PRODUCTS

BROMOFORM

Bromoform (CHBr3) is a brominated organic solvent, colorless liquid at room temperature, with a high refractive index, very high density, and sweet odor is similar to that of chloroform.
Bromoform is one of the four haloforms, the others being fluoroform, chloroform, and iodoform.

CAS Number: 75-25-2
EC Number: 200-854-6
IUPAC Name: Tribromomethane
Chemical Formula: CHBr3

Other names: Bromoform, tribromomethane, 75-25-2, Methane, tribromo-, Tribrommethan, Methenyl tribromide, Methyl tribromide, Tribrommethaan, Tribromometan, Bromoforme, Bromoformio, CHBr3, RCRA waste number U225, NCI-C55130, NSC 8019, MFCD00000128, TUT9J99IMU, BROMOFORM (13C), 4471-18-5, DTXSID1021374, CHEBI:38682, NSC-8019, Bromoforme [French], Bromoformio [Italian], Tribrommethaan [Dutch], Tribrommethan [German], Tribromometan [Italian], CCRIS 98, Bromoform [USP], MBR, HSDB 2517, EINECS 200-854-6, UNII-TUT9J99IMU, UN2515, RCRA waste no. U225, BRN 1731048, Tribromomethane; Bromoform; Methenyl tribromide; NSC 8019, bromo form, AI3-28587, Tri bromo methane, BROMOFORM [MI], WLN: EYEE, BROMOFORM [HSDB], BROMOFORM [IARC], Bromoform, technical grade, BROMOFORM [WHO-DD], SCHEMBL18691, 4-01-00-00082 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), BIDD, Bromoform, puriss., 97.0%, CHEMBL345248, DTXCID401374, NSC8019, Bromoform [UN2515] [Poison], AMY21869, BCP10566, Bromoform (stabilized with Ethanol), Bromoform - Stabilized with ethanol, Tox21_200189, Bromoform 100 microg/mL in Methanol, Bromoform, 96%, stab. with ethanol, AKOS009031540, AT27291, Bromoform 5000 microg/mL in Methanol, DB03054, InChI=1/CHBr3/c2-1(3)4/h1, UN 2515, CAS-75-25-2, Bromoform, puriss., >=99.0% (GC), NCGC00091318-01, NCGC00091318-02, NCGC00257743-01, BP-21414, Tribromomethane (stabilized with Ethanol), Tribromomethane 100 microg/mL in Methanol, Bromoform Solution in Methanol, 1000ug/mL, 1ST000954-1000M, B0806, NS00002299, S0653, T0348, EN300-19388, Bromoform, amylene stabilized, analytical standard, Q409799, J-519947, Bromoform, contains 1-3% ethanol as stabilizer, 96%, F0001-1896

Bromoform can be prepared by the haloform reaction using acetone and sodium hypobromite, by the electrolysis of potassium bromide in ethanol, or by treating chloroform with aluminium bromide.
Currently Bromoform main use is as a laboratory reagent.

Bromoform is widely used as a solvent for waxes, oils and greases.
Bromoform is utilized for mineral ore separation in geological tests.

Bromoform is used as an intermediate in chemical synthesis as well as a laboratory reagent.
Bromoform is the ingredient of fire-resistant chemicals and fluid gauges.
Bromoform acts as a sedative and as cough reducing agent.

Bromoform is a brominated organic solvent with the formula CHBr3.
Bromoform has an odor similar to chloroform and Bromoform density is very high (2,89).
Miscible with chloroform, benzene, ethanol, petroleum ether, acetone, diethyl ether and oils.

Bromoform, also known as Tribromomethane or Methyl tribromide, is classified as a member of the Trihalomethanes.
Trihalomethanes are organic compounds in which exactly three of the four hydrogen atoms of methane (CH4) are replaced by halogen atoms.
Trace amounts of 1,2-dibromoethane occur naturally in the ocean, where Bromoform is formed probably by algae and kelp.

Molecular Weight: 252.73
Density: 2.81
Melting Point: 8°C to 9°C
Boiling Point: 148°C to 150°C

Flash Point: None
XLogP3-AA: 2.8
Exact Mass: 251.76079
Monoisotopic Mass: 249.76284

Heavy Atom Countv: 4
Complexity: 8
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Bromoform (CHBr3) is a brominated organic solvent, pale yellow liquid at room temperature, with a high refractive index, very high density, and sweet odor is similar to that of chloroform.
It is a trihalomethane, and is one of the four haloforms, the others being fluoroform, chloroform, and iodoform.
Bromoform can be prepared by the haloform reaction using acetone and sodium hypobromite, by the electrolysis of potassium bromide in ethanol, or by treating chloroform with aluminum bromide.

Most of the bromoform that enters the environment is formed as disinfection byproducts known as the trihalomethanes when chlorine is added to drinking water or swimming pools to kill bacteria.
In the past, it was used as a solvent, sedative and flame retardant, but now it is mainly used as a laboratory reagent.
Bromine is a halogen element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35.
Diatomic bromine does not occur naturally, but bromine salts can be found in crustal rock.

Exposure to bromoform may occur from the consumption of chlorinated drinking water.
The acute (short- term) effects from inhalation or ingestion of high levels of bromoform in humans and animals consist of nervous system effects such as the slowing down of brain functions, and injury to the liver and kidney.

Chronic (long-term) animal studies indicate effects on the liver, kidney, and central nervous system (CNS) from oral exposure to bromoform.
Human data are considered inadequate in providing evidence of cancer by exposure to bromoform, while animal data indicate that long-term oral exposure can cause liver and intestinal tumors.
Bromoform has been classified as a Group B2, probable human carcinogen.

Bromoform is formally rated as an unfounded non-carcinogenic (IARC 3) potentially toxic compound.
Exposure to bromoform may occur from the consumption of chlorinated drinking water.

The acute (short-term) effects from inhalation or ingestion of high levels of bromoform in humans and animals consist of nervous system effects such as the slowing down of brain functions, and injury to the liver and kidney.
Chronic (long-term) animal studies indicate effects on the liver, kidney, and central nervous system (CNS) from oral exposure to bromoform.

Human data are considered inadequate in providing evidence of cancer by exposure to bromoform, while animal data indicate that long-term oral exposure can cause liver and intestinal tumors.
Bromoform has been classified as a Group B2, probable human carcinogen.
Most of the bromoform that enters the environment is formed as disinfection byproducts known as the trihalomethanes when chlorine is added to drinking water or swimming pools to kill bacteria.

In the past, Bromoform was used as a solvent, sedative and flame retardant, but now Bromoform is mainly used as a laboratory reagent.
Bromine is a halogen element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35.

Diatomic bromine does not occur naturally, but bromine salts can be found in crustal rock.
Bromoform is a pale yellow liquid at room temperature, with a high refractive index, very high density, and sweet odor is similar to that of chloroform.

Bromoform (CHBr3) is a brominated organic solvent, pale yellow liquid at room temperature, with a high refractive index, very highdensity, and sweet odor is similar to that of.
Bromoform is a trihalomethane, and is one of the four haloforms, the others beingfluoroform, and iodoform.

Bromoform can be prepared by the haloform reaction using acetone and sodium hypobromite, by the electrolysis of potassium bromide in ethanol, or by treating with aluminum bromide.
Currently Bromoform main use is as a laboratory reagent.

Bromoform is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Bromoform is used in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Bromoform (CHBr3) is a pale yellowish liquid with a sweet odor similar to chloroform, a halomethane or haloform.
Bromoform refractive index is 1.595 (20 °C, D).

Small amounts are formed naturally by plants in the ocean.
Bromoform is somewhat soluble in water and readily evaporates into the air.
Most of the bromoform that enters the environment is formed as byproducts when chlorine is added to drinking water to kill bacteria.

Bromoform is one of the trihalomethanes closely related with fluoroform, chloroform and iodoform.
Bromoform is soluble in about 800 parts water and is miscible with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, petroleum ether, acetone, and oils.
Bromoform LD50 is 7.2 mmol/kg in mice, or 1.8g/kg.

Bromoform can be prepared by the haloform reaction using acetone and sodium hypobromite or by the electrolysis of alcoholic solution of potassium or sodium bromide.

A colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor.
Denser than water (density: 2.9 g / cm3 ) and slightly soluble in water.
Hence sinks in water.

Nonflammable.
Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption.
A lachrymator.

Bromoform is used as a solvent and to make pharmaceuticals.
Often stabilized with 1 to 3% ethanol.

Reactivity Profile of Bromoform:
Heating Bromoform to decomposition produces highly toxic fumes of carbon oxybromide (carbonyl bromide) and hydrogen bromide.
Reaction with powdered potassium or sodium hydroxide, Li or Na/K alloys, is violently exothermic.
Explosive reaction with crown ethers in the presence of potassium hydroxide.

Physical Description of Bromoform:
Bromoform appears as a colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor.
Denser than water (density: 2.9 g / cm3 ) and slightly soluble in water.

Hence sinks in water.
Nonflammable.
Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption.

A lachrymator.
Bromoform is used as a solvent and to make pharmaceuticals.
Often stabilized with 1 to 3% ethanol.

Colourless liquid with characteristic odour.
Turns yellow on exposure to light and air.

Colorless to yellow liquid with a chloroform-like odor.

Structure of Bromoform:
The molecule adopts tetrahedral molecular geometry with C3v symmetry.

Physical Properties of Bromoform:
Bromoform is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a sweetish odor.
The chemical formula for bromoform is CBr3H and the molecular weight is 252.75 g/mol.

The vapor pressure for bromoform is 5 mm Hg at 20 °C, and Bromoform has an octanol/water partition coefficient(log Kow) of 2.38.
Bromoform has an odor threshold of 1.3 parts per million (ppm).

Bromoform is slightly soluble in water and is nonflammable.
Bromoform can form in drinking water as a by-product from the reaction of chlorine with dissolved organic matter and bromide ions.

Application of Bromoform:
Bromoform is widely used as a solvent for waxes, oils and greases.
Bromoform is utilized for mineral ore separation in geological tests.

Uses of Bromoform:
As a fluid for mineral ore separation; as a laboratory reagent; in the electronics industry for quality assurance programs; formerly as a sedative and antitussive

Bromoform is a colorless to yellow liquid with a density about three times that of water.
Bromoform has an odor and sweetish taste similar to chloroform and is not combustible.

Bromoform has been used as a degreasing solvent, in chemical synthesis, and in fire extinguishers, and is no longer used as a sedative for children with whooping cough.
Currently, bromoform is produced only in small amounts for use in laboratories and in geological and electronics testing.

In separating mixtures of minerals.
Bromoform is used as a fluid for mineral ore separation in geological tests, as a laboratory reagent, and in the electronics industry in quality assurance programs.

Bromoform was formerly used as a solvent for waxes, greases, and oils, as an ingredient in fire-resistant chemicals and in fluid gauges.
Bromoform was also used in the early part of this century as a medicine to help children with whooping cough get to sleep.
Currently, bromoform is only produced in small amounts for use in laboratories and in geological and electronics testing.

Bromoform is used as a fluid for mineral ore separation in geological tests, as a laboratory reagent, and in the electronics industry in quality assurance programs.
Bromoform was formerly used as a solvent for waxes, greases, and oils, as an ingredient in fire-resistant chemicals and in fluid gauges.
Bromoform has also been used as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, as a sedative, and as a cough suppression agent.

Only small quantities of bromoform are currently produced industrially in the United States.
In the past, Bromoform was used as a solvent, and flame retardant, but now Bromoform is mainly used as a laboratory reagent, for example as an extraction solvent.

Bromoform's high density makes Bromoform useful for separation of minerals by density.
When two samples are mixed with bromoform and then allowed to settle, the top layer will contain minerals lighter than bromoform, and the bottom layer will contain heavier minerals.
Slightly less dense minerals can be separated in the same way by mixing the bromoform with a small amount of a less dense and fully miscible solvent.

Bromoform is used as a fluid for mineral ore separation in geological tests, as a laboratory reagent, and in the electronics industry in quality assurance programs.
Bromoform has also been used as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, as a sedative, and as a cough suppression agent.

Only small quantities of bromoform are currently produced industrially in the United States.
In the past, Bromoform was used as a solvent, sedative and flame retardant, but now Bromoform is mainly used as a laboratory reagent, for example as an extraction solvent.

Bromoform also has medical uses; injections of bromoform are sometimes used instead of epinephrine to treat severe asthma cases.

Bromoform's high density makes Bromoform useful for separation of minerals by density.
When two samples are mixed with bromoform and then allowed to settle, the top layer will contain minerals less dense than bromoform, and the bottom layer will contain denser minerals.
Slightly less dense minerals can be separated in the same way by mixing the bromoform with a small amount of a less dense and miscible solvent.

Bromoform is known as an inhibitor of methanogenesis and is a common component of seaweed.
Following research by CSIRO and Bromoform spin-off FutureFeed, several companies are now growing seaweed, in particular from the genus Asparagopsis, to use as a feed additive for livestock to reduce methane emissions from ruminants.

Bromoform is used as a intermediate for pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds; also used as a solvent for waxes and oils.

Bromoform is used for synth of pharmaceuticals; used in shipbuilding, aircraft, and aerospace industries; used in fire extinguishers.

Bromoform is used as a heavy liquid floatation agent in mineral separation, sedimentary petrographical surveys, and purification of materials such as quartz.
Bromoform is used as an industrial solvent in liquid-solvent extractions, in nuclear magnetic resonance studies.
Bromoform is used as a catalyst, initiator, or sensitizer in polymer reactions, and in vulcanization of rubber.

Use Classification of Bromoform:
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Health Hazards - Carcinogens

Therapeutic Uses of Bromoform:
Bromoform was formerly used as an antiseptic and sedative.

Chemical Properties of Bromoform:
Bromoform is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a high refractive index, very high density, and sweetish odor is similar to that of chloroform.
Bromoform is slightly soluble in water and is nonflammable.
Bromoform can form in drinking water as a by-product from the reaction of chlorine with dissolved organic matter and bromide ions.

Physical properties of Bromoform:
Clear, colorless to yellow liquid with a chloroform-like odor.
Odor threshold concentration in water is 0.3 mg/kg

Methods of Manufacturing of Bromoform:
Prepared from acetone and sodium hypobromite.

By heating acetone or ethanol with bromine and alkali hyroxide and recovery of distillation (similar to acetone process of chloroform).

Analytic Laboratory Methods of Bromoform:
To support studies exploring the relation between exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) and health effects, we have developed an automated analytical method using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

This method quantitates trace levels of THMs (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform) and methyl tertiary-butyl ether in tap water.
Detection limits of less than 100 ng/L for all analytes and linear ranges of three orders of magnitude are adequate for measuring the THMs in tap water samples tested from across the United States.

Method: NIOSH 1003, Issue 3; Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionization detection; Analyte: bromoform; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 6.0 ug/sample.

Method: ASTM D5790; Procedure: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; Analyte: bromoform; Matrix: treated drinking water, wastewater, and ground water; Detection Limit: 0.2 ug/L.

Method: EPA-EAD 601; Procedure: gas chromatography with electrolytic conductivity or microcoulometric detector; Analyte: bromoform; Matrix: municipal and industrial discharges; Detection Limit: 0.2 ug/L.

Clinical Laboratory Methods of Bromoform:
To support studies exploring the relation between exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) and adverse health effects, an automated analytical method was developed using capillary gas chromatography (GC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) with selected ion mass detection and isotope-dilution techniques.
This method quantified trace levels of THMs (including chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in human blood.

Analyte responses were adequate for measuring background levels after extraction of these volatile organic compounds with either purge-and-trap extraction or headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME).
The SPME method was chosen because of Bromoform ease of use and higher throughput.

Detection limits for the SPME GC-MS method ranged from 0.3 to 2.4 ng/L, with linear ranges of three orders of magnitude.
This method proved adequate for measuring the THMs and MTBE in most blood samples tested from a diverse U.S. reference population.

Purification Methods of Bromoform:
The storage and stability of bromoform and chloroform are similar.
Ethanol, added as a stabilizer, is removed by washing with H2O or with saturated CaCl2 solution, and the CHBr3, after drying with CaCl2 or K2CO3, is fractionally distilled.

Prior to distillation, CHBr3 has also been washed with conc H2SO4 until the acid layer is no longer coloured, then dilute NaOH or NaHCO3, and H2O.
A further purification step is fractional crystallisation by partial freezing.

MeSH Pharmacological Classification of Bromoform:

Carcinogens:
Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals.
Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.

Teratogens:
An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo.

Environment and Toxicology of Bromoform:
Natural production of bromoform by phytoplankton and seaweeds in the ocean is thought to be Bromoform predominant source in the environment.

However, locally significant amounts of bromoform enter the environment formed as disinfection byproducts known as trihalomethanes when chlorine is added to drinking water to kill bacteria.
Bromoform is somewhat soluble in water and readily evaporates into the air.

Bromoform is the main trihalomethane produced in beachfront salt water swimming pools with concentrations as high as 1.2 ppm (parts per million).
Concentrations in freshwater pools are 1000 times lower.
Occupational skin exposure limits are set at 0.5 ppm.

Bromoform may be hazardous to the environment, and special attention should be given to aquatic organisms.
Bromoform volatility and environmental persistence makes bromoform's release, either as liquid or vapor, strongly inadvisable.

Bromoform can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and through the skin.
Bromoform is irritating to the respiratory tract, the eyes, and the skin, and may cause effects on the central nervous system and liver, resulting in impaired functions.

Bromoform is soluble in about 800 parts water and is miscible with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, petroleum ether, acetone, and oils.
Bromoform LD50 is 7.2 mmol/kg in mice, or 1.8g/kg.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that bromoform is not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.
The EPA classified bromoform as a probable human carcinogen.

Safe Storage of Bromoform:
Separated from strong bases, oxidants, metals and food and feedstuffs.
Keep in the dark.
Ventilation along the floor.

Store only if stabilized.
Store in an area without drain or sewer access.
Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

Store at +15°C to +25°C.

Safety Profile of Bromoform:
Suspected carcinogen with experimental neoplastigenic data.
A human poison by ingestion.

Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes.
Human mutation data reported.
A lachrymator.

Bromoform can damage the liver to a serious degree and cause death.
Bromoform has anesthetic properties simdar to those of chloroform, but is not sufficiently volatile for inhalation purposes and is far too toxic for human use.
As a sedative and antitussive Bromoform medicinal application has resulted in numerous poisonings.

Inhalation of small amounts causes irritation, provoking the flow of tears and saliva, and reddening of the face.
Abuse can lead to adhction and serious consequences.
Explosive reaction with crown ethers or potassium hydroxide.

Violent reaction with acetone or bases.
Incompatible with Li or NaK alloys.
When heated to decomposition Bromoform emits hghly toxic fumes of Br-.

First Aid of Bromoform:
EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.

Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician.
If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring.
Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, Bromoform chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure.

Fire Fighting of Bromoform:
SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do Bromoform without risk.
Dike fire-control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.

Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Fire Fighting Procedures of Bromoform:
Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped.
Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.)

Use water in flooding quantities as fog.
Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.

Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.
Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.