BNPD (BRONOPOL)

BNPD (Bronopol) is a white crystals, ignite easily and burn readily.
BNPD (Bronopol) is known for its ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi, making BNPD (Bronopol) useful in preventing microbial contamination in various products.
BNPD (Bronopol) is synthesized by the reaction of nitromethane with paraformaldehyde in an alkaline environment, followed by bromination. 

CAS Number: 52-51-7
Molecular Formula: C3H6BrNO4
Molecular Weight: 199.99
EINECS Number: 200-143-0

Synonyms: BNPD (Bronopol), 52-51-7, 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, Bronosol, Bronocot, Bronidiol, BNPD (Bronopol)u, Bronotak, Lexgard BNPD (Bronopol), Onyxide 500, BNPD (Bronopol)um, 1,3-Propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-, 2-Nitro-2-bromo-1,3-propanediol, C3H6BrNO4, Caswell No. 116A, BNPD (Bronopol)u [Polish], BNPD, MFCD00007390, beta-Bromo-beta-nitrotrimethyleneglycol, Bioban, NSC 141021, BNPD (Bronopol)um [INN-Latin], HSDB 7195, Myacide AS, Myacide AS plus, Myacide BT, BNPD (Bronopol) [INN:BAN:JAN], EINECS 200-143-0, UNII-6PU1E16C9W, Myacide Pharma BP, Canguard 409, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 216400, NSC-141021, BNPK, BRN 1705868, 6PU1E16C9W, DTXSID8024652, CHEBI:31306, AI3-61639, 2-Bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol, Nalco 92RU093, UN3241, DTXCID904652, EC 200-143-0, 1,2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, NCGC00164057-01, BNPD (Bronopol) (MART.), BNPD (Bronopol) [MART.], 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol [UN3241] [Flammable Solid], CAS-52-51-7, Pyceze, 2-BNPD (Bronopol), Bioban BP Plus, Ultra-Fresh SAB, BNPD (Bronopol) (DCI), Bactrinol 100, Protectol BN 98, Protectol BN 99, 2-bromo-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol, Acticide L 30, Preventol P 100, BE 6 (bactericide), Topcide 2520, BNPD (Bronopol) (JAN/INN), N 25 (antimicrobial), BNPD (Bronopol) [HSDB], BNPD (Bronopol) [INN], BNPD (Bronopol) [JAN], BNPD (Bronopol) [MI], BNPD (Bronopol) [VANDF], WLN: WNXE1Q1Q, 1, 2-bromo-2-nitro-, 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (BNPD (Bronopol)), BNPD (Bronopol) [WHO-DD], BNPD (Bronopol) [BAN:INN:JAN], SCHEMBL23260, C3-H6-Br-N-O4, BE 6, Bioban BNPD-40 (Salt/Mix), CHEMBL1408862, SCHEMBL16556987, 2-Bromo-2-nitropropan-13-diol, LVDKZNITIUWNER-UHFFFAOYSA-, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-13-diol, AMY8948, 2-Bromo-2-nitro-13-propanediol, 2-Bromo-2-nitropropan-1 3-diol, 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1 3-propanediol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanodiol, 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1 3-diol, 2-bromo-2-nitropropano-1 3-diol, 2-Bromo-2-nitropropano-1,3-diol, 2-Nitro-2-bromo-1 3-propanediol, 2-nitro-2-bromo-1,3-propanodiol, HY-B1217, Tox21_112079, Tox21_300126, BDBM50248122, LS-172, NA3241, NSC141021, s4553, 1,3-propanodiol, 2-bromo-2-nitro-, 2-bromanyl-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol, AKOS003606838, CCG-213823, CS-4699, DB13960, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 216400, NCGC00164057-02, NCGC00164057-03, NCGC00253984-01, AS-11889, N 25, 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, 98%, .beta.-Bromo-.beta.-nitrotrimethyleneglycol, B1247, BNPD (Bronopol), PESTANAL(R), analytical standard, FT-0611399, D01577, E85247, EN300-141420, AB01563195_01, 2-BROMO-2-NITROPROPANE-1,3-DIOL [INCI], A829125, SR-01000944249, Q-200765, Q2462902, SR-01000944249-1, InChI=1/C3H6BrNO4/c4-3(1-6,2-7)5(8)9/h6-7H,1-2H2

BNPD (Bronopol) may detonate under strong shock.
BNPD (Bronopol), a formaldehyde releaser, was reported as an allergen in dairy workers. 
In a recent case report, BNPD (Bronopol) was contained in a lubricant jelly used for ultrasound examination and caused contact dermatitis in a veterinary surgeon.

After crystallization, BNPD (Bronopol) powder may be milled to produce a powder of the required fineness.
BNPD (Bronopol) is commonly found in a variety of personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and industrial applications. 
BNPD (Bronopol) (INN; chemical name 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol) is an organic compound that is used as an antimicrobial. 

BNPD (Bronopol) is a white solid although commercial samples appear yellow.
The first reported synthesis of BNPD (Bronopol) was in 1897.
Bromopol was invented by The Boots Company PLC in the early 1960s and first applications were as a preservative for pharmaceuticals. 

Due to its low mammalian toxicity at in-use levels and high activity against bacteria, especially Gram-negative species, BNPD (Bronopol) became popular as a preservative in many consumer products such as shampoos and cosmetics. 
BNPD (Bronopol) was subsequently adopted as an antimicrobial in other industrial environments such as paper mills, oil exploration, and production facilities, as well as cooling water disinfection plants.

BNPD (Bronopol), 2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol, is an aliphatic halogenonitro compound with potent antibacterial activity but limited activity against fungi(Guthrie, 1999).
BNPD (Bronopol)s activity is reduced somewhat by 10% serum and to a greater extent by sulphydryl compounds, but is unaffected by 1% polysorbate or 0.1% lecithin. 
BNPD (Bronopol) has a half-life of about 96 daysat pH 8 and 25oC (Toler, 1985).

BNPD (Bronopol) is most stable under acid conditons;the initial decomposition appears to involve the liberation of formaldehyde and the formulation of bromonitroethanol. 
A secondorder reaction involving BNPD (Bronopol) and formaldehyde occurs simultaneously to produce 2-hydro-xymethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, which itself decomposes with the loss of formaldehyde.
BNPD (Bronopol) has been employed extensively as a preservative for pharmaceuticalandcosmetic products.

However, its use to preserve products containing secondary amines should be avoided as the by-product of this reaction is nitrosoamine which is carcinogenic. 
Details of the microbiological activity,chemical stability,toxicology and uses of BNPD (Bronopol) are documented by Bryce et al. 
Dcnyer and Wallhausser (1990) have provided useful information about BNPD (Bronopol), the typical in-use concentration of which is 0.01-0.1% w/v. 

BNPD (Bronopol) act as appropriate neutralizers inpreservative efficacy tests.
BNPD (Bronopol) is an antimicrobial agent commonly used as a preservative in many types of cosmetics, personal care products, and topical medications. 
BNPD (Bronopol) is used as an anti-infective, an antimicrobial, fungicide, germicide, bactericide, slimicide, and a wood preservative. 

BNPD (Bronopol) is reportedly very effective against grampositive and gram-negative bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as against fungi and yeasts. 
BNPD (Bronopol) may release formaldehyde and cross-reacts with other formaldehyde-releasing substances.
BNPD (Bronopol) BP is a white and almost white crystalline powder that is soluble in water. 

BNPD (Bronopol) is used as an effective preservative agent and possesses a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity and inhibits the growth of fungi and yeasts. 
BNPD (Bronopol) can be used in the formulation of a wide variety of cosmetic and personal care products, especially in leave-on and rinse-off shampoos, creams, lotions, rinses and eye makeup to protect the product integrity by preventing or slowing bacterial growth.

BNPD (Bronopol) is produced by the bromination of di(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane, which is derived from nitromethane by a nitroaldol reaction.
World production increased from the tens of tonnes in the late 1970s to current estimates in excess of 5,000 tonnes. 
Production today is the business of low cost producers, mainly in China.

As a pure material, BNPD (Bronopol) has a melting point of about 130 °C. 
However, due to its polymorphic characteristics, BNPD (Bronopol) undergoes a lattice rearrangement at 100 to 105 °C and this can often be wrongly interpreted as the melting point.
At temperatures above 140 °C, BNPD (Bronopol) decomposes exothermically releasing hydrogen bromide and oxides of nitrogen.

BNPD (Bronopol) is readily soluble in water; the dissolution process is endothermic. 
Solutions containing up to 28% w/v are possible at ambient temperature.
BNPD (Bronopol) is poorly soluble in non-polar solvents but shows a high affinity for polar organic solvents.

BNPD (Bronopol) was rapidly absorbed in animal studies. 
BNPD (Bronopol) may be absorbed via aerosol inhalation, dermal contact, and ingestion 6. 
In rats, approximately 40% of the topically applied dose of BNPD (Bronopol) was absorbed through the skin within 24 hr 6. 

Following oral administration of 1 mg/kg in rats, the peak plasma concentrations of BNPD (Bronopol) were reached up to 2 hours post-dosing
BNPD (Bronopol) undergoes degradation in aqueous medium to form bromonitroethanol from a retroaldol reaction with the liberation of an equimolar amount of formaldehyde 4. 
Formaldehyde is a degradation product of BNPD (Bronopol), which may cause sensitization 6. 
Bromonitroethanol further decomposes to formaldehyde and bromonitromethane. 

Bromonitroethanol may also break down to release a nitrite ion and 2-bromoethanol.
Metabolism studies indicate that BNPD (Bronopol) is primarily excreted in the urine 9. 
In rats, about 19% of dermally-applied BNPD (Bronopol) was excreted in the urine, feces and expired air 6. 

Following oral administration of 1 mg/kg radiolabelled BNPD (Bronopol) in rats, approximately 81% and 6% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine and expired air, respectively, within a period of 24 hours 5. 
Following intravenous administration in rat, the recoveries in the urine and expired air were 74% and 9% of the dose, respectively

The half-life of BNPD (Bronopol) in the biological systems is not reported in the literature. 
The half-life value reported for BNPD (Bronopol) reflects the environment fate of the compound. 
When released into the air as vapours, BNPD (Bronopol) is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals where the half life for this reaction is approximately 11 days 6. 

The photolysis half-life is 24 hours in water but may be up to 2 days under natural sunlight 
BNPD (Bronopol), or 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, is an organic compound with wide-spectrum antimicrobial properties. 
First synthesized in 1897, BNPD (Bronopol) was primarily used as a preservative for pharmaceuticals and was registered in the United States in 1984 for use in industrial bactericides, slimicides and preservatives. 

BNPD (Bronopol) is used as a microbicide or microbiostat in various commercial and industrial applications, including oil field systems, air washer systems, air conditioning or humidifying systems, cooling water systems, papermills, absorbent clays, metal working fluids, printing inks, paints, adhesives and consumer products. 
Compared to other aliphatic halogen-nitro compounds, BNPD (Bronopol) is more stable to hydrolysis in aqueous media under normal conditions. 
The inhibitory activity against various bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was demonstrated in vitro. 

The agent is largely available commercially as an antibacterial for a variety of industrial purposes while it is predominantly available for purchase as a pet animal litter antibacterial at the domestic consumer level. 
Nevertheless, ongoing contemporary re-evaluations of BNPD (Bronopol) use in large markets such as Canada now place various compositional and product restrictions on the use of the agent in cosmetic products and in other products where it may not primarily be used in the role of a non-medicinal preservative antimicrobial.

Bromonitroethanol itself is significantly less stable than BNPD (Bronopol), and in the range of conditions studied, its maximum concentration did not exceed 0.5% of the initial concentrations of BNPD (Bronopol). 
At the same time, a second-order reaction occurs with the participation of BNPD (Bronopol) and formaldehyde to obtain 2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol. 
The antimicrobial activity of BNPD (Bronopol) is mainly due to the presence of electron-deficient bromine atoms in the molecules, which exhibit oxidizing properties, and not the ability to release formaldehyde. 

The mechanism of the antimicrobial action of BNPD (Bronopol) consists of cross-linking of sulfhydride groups of dehydrogenase enzymes that occur on the surface of microbial cells.
Disulfide bridges block the metabolism of microorganisms.
BNPD (Bronopol) is used as a preservative in various cosmetic, pharmaceutical, toiletry and household preparations at concentrations of up to 0.1% (wt/vol) particularly because of its high activity against Gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonad. 

BNPD (Bronopol) hydrolyzes within 3 h at 60 °C and pH 8, producing formaldehyde, nitrosamines, and other molecules. 
Although the parent compound (BNPD (Bronopol)) is rather short-lived in the environment, its degradation products are toxic and more persistent. 
The protection against the bactericidal activity of BNPD (Bronopol) afforded by catalase or superoxide dismutase suggests that the activity stems from the aerobic interaction and the generation of active oxygen species from oxygen diffusing into the suspensions during BNPD (Bronopol) treatment. 

The acute oral LD50 was 307 mg/kg for rat males and 342 mg/kg for females. 
BNPD (Bronopol) is moderately toxic by the oral route. Results from an acute dermal toxicity study while inadequate, suggest BNPD (Bronopol) is highly toxic by the dermal route.
BNPD (Bronopol) is an antimicrobial agent commonly used as a preservative in many types of cosmetics, personal care products and topical medications. 

BNPD (Bronopol) is used as an anti-infective, antimicrobial, fungicide, germicide, bactericide, slimicide and wood preservative. 
BNPD (Bronopol) is a formaldehyde-releasing preservative (FRP), which is used in place of formaldehyde for people who are sensitive to it.
BNPD (Bronopol) has been used in cosmetics, toiletries, shampoos, soaps, and pharmaceuticals to extend the shelf life of these products and prevent spoilage or degradation due to microbial contamination.

BNPD (Bronopol) works by releasing bromine ions when it comes into contact with water, and these ions have antimicrobial properties that help to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. 
BNPD (Bronopol), also known by its chemical name 2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, is a synthetic organic compound used primarily as a preservative and antimicrobial agent.

Melting point: 130-133 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 358.0±42.0 °C(Predicted)
Density: 2.0002 (rough estimate)
refractive index: 1.6200 (estimate)
Flash point: 167°C
storage temp.: Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature
solubility: H2O: soluble100mg/mL, clear, colorless to faintly yellow
pka: 12.02±0.10(Predicted)
form Crystals or Crystalline Powder
color: White to yellow
Odor: odorless
Water Solubility: 25 g/100 mL (22 ºC)
Merck: 14,1447
BRN: 1705868
Stability: Stable. Hygroscopic. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases, strong reducing agents, acid chlorides and anhydrides, moisture.
LogP: 1.150 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 52-51-7(CAS DataBase Reference)
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances: 2-BROMO-2-NITRO-1,3-PROPANEDIOL
FDA 21 CFR: 176.300

BNPD (Bronopol) was also demonstrated to be effective against various fungal species, but the inhibitory action is reported to be minimal compared to that of against bacterial species 3. 
The inhibitory activity of BNPD (Bronopol) decreases with increasing pH of the media 3,9. 

BNPD (Bronopol) also elicits an anti-protozoal activity, as demonstrated with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in vitro and in vivo 2. 
BNPD (Bronopol) is proposed that BNPD (Bronopol) affects the survival of all free-living stages of I. 
BNPD (Bronopol) (2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol) is a bactericide with limited effectiveness against fungal organisms. 

BNPD (Bronopol) is active against Pseudomonas species and should be used at a pH of 5 to 8.8, below the application temperature of 45 ° C. 
BNPD (Bronopol) has a complex mechanism of action that attacks thiol groups in cells, suppressing respiration and cellular metabolism.
Research indicates that BNPD (Bronopol) is a corrosive eye irritant and moderate to severe skin irritant in rabbits. 

The fate of the environment and the ecological consequences of the use of BNPD (Bronopol) are moderately highly toxic for estuarine / marine invertebrates; slightly toxic to marine fish; slightly toxic to birds with acute oral ingestion. 
However, no quantitative risk assessment has been carried out. 
The risk to the aquatic environment is being addressed under the NPDES permitting program by the Water Resources Authority. 

BNPD (Bronopol) is now required that labels on all products containing BNPD (Bronopol) meet NPDES requirements.
BNPD (Bronopol) is proposed that BNPD (Bronopol) generates biocide-induced bacteriostasis followed by a growth at an inhibited rate in bacteria, via two distinct reactions between BNPD (Bronopol) and essential thiols within the bacterial cell 1. 
Under aerobic conditions, BNPD (Bronopol) catalyzes the oxidation of thiol groups, such as cysteine, to disulfides. 

This reaction is accompanied by rapid consumption of oxygen, where oxygen acts as the final oxidant. 
During the conversion of cysteine to cystine, radical anion intermediates such as superoxide and peroxide are formed from BNPD (Bronopol) to exert a direct bactericidal activity.
The oxidation of excess thiols alters the redox state to create anoxic conditions, leading to a second reaction involving the oxidation of intracellular thiols such as glutathione to its disulfide. 

The resulting effects are inhibition of enzyme function, and reduced growth rate following the bacteriostatic period 1. 
Under the anoxic conditions, the reaction between thiol and BNPD (Bronopol) decelerates without the involvement of oxygen and the consumption of BNPD (Bronopol) predominates. 
BNPD (Bronopol) is ultimately removed from the reaction via consumption and resumption of bacterial growth occurs 1.

BNPD (Bronopol) is a fairly popular broad-spectrum preservative, which allows it to be used in some formulations as the only preservative. 
BNPD (Bronopol) is effective at low concentrations; as a rule, dosages used in cosmetics are below the maximum allowable limit of 0.1%, established by law.
The mechanism of the antimicrobial action of BNPD (Bronopol) is quite complex, and, as a rule, it is not associated with the release of formaldehyde. 

That is why it is considered that it is a mistake to classify this preservative as a typical formaldehyde donor. 
Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that formaldehyde is nevertheless formed during the decomposition of BNPD (Bronopol), and the presence of cross-sensitivity to BNPD (Bronopol) with an
established allergy to formaldehyde takes place. 
However, the release of formaldehyde does not occur at the same rate and in the same amount under different conditions.

The main factors affecting the destruction of BNPD (Bronopol) are pH, sunlight and temperature. 
BNPD (Bronopol) was found that with the addition of citric acid, which lowers the pH, the decomposition of BNPD (Bronopol) in aqueous solutions slows down, which is quite natural, and an increase in temperature and exposure to sunlight increases the rate of decomposition. 
These facts are taken into account when formulating recipes.

There are few quantitative data on the destruction of BNPD (Bronopol) - much less than for typical formaldehyde donors, but they are still there; the highest concentration of formaldehyde in alkaline compounds, which is quite natural, but they are not so high as to cause concern or put a warning about the presence of formaldehyde in the marking.
The pH range from 5 to 6 can be considered quite favorable for the preservative's behavior and for the skin. 

BNPD (Bronopol)) is an organic compound that belongs to the family of nitro compounds. 
BNPD (Bronopol) is a white to off-white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and has a slightly bitter taste.
BNPD (Bronopol) is widely used as a preservative in various cosmetic and personal care products, such as shampoos, hair conditioners, body washes, and skin creams, to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi. 

BNPD (Bronopol) works by releasing formaldehyde, which is toxic to microorganisms, in small amounts over time.
BNPD (Bronopol) has also been used as a biocide in industrial applications, such as cooling water systems, oil drilling fluids, and paper processing, to prevent microbial growth and contamination.
BNPD (Bronopol) has been approved for use as a preservative in cosmetic and personal care products by regulatory agencies such as the US FDA, but its use has been restricted in some countries due to concerns over its potential to release formaldehyde, which is a known carcinogen.

BNPD (Bronopol) cause significant reductions in the activity of BNPD (Bronopol), and cysteine hydrochloride may be used as the deactivating agent in preservative efficacy tests; lecithin/polysorbate combinations are unsuitable for this purpose. 
BNPD (Bronopol) is incompatible with sodium thiosulfate, with sodium metabisulfite, and with amine oxide or protein hydrolysate surfactants. 
Owing to an incompatibility with aluminum, the use of aluminum in the packaging of products that contain BNPD (Bronopol) should be avoided.

BNPD (Bronopol) is supplied as crystals or crystalline powder, which may vary from white to pale yellow in colour depending on the grade. 
The yellow coloration is due to chelation of iron during the manufacturing process.
Under extreme alkaline conditions, BNPD (Bronopol) decomposes in aqueous solution and very low levels of formaldehyde are produced.

Liberated formaldehyde is not responsible for the biological activity associated with BNPD (Bronopol). 
Other decomposition products detected after BNPD (Bronopol) breakdown are bromide ion, nitrite ion, bromonitroethanol and 2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol.

At concentrations of 12.5 to 50 μg/mL, BNPD (Bronopol) mediated an inhibitory activity against various strains of Gram negative and positive bacteria in vitro 3. 
The bactericidal activity is reported to be greater against Gram-negative bacteria than against Gram-positive cocci 3. 

Uses Of BNPD (Bronopol):
BNPD (Bronopol) is used as a microbiocide/microbiostat in oil field systems, air washer systems, air conditioning/humidifying systems, cooling water systems, papermills, absorbent clays, metal working fluids, printing inks, paints, adhesives and consumer/institutional products. 
BNPD (Bronopol) is used as a preservative in various cosmetic and household products due to its high activity against gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonads. 
These organisms are common water dwellers and can cause pollution and deterioration problems. 

BNPD (Bronopol) is an effective antibacterial preservative in a wide pH range. 
BNPD (Bronopol) is stable at acidic pH values and is also useful as a labile antibacterial preservative in an alkaline environment. 
Due to its broad spectrum antibacterial activity, BNPD (Bronopol) can also be used as an active agent, for example in aerosol preparations.

BNPD (Bronopol) is often used in cosmetics, toiletries, shampoos, soaps, lotions, and other personal care products to prevent the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds. 
BNPD (Bronopol) helps extend the shelf life of these products and maintains their quality.
BNPD (Bronopol) is used in some pharmaceutical formulations to preserve the integrity of drugs and prevent contamination by microorganisms. 

This is especially important for products like eye drops, ointments, and creams.
BNPD (Bronopol) is used in water treatment systems to control the growth of bacteria and algae in cooling towers, swimming pools, and industrial water systems.
In the oil and gas industry, BNPD (Bronopol) can be used to inhibit the growth of bacteria in drilling fluids, pipelines, and storage tanks, where bacterial growth can cause corrosion and other problems.

BNPD (Bronopol) is used in some paint and coating formulations to prevent microbial contamination and spoilage.
BNPD (Bronopol) is sometimes added to paper and pulp processing to prevent microbial growth in papermaking processes.

BNPD (Bronopol) can be used to protect wood products from fungal and bacterial decay.
In agriculture, BNPD (Bronopol) has been used as a preservative for certain agricultural products, such as fertilizers and pesticides.
BNPD (Bronopol) can be added to adhesives and sealants to prevent microbial growth, ensuring the longevity and quality of these products.

BNPD (Bronopol) is used in cooling and lubricating fluids, such as metalworking fluids and cutting oils, to control bacterial and fungal growth, which can cause degradation and odor.
In the leather industry, BNPD (Bronopol) can be used to inhibit microbial growth during the tanning and processing of hides and skins.
While not a common use, BNPD (Bronopol) has been employed in some food processing applications to control microbial contamination. 

BNPD (Bronopol)s use in the food industry is less prevalent compared to other food preservatives due to safety concerns.
BNPD (Bronopol) may be used in certain medical and healthcare products to prevent microbial contamination. 
This includes items like contact lens solutions and some medical devices.

Some household cleaning products, including disinfectants and sanitizers, may contain BNPD (Bronopol) as an active ingredient to kill or inhibit the growth of germs and bacteria.
BNPD (Bronopol) is used in cooling water systems, such as those in industrial facilities and power plants, to prevent microbial fouling and corrosion, which can damage equipment and reduce efficiency.
BNPD (Bronopol) can be added to laboratory reagents and solutions to inhibit microbial contamination and ensure the accuracy and reliability of experiments and tests.

BNPD (Bronopol) is used in various oilfield chemicals, including drilling fluids, to control bacteria and fungi that can thrive in the harsh conditions of oil and gas wells.
BNPD (Bronopol) may be applied in wood processing to protect logs and timber from decay and microbial infestation during storage and transportation.
Some printing inks incorporate BNPD (Bronopol) to prevent the growth of microorganisms, ensuring the quality of printed materials.

Water-based paints and coatings can be susceptible to microbial contamination. 
BNPD (Bronopol) is used in these products to extend their shelf life and maintain their quality.
BNPD (Bronopol) is used in some household and industrial mold and mildew control products, such as sprays and coatings, to prevent the growth of mold and mildew on surfaces.

In addition to its use in drilling fluids, BNPD (Bronopol) can be employed in oil and gas production facilities to control microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and maintain the integrity of pipelines and equipment.
BNPD (Bronopol) has been used as reference standard in ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (UPLC-ICP-MS) method for determination of bromine containing preservatives from cosmetic products.
First synthesized in 1897, BNPD (Bronopol) was primarily used as an effective preservative agent and possesses a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity and inhibits the growth of fungi and yeasts. 

BNPD (Bronopol) can be used in the formulation of a wide variety of cosmetic and personal care products, especially in leave-on and rinse-off shampoos, creams, lotions, rinses and eye makeup to protect the product integrity by preventing or slowing bacterial growth.
BNPD (Bronopol) is used as a microbiocide/microbiostat in oil field systems, air washer systems, air conditioning/humidifying systems, cooling water systems, papermills, absorbent clays, metal working fluids, printing inks, paints, adhesives and consumer/institutional products. 
BNPD (Bronopol) a formulating technical material is also registered.

BNPD (Bronopol) is used in consumer products as an effective preservative agent, as well as a wide variety of industrial applications (almost any industrial water system is a potential environment for bacterial growth, leading to slime and corrosion problems - in many of these systems BNPD (Bronopol) can be a highly effective treatment).
The use of BNPD (Bronopol) in personal care products (cosmetics, toiletries) has declined since the late 1980s due to the potential formation of nitrosamines. 

While BNPD (Bronopol) is not in itself a nitrosating agent, under conditions where it decomposes (alkaline solution and/or elevated temperatures) it can liberate nitrite and low levels of formaldehyde and these decomposition products can react with any contaminant secondary amines or amides in a personal care formulation to produce significant levels of nitrosamines.
Manufacturers of personal care products are therefore instructed by regulatory authorities to avoid the formation of nitrosamines which might mean removing amines or amides from the formulation, removing BNPD (Bronopol) from a formulation, or using nitrosamine inhibitors.

Storage Of BNPD (Bronopol):
BNPD (Bronopol) is stable and its antimicrobial activity is practically unaffected when stored as a solid at room temperature and ambient relative humidity for up to 2 years.
The pH of a 1.0% w/v aqueous solution is 5.0–6.0 and falls slowly during storage; solutions are more stable in acid conditions.
Microbiological assay results indicate longer half-lives than those obtained by HPLC and thus suggest that degradation products may contribute to antimicrobial activity. 

Formaldehyde and nitrites are among the decomposition products, but formaldehyde arises in such low concentrations that its antimicrobial effect is not likely to be significant. 
On exposure to light, especially under alkaline conditions, solutions become yellow or brown-colored but the degree of discoloration does not directly correlate with loss of antimicrobial activity.
The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed, nonaluminum container protected from light, in a cool, dry place.

Safety Profile Of BNPD (Bronopol): 
BNPD (Bronopol) may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. 
Poison by ingestion, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. 
BNPD (Bronopol) is used widely in topical pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics as an antimicrobial preservative.

Although BNPD (Bronopol) has been reported to cause both irritant and hypersensitivity adverse reactions following topical use, it is generally regarded as a nonirritant and nonsensitizing material at concentrations up to 0.1% w/v. 
Moderately toxic by skin contact. 
An eye and human skin irritant. 

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx, and Br-.
BNPD (Bronopol) is used widely in topical pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics as an antimicrobial preservative.
Although BNPD (Bronopol) has been reported to cause both irritant and hypersensitivity adverse reactions following topical use, it is generally regarded as a nonirritant and nonsensitizing material at concentrations up to 0.1% w/v. 

At a concentration of 0.02% w/v, BNPD (Bronopol) is frequently used as a preservative in ‘hypoallergenic’ formulations.
Animal toxicity studies have shown no evidence of phototoxicity or tumor occurrence when BNPD (Bronopol) is applied to rodents topically or administered orally; and there is no in vitro or in vivo evidence of mutagenicity; this is despite the demonstrated potential of BNPD (Bronopol) to liberate nitrite on decomposition, which in the presence of certain amines may generate nitrosamines. 
Formation of nitrosamines in formulations containing amines may be reduced by limiting the concentration of BNPD (Bronopol) to 0.01% w/v and including an antioxidant such as 0.2% w/v alpha tocopherol or 0.05% w/v butylated hydroxytoluene;(14) other inhibitor systems may also be appropriate.