoate, Ammonium, benzyldiethyl[ (2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]-, benzoate, Bitter+Plus, DENATONIUM BENZOATE, BITREX, denatonium, ,benzoate, REJEXIT (R), Bitrex? Denatonium Benzoate, Acetylthio-2-Methylpro-Panoyl Chloride, benzyldiethyl (2,6-xylylcarbamoylmethyl)-ammonium, Vilex, ths-839, Benzenemethanaminium, N-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl) amino) -2-oxoethyl)-N, N-diethyl-, benzoate, Benzyldiethyl((2,6- xylylcarbamoyl) methyl) ammonium benzoate, Lidocaine benzyl benzoate, ammonium, benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)-, benzoate, benzenemethanaminium, N-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate, benzenemethanaminium, N-[2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate, benzenemethanaminium, N-[2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate (1:1), benzyl diethyl (2,6-xylyl carbamoyl methyl) ammonium benzoate, benzyl-[(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoyl)methyl]diethylammonium benzoate, benzyl-[2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-diethylazanium benzoate, N-benzyl-2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethanaminium benzoate, benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)ammonium benzoate, benzyldiethyl(2,6-xylyl- carbamoyl- methyl)- ammonium benzoate, benzyldiethyl[(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate, bitrex, denatoniumbenzoate, N,N-diethyl-N-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl- carbamoyl)- methyl]- benzyl- ammonium benzoate, N-(2-((2,6-dimethyl phenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethyl benzene methanaminium benzoate, N-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethylbenzeneme- thanaminium benzoate, ((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)diethyl benzyl ammonium benzoate, phenylmethyl-[2- [(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]- 2-oxoetil]-diethylammonium benzoate, Aversion, Denatonii benzoas, N-(2-((2,6-Dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethylbenzeneme- thanaminium benzoate, Benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)ammonium benzoate, benzyl-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)carbamoylmethyl]-diethyl-azanium, ((2,6-Xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)diethyl benzyl ammonium benzoate, Anispray, Lidocaine benzyl benzoate, Benzyldiethyl[(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate, Benzenemethan-aminium, n-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxo-ethyl)-n,n-diethyl-, benzoate, benzyl-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)carbamoylmethyl]-diethyl-azanium benzoate, Ammonium, benzyldiethyl[ (2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]-, benzoate, N-Benzyl-2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethan-1-aminium benzoate, N-Benzyl-2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethan-1-aminium benzoate, DENATONIUM BENZOATE, 3734-33-6, Bitrex, Lidocaine benzyl benzoate, Aversion, Denatonium (benzoate), Anispray, THS-839, Denatonium benzoate anhydrous, Benzoato de denatonio, Benzoate de denatonium, Denatonii benzoas, Caswell No. 083BB, WIN 16568, Denatonii benzoas [INN-Latin], Lignocaine benzyl benzoate, UNII-M5BA6GAF1O, M5BA6GAF1O, EINECS 223-095-2, Benzoate de denatonium [INN-French], Benzoato de denatonio [INN-Spanish], Denatonium benzoate [USAN:INN
], MFCD00031578, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009106, NSC 157658, DTXSID8034376, NSC-157658, ECX-95BY, Benzenemethanaminium, N-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate, Benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)ammonium benzoate, 3734-33-6 (benzoate), DENATONIUM BENZOATE [MI], DTXCID6014376, DENATONIUM BENZOATE [INN], UNII-4YK5Z54AT2, DENATONIUM BENZOATE [WHO-DD], NSC157658, WIN-16568, LIDOCAINE BENZYL BENZOATE HYDRATE, Benzyldiethyl[(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate, NCGC00017043-02, Ammonium, benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)-, benzoate, CAS-3734-33-6, Gori, Bitrex (TN), Benzenemethanaminium,N-[2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate, Benzenemethanaminium, N-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate (1:1), Denatonii benzoas (INN-Latin), Denatonium benzoate (NF), Benzoate de denatonium (INN-French), Benzoato de denatonio (INN-Spanish), Benzenemethanaminium, N-[2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate, DENATONIUM BENZOATE (II), DENATONIUM BENZOATE [II], N-(2-((2,6-DIMETHYLPHENYL)AMINO)-2-OXOETHYL)-N,N-DIETHYLBENZENEMETHANAMINIUM BENZOATE, N-benzyl-2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethan-1-aminium benzoate, DTXSID50235522, DENATONIUM BENZOATE [USAN], DENATONIUM BENZOATE [VANDF], DENATONIUM BENZOATE (MART.), DENATONIUM BENZOATE [MART.], DENATONIUM BENZOATE (USP-RS), DENATONIUM BENZOATE [USP-RS], Denatonium benzoate [USAN:INN:BAN
], Denatonium benzoate granules, Benzenemethanaminium, N-[2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate (1:1), N-Benzyl-2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethanaminium benzoate, Benzoato di denatonio, ARBINOL B, BENZENEMETHANAMINIUM, N-(2-((2,6-DIMETHYLPHENYL)AMINO)-2-OXOETHYL)-N,N-DIETHYL-, BENZOATE, HYDRATE (1:1:1), SCHEMBL49511, MLS002154073, Denatonium benzoate, >=98%, THS839, Benzyldiethyl(2,6-xylylcarbamoylmethyl)ammonium benzoate, CHEMBL1371493, DTXCID80158013, ((2,6-Xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)diethyl benzyl ammonium benzoate, DENATONIUM BENZOATE [INCI], HMS1571A03, HMS2093L12, HMS2098A03, HMS2233O05, HMS3373C04, HMS3715A03, Pharmakon1600-01505987, HY-B1146, Tox21_110754, Tox21_301587

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate), usually available as denatonium benzoate and as denatonium saccharide (BITTERANT-s), is the most bitter chemical compound known, with bitterness thresholds of 0.05 ppm for the benzoate and 0.01 ppm for the saccharide.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) was discovered in 1958 during research on local anesthetics by T. & H. Smith of Edinburgh, Scotland, and registered under the trademark Bitrex.

Dilutions of as little as 10 ppm are unbearably bitter to most humans.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) salts are usually colorless and odorless solids, but are often traded as solutions.
They are used as aversive agents (bitterants) to prevent inappropriate ingestion.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used in denatured alcohol, antifreeze, preventive nail biting preparations, respirator mask fit-testing, animal repellents, liquid soaps, shampoos, and Nintendo Switch game cards to prevent accidental swallowing or choking by children.

The name Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) reflects the substance's primary use as a denaturant and its chemical nature as a cation, hence -onium as a Neo-Latin suffix.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is a bittering agent.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is considered the bitterest chemical compound with a range of uses in the manufacture of cleaners, automotive supplies as well as health and beauty items.
Commercially, this compound is available as a white crystalline powder, but Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) granules or solutions are also available.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is observed to be an organic solid present in the form of white powder & granules.
According to Chemistry World, Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) was an accidental formulation by researchers at T & H Smith in 1958, a Scottish pharmaceutical company that was a precursor for Macfarlan Smith Ltd.

The first known application for Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) was as an aversant for pigs that were cannibalizing their own tails or those of other pigs.
The fine particles of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) may easily been taken with the air which makes not only the handling person but also the people in the environment tasting the very bitter taste.

Therefore a good product, Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate), has low powder content.
The bitter taste of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is sensible even 500 meters from the place of handling in case of a dusting product.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is a dust-free granulate that makes easier and safer to hanle than most of the grades available in the market.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used as a denaturing additive.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is soluble in water 45g/l at 20 C, reacts with oxidants.
When storing Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) you should use a sealed container.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is a solid crystalline substance, white in color, odorless, also sold as solutions with ethylene glycol.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is a very bitter substance.
To date, no more bitter substance has been found in the world.

Its main function is to make Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) difficult for technical alcohols to enter the human body.
When you dilute one kilogram of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) with a tank of alcohol in the mixture, you still feel a bitter taste.
As a result, the resulting denaturation becomes completely unusable.

When Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is added to perfumes or household chemicals, the risk of alcohol poisoning is drastically reduced.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is a white crystalline solid, odorless, also sold in the form of solutions with ethylene glycol.
Chemical name: benzyl diethyl (2.6 xylylcarbomyl) methyl ammonium benzoate.

Benzyldiethyl [(2,6 xylylcarbamoyl) methyl] ammonium benzoate, Aversion, Denatonium (denatonium) or denatonium benzoate (denatonium benzoate).
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is a bitter substance.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate), also known as Bitrex, is a bitterant (or bitter agonist).

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) activates bitter taste receptors on many cell types and plays important roles in chemical release, ciliary beating and smooth muscle relaxation through intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent pathways.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) significantly effects cellular morphology, decreases cell proliferation and reduces the number of cells in S phase in a dose-dependent manner.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) causes large amplitude swelling of mitochondria, which was confirmed by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein and the subsequent enhancement of the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO after denatonium treatment.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is a white crystalline solid, odorless, also sold in the form of solutions with ethylene glycol.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is the trademarked name of denatonium benzoate alcohol, and is added to a wide range of products including cleaners, cosmetics and automotive products.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is a bittering agent that makes a product taste bad to discourage people from accidentally eating products that contain it.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is generally regarded as having the most bitter taste of any compound known to science.
Although Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) has a powerful taste, it is colorless and odorless.

The taste is so strong, however, that most people cannot tolerate a concentration of more than 30 parts per million of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate).
Solutions of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) in alcohol or water are very stable and retain their bitter taste for many years.
Exposure to light does not lessen the compound's bitter taste.

USES and APPLICATIONS of BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
Bitterants such as Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) are useful as aversive additives to prevent accidental ingestion of hazardous automotive compounds.
In Europe and in some U.S. states, addition of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is required in ethylene glycol or anti-freeze and windshield washer fluids.
Common household products such as window cleaners, disinfectants, laundry detergent and insecticide include a certain amount of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) to discourage consumption by mouth.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is applied on surfaces of toys as a bittering agent to prevent substantial consumption of hazardous materials.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is also applied on outdoor cables and wires to discourage rodents from chewing on parts and equipment.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is an aversive agent added to various pesticides, plant food sticks and rodenticides to suppress swallowing especially when young children come in contact with these poisonous substances.
By far, the most common use of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is to denature alcohol, making it unfit for human consumption and exempt from tariffs that normally apply to alcohol.

In livestock farming, Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used to prevent cannibalism in pigs and aspiration mastitis in cattle.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) acts as a repellant when applied to young shoots, branches and other surfaces to discourage nibbling by animals, thereby preventing damage to property.

The bitterness of the compound guides most applications of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate).
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used to denature ethanol so that it is not treated as an alcoholic beverage with respect to taxation and sales restrictions.
One designation in particular, SD-40B, indicates that ethanol has been denatured using Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate).

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is commonly included in placebos used in clinical trials to mimic the bitter taste of certain medications.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is an ingredient in certain nail polishes and varnishes designed to discourage nail biting, as the bitter denatonium serves as an aversive.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) also discourages consumption of poisonous alcohols such as methanol and additives such as ethylene glycol.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is also added to many kinds of harmful liquids, including solvents (such as nail polish remover), paints, varnishes, toiletries and other personal care items, special nail polish for preventing nail biting, and various other household products.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is also added to less hazardous aerosol products (such as gas dusters) to discourage inhalant abuse of the volatile vapors.
In 1995, the U.S. state of Oregon required that Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) be added to products containing sweet-tasting ethylene glycol and methanol such as antifreeze and windshield washer fluid to prevent poisonings of children and animals.

In December 2012, U.S. manufacturers voluntarily agreed to add Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) to antifreeze sold nationwide.
Animals are known to have different sensitivities to the effects of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate).
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used in some animal repellents (especially for such large mammals as deer).

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) has been used to safeguard rat poisons from human consumption, as humans are able to detect denatonium at much lower concentrations than rodents.
Nintendo Switch game cartridges are coated in Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) to prevent young children from consuming them.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is commonly used as aversive agent to prevent people from eating other toxic but tasteless substance.
For example, Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) has been added into industrial alcohol, ethylene glycol or methanol which has similar taste as ordinary wine, antifreeze, paint, toilet cleaners, animals disperse, liquid soaps and shampoos.

Moreover, Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) has been also added into special nail polish agents, to avoid child’s bad habit of biting fingers, as well as being the repellent for expulsing large beasts.
The bitterest compound known Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used as an alcohol denaturant and flavor in pharmaceuticals.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is also used in antifreeze, nail biting preventions, respirator mask fit-testing, animal repellents, liquid soaps and shampoos.
Further, Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used in air care products.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) acts as H1 antihistamine.

In addition to this, Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used as a disinfectant.
The bitterest compound known Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used as an alcohol denaturant and flavor in pharmaceuticals.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is also used in antifreeze, nail biting preventions, respirator mask fit-testing, animal repellents, liquid soaps and shampoos.

Further, Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used in air care products.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) acts as H1 antihistamine.
In addition to this, Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used as a disinfectant.

Uses of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate)is used Flavoring agent.
Uses of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate)is used Pharmaceutic aid (alcohol denaturant; flavor).
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is added to toxic substances as a deterrent to accidental ingestion.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) can replace brucine or quassin as denaturant for ethyl alcohol.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is the most bitter chemical compound known, with bitterness thresholds of 0.05 ppm for the benzoate and 0.01 ppm for the saccharide.

Dilutions of as little as 10 ppm are unbearably bitter to most humans.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used for denaturation of alcohol, in antifreeze, in nail biting preventions, in respirator mask fit-testing, in animal repellents, in liquid soaps and shampoos.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is not known to pose any long-term health risks.
When added, Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) discourages consumption of harmful alcohols like methanol, and additives like ethylene glycol or in rubbing alcohol.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is also added to many kinds of harmful liquids including solvents such as nail polish remover, paints, varnishes, toiletries and other personal care items, and various other household products.
Animals are known to have different sensitivities to the effects of denatonium.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used as a denaturing additive.
Let's dissolve in water 45g / l at 20 С, reacts with oxidants.
When storing Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate), use a sealed container. Bitrex is a super bitter substance.

Until now, no more bitter substance has been found in the world.
Its main function is to make Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) difficult for technical alcohols to enter the human body.
When one kilogram of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is diluted with a tank of alcohol in the mixture, a bitter taste is still felt.

As a result, the denatured alcohol formed becomes completely unsuitable for human consumption.
When Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is added to perfumery products or household chemicals, the risk of alcohol poisoning is sharply reduced.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate), a synthetic bitter substance, is used as a "deterrent" to prevent accidental internal consumption of toxic substances, for example by children or animals.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) also prevents the consumption of harmful alcohols such as methyl alcohol and ethylene glycol.
With its overwhelming bitter taste, Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is ideal for preventing accidental poisoning.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is also added by large manufacturers to creams, face masks, foams, shampoos.

The synthetic bitter substance Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used as a "repellent agent" to prevent accidental internal use of toxic substances, for example, by children or animals.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) also prevents the use of harmful alcohols, such as methyl alcohol and ethylene glycol.

Due to its overwhelming bitter taste, Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is ideal for preventing accidental poisoning.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is also added by major manufacturers to creams, face masks, foams, shampoos.
Denatonium Benzoate is the active ingredient in Bitrex, a bittering agent used to deter accidental ingestion of harmful substances and to deter animals from eating ornamental plants.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate)'s key features include an extremely bitter taste, high stability, and low toxicity.
The benefits of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) include its effectiveness in preventing accidental poisoning, its versatility in various applications, and its compliance with safety regulations.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate)'s unique selling points lie in its ability to provide an added layer of protection against accidental ingestion and its proven track record as a reliable bittering agent.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is used as a denaturing additive.

Let's dissolve in water 45g / l at 20 С, reacts with oxidants.
When storing Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate), use a sealed container.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is a super bitter substance.

PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is among the most bitter of substances known and is detectable at concentrations of approximately 10 ppb.
In pharmaceutical and other industrial applications Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is added to some products as a deterrent to accidental ingestion.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is most commonly used at levels of 5–500 ppm.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) may also be used to replace brucine or quassin as a denaturant for ethanol.
In pharmaceutical formulations, Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) has been used as a flavoring agent in placebo tablets, and in a topical formulation it has been used in an anti-nailbiting preparation.

SYNTHESIS OF BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
A method for synthesizing Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) comprises the following steps:
(1) adding benzyl halide to a reactor containing raw material lidocaine under stirring and at a certain temperature, wherein the reaction temperature is from room temperature to 130°C, and the ratio of lidocaine to benzyl halide is 1:1 to 1:2;
(2) after the reaction is complete, adding solvent and metal hydroxide;
(3) adding benzoic acid, after the reaction is completed, the generated benzyl ammonium benzoate is filtered, washed, concentrated, and washed to obtain the product benzyl ammonium benzoate.

PROPERTIES OF BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
Melting point/freezing point:
The melting point determination of test substance Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) (CAS No.: 3734-33-6) was done as per the test guideline OECD 102.

The method followed was according to Capillary/metal block.
The melting point for Granular form was determine to be in the range of 163-171°C at 969.3hPa and for powdered form Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) was determine to be in the range of 160-166°C at 960.0 hPa.

Boiling Point
The boiling point determination of test substance denatoium benzoate (CAS No. 3734-33-6) was done as per the test guideline OECD 103.
The method followed was according to Siwoloboff.

The granular and powdered form of the substance started decomposing at 180°C and 200 °C respectively.
The colour of substances changes from light yellow liquid to dark brown at 240 °C on decomposition for both the forms.

Density:
The density was determined for the test substance Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) (CAS No. 3734 -33 -6) by pour density method following the OECD Guideline 109 for density of solids and liquids and standard method recommended in the International Pharmacopoeia, fourth Edition, 2014.

The pour density and tap density for granular form was determine to be 0.3846 g/cm3and 0.4545 g/cm3at 26°C.
The pour density and tapped density for powdered form of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) was determine to be 0.3333 g/cm3and 0.4000 g/cm3at 26°C.

Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
The particle size distribution of test substance Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) (CAS No. 3734-33-6) was determined by granulometric analysis with rotap sieve shaker.
The particle size distribution of over 99% particles was determine to be in the range of 150 micron.

Vapour Pressure
The estimated vapour pressure of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) at 25 deg C was 4.75E-11 Pa.

Partition coefficient:
The partition Coefficient n-octanol/water of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) (Granules) CAS No.3734-33-6was determined by the Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method according to OECD Guideline No. 117 for Testing of Chemicals.
The reference substances were chosen according to structural similarity with the test substance.

The reference substances were Acetanilide, Acetophenone, Toluene, Naphthalene, Biphenyl, N butyl benzene, Triphenylamine having Pow value ranging from 1 to 5.7.
TheLog Powvalue of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) (Granules) was determined to be 2.205± 0.021at 25°C.

Water solubility:
The water solubility determination of test substance Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) was done as per the HPLC method.
The solubility of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) was determine to be 42555.075 mg/L at 25°C.
Thus the chemical is considered to be very soluble.

Solubility in organic solvent:
The solubility range of the substance Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate), granular form,in methanol and ethanol was found to be 200-1000g/L, the solubility range in acetonitrile and DMF was found to be 10-50g/L, the solubility range in acetone was found to be 1-10g/L and the solubility range in toluene was found to be <1g/L respectively, at 33.8°C.

The solubility range of the substance Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate), powder form, in methanol is >1000g/L, the solubility range in ethanol is 200-1000g/L, whereas the solubility range in DMF is 100-200g/L and in acetonitrile was in the range of 50-100g/L.
The solubility range in acetone was found to be 10-50g/L.
However, the solubility range in toluene is <1g/L respectively, at 33.8°C

Surface tension:
In accordance with coloumn 2 of Annex VII of the REACH regulation this end point was considered for waiver since surface activity is not a desired property of the chemical.

Flash point:
The flash point determination of test substance Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) (granular form & powder form) (CAS No. 3734-33-6) was done.
The method is closed cup method using Pensky Martin’s Flash Point Apparatus.
The flashpoint of the test substance was determine to be 100°C for granular and powder form (form A & B) at 968.9 hPa.

SOLUBILITY OF BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is soluble in isopropyl alcohol, methanol.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is slightly soluble in acetone.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is insoluble in ether.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether.

NOTES OF BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is moisture sensitive.

BIOCHEMISTRY OF BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) in humans is recognized by eight distinct bitter taste receptors: TAS2R4, TAS2R8, TAS2R10, TAS2R39, TAS2R43, TAS2R16, TAS2R46, and TAS2R47, being by far the most sensitive to the compound.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) can act as a bronchodilator by activating bitter taste receptors in the airway smooth muscle.

HOW BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE) WORKS:
Humans can typically sense sweet, sour, salty, savory and bitter-tasting stuff.
Of these flavors, bitter-tasting chemicals elicit the most reaction. Sensitivity to bitter flavors depends on genetics: The TAS2R38 gene determines a person’s ability to detect the bitterness associated with substances such as quinine, which is an ingredient in tonic water.

It is also the standard for this type of bitter flavor.
At a concentration of 0.008 moles per cubic meter, the human tongue can detect the presence of quinine.
For Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate), a concentration of 0.000008 moles per cubic meter is discernible to humans.

STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS, AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is a quaternary ammonium cation.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is composed as a salt with any of several anions, such as benzoate or saccharinate.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) can be obtained by the quaternization of lidocaine, a popular anesthetic, with benzyl chloride or a similar reagent.

To obtain other salts, like the benzoate, the formed Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) chloride is subjected to an anion exchange reaction with sodium benzoate, or first sodium hydroxide to make Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) hydroxide followed by neutralization with benzoic acid.
Other similar compounds are procaine and benzocaine.

BIOCHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
Chemical formula of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is C21H29N2O . C7H5O2
The chemical database PubChem assigned a chemical identification number or CID of 19518 to Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate).
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) has a chemical weight of 446.58116 g/mol and a molecular formula of C28 H3 4N 2O3.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is a compound of salt with an inert anion such as benzoate or saccharide.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate)'s structure is similar to lidocaine and is closely related to Novocain and benzocaine.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is odorless, colorless and non-reactive, making it a suitable additive that does not interfere with the primary purpose of the base compound.

HISTORY OF BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
Bitrex (r)According to Chemistry World, Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) was an accidental formulation by researchers at T & H Smith, a Scottish pharmaceutical firm that was the precursor for Macfarlan Smith Ltd. In 1958, staff at the laboratory was working with lignocaine, a dental anesthetic, when they discovered the extreme bitterness of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) in powder form.

Due to the extreme taste, Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) was used as an aversive agent.
It is available under the trade name Bitrex, which is a portmanteau of the words bitter and rex for king.
The first known application for Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) was as an aversant for pigs that were cannibalizing their own tails or those of other pigs.

Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) compound was discovered in 1958 by a scientist named W. Barnes, who was working for the chemical firm of T. &H. Smith, in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Barnes was interested in developing a new anesthetic, more powerful than those already available to physicians.

He decided to focus his research on lidocaine, a very popular anesthetic, and compounds chemically related to it.
In one line of his experiments, Barnes added a single benzoyl group (benzoic acid with a hydrogen removed: C6H5COO−) to a nitrogen atom in lidocaine.

The resulting compound was denatonium benzoate.
Although the compound had little effectiveness as an anesthetic, Barnes noted that Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) had a peculiar odor and taste.

The Smith company decided to exploit this unusual property of denatonium benzoate, and obtained a patent for it under the name of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate).
Today, the primary manufacturer of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate)in the world is the Macfarlan Smith corporation of Edinburgh.

BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE), THE MOST BITTER COMPOUND IN THE WORLD
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is now known as the world's most bitter compound.
If we set the bitter degree of quinine as datum 1, the degree of bitterness of the product would be 1000.
A concentration of 10ppm solution is already too bitter to bear for most people.

The vast majority of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate)'s applications are related to its bitter flavor.
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is an inexpensive and efficient alternative to its counterparts such as strychnine, bitter lignin, quinine, wood song glycosides, saponins grapefruit.

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is a kind of quaternary ammonium salt formed by the combination of the quaternary ammonium cation and inert anion such as benzoic acid or saccharin anion.
The structure of Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate)'s cation form is similar to that of a local anesthetic lidocaine with the only difference being an additional benzyl functional group located on the nitrogen atom of the amino.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) is a white crystals
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) occurs as an odorless, very bitter tasting, white crystalline powder or granules.

PRODUCTION METHODS OF BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
Production Methods
Bitrex (Denatonium Benzoate) was first synthesized in the 1950s and is usually prepared by reacting denatonium chloride with benzyl benzoate.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
Molar mass: 446.581
Melting point: 163 to 170 °C (325 to 338 °F; 436 to 443 K)
Appearance Form: crystalline
Color: white
Odor: odorless
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: 6,5 - 7,5 at 30 g/l at 20 °C

Melting point/freezing point Melting point/range: 164 - 168 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 180 °C (decomposition)
Flash point: 100 °C - closed cup - ISO 2719
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available

Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: 0,3846 g/cm3 at 26 °C
Water solubility: 45 g/l at 25 °C - (experimental)
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water log Pow: 2,06 at 25 °C - (ECHA)
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity: No data available

Physical Properties:
Appearance: hite crystalline powder (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 168.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Flash Point: > 200.00 °F. TCC ( > 93.33 °C. )
logP (o/w): 0.085 (est)
Soluble in: water, 428.9 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
CBNumber:CB2674421
Molecular Formula:C28H34N2O3
Molecular Weight:446.58

MDL Number:MFCD00031578
MOL File:3734-33-6.mol
Melting point: 164-168 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 555.91 °C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.1256 (rough estimate)
Vapor pressure: 0 Pa at 25 °C
Refractive index: 1.5800 (estimate)
Flash point: 100 °C
Storage temp.: Inert atmosphere, Room Temperature
Solubility: Methanol: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
Form: Solid

Color: White to Off-White
Odor: At 100.00%: bland
Water solubility: 42.555 g/L at 25 °C
Merck: 14,2891
BRN: 8179408
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: VWTINHYPRWEBQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 2.2 at 25 °C
CAS DataBase Reference: 3734-33-6 (CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: M5BA6GAF1O
EPA Substance Registry System: Denatonium benzoate (3734-33-6)

Chemical formula: C28H34N2O3
Molar mass: 446.581 g/mol
Appearance: White crystalline
Melting point: 163 to 170 °C (325 to 338 °F; 436 to 443 K)
Molecular Weight: 446.6 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 7
Exact Mass: 446.25694295 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 446.25694295 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 69.2 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 33
Formal Charge: 0

Complexity: 473
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: White-light color powder
Melting Point: 163-170 °C
Soluble in: Water, ethanol, glycol

FIRST AID MEASURES of BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
-Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
-Extinguishing media
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
-Control parameters:
*Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
*Appropriate engineering controls:
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
-Conditions for safe storage:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Store in cool place.
-Specific end use(s):
No other specific uses are stipulated

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of BITREX (DENATONIUM BENZOATE):
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.